Predicting Undergraduates Stress Level Using Eye Tracking

Differences in stress levels between junior high school students and college students during online learning

Background of the study: PIH and its management are critical and should be essential part of nursing concern for continuous improvement and enhanced fetal outcomes. Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) is one of the leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. stress is considered as one of the etiological factor in PIH. Preeclampsia might be the result of inadequate maternal care and this may advance to eclampsia if proper care is not taken, resulting in various maternal complications. Endothelial dysfunction is considered as one of the etiological factor for the development of preeclampsia. PIH can be referred to a type of increased blood pressure of greater or equal 140mmHg that is associated with excess protein in urine or may not have elevated amount of protein in urine (that is more than or equal to 300mg over a 24 hour period) which begins at twenty weeks of conception, however it can clear up in 12 weeks postnatal,It also refers to a new onset of excessive protein in urine for the first 24 hour period in women who are hypertensive and who do not have excess protein in urine before 20 weeks of gestation MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research approach adopted for this study was quantitative research approach and the design used was descriptive research design. The convenience sampling technique was used to select 100 subjects. The tool used for data collection was Cohen’s perceived stress scale. Paper pencil technique was used for data collection and data obtained were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: result indicates that majority 70% of respondent had high level of stress, 25% of respondent had moderate level of stress and 5% of respondent had mild level of stress. The overall mean level of stress score was found to be 28.74% with SD as 3.31 %. Chi-square test was calculated to assess the association between socio demographic variables and levels of stress among infertile women. There is no significant association found between levels of stress among infertile women with their socio demographic variables such as Age in years , Types of family, Religion, Duration of marriage in year, Educational Qualification, Occupation, Monthly income of family, Family support, Source of information regarding health, weeks of gestation, PIH in previous pregnancy Conclusion: Thousands of women and babies die or get very sick from a dangerous condition called pregnancy induced hypertension. The present study was conducted to assess the stress regarding PIH, Study concluded that Most of mother having high level of stress and moderate level of stress. Keywords: PIH (pregnancy induced hypertension) mothers, Stress levels, Cohen’s perceived stress scale, Socio demographic variables.

Majority of the adolescents undergo stress, whatever the sources may be internal or external, it hampers the major functioning of the body. Most of the youngsters face multiple problems in their life. Each individual has to cope with different kinds of pressure laid down by the society and family. Correlational Descriptive design to assess the Correlation between Stress, Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure among adolescents in selected Pre-University colleges, Mangaluru. The data collection instruments were Demographic proforma, Perceived stress scale and clinical profile. The results of the study revealed regarding level of stress majority 93(77.50%) had moderate level of stress, 16(13.33%) had high level of stress and only 11(9.17%) had low level of stress among adolescents studying in selected pre-university colleges. Majority 73(60.84%) had healthy weight, 46(38.33%) were underweight, one (0.83%) were overweight and none were obese among adolescents studying in selected pre-university colleges. Majority 92(76.67%) had normal blood pressure, 28(23.33%) were prehypertensive and none were in stage 1 and 2 of hypertension among adolescents studying in pre university colleges. Correlation between stress and BMI was weak negative (r= -0.0964) indicating that increase in stress level among adolescents their BMI decreases or vice versa. Correlation between BMI and systolic blood pressure was weak positive (r = 0.0762) indicating increase in BMI among adolescents there is increase in Systolic blood pressure or vice versa. The correlation between BMI and diastolic blood pressure was weak positive (r = 0.0853) indicating increase in BMI among adolescents there is increase in diastolic blood pressure or vice versa. correlation between stress and systolic blood pressure was weak positive (r = 0.023) indicating increase in stress among adolescents there is increase in Systolic blood pressure or vice versa. The correlation between BMI and diastolic blood pressure was weak positive (r = 0.003) indicating increase in stress among adolescents there is increase in diastolic blood pressure or vice versa. Hence, the null hypothesis was rejected H01 and research hypothesis was accepted. There was significant association between stress and in all demographic variables like Age in years, Religion, Class of study, Type of family, Number of siblings, Education of father, Education of mother, Occupation of father, Occupation of mother, Family Income per month and type of food consumed (p<0.05) except in stream of division (p>0.05). There was significant association between BMI and in all demographic variables like Class of study, Type of family, Number of siblings, Education of father, Education of mother, Occupation of father, Occupation of mother, Family Income per month and type of food consumed (p<0.05) except in Age in years, Religion, stream of division (p>0.05).There was significant association between systolic blood pressure and in demographic variables like Age in years, Religion, stream of division, Class of study, Education of father, Education of mother, Occupation of mother, Family Income per month and type of food consumed (p<0.05) except in Number of siblings, Type of family, Occupation of father and type of food consumed (p>0.05). Hence the research hypothesis was accepted and null hypothesis rejected. There was significant association between diastolic blood pressure and in demographic variables like Age in years, Religion, stream of division, Class of study, Number of siblings, Education of father, Education of mother, Occupation of father, Family Income per month and type of food consumed (p<0.05) except in Type of family, Occupation of mother and type of food consumed (p>0.05).

Objective: To Compare the Level of Mental Stress among Exercising and Non-Exercising under graduate Physiotherapy Students of LUMHS, Jamshoro. Methodology: A cross sectional survey was conducted from October to December 2019, and the data was collected from the undergraduates students of Institute of Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Science Jamshoro, Pakistan. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was used among 194 undergraduate physiotherapy students. Apart from the demographics (age, gender, education & locality) the PSS questionnaire consist of 10 questions. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 was used to interpret the data. Result: The majority (n=101, 51.7%) were from the age group of 18 to 21 years and (n=127, 65.1%) were female. Mostly (n=49, 25.1%) were the students of 1st year Doctor of Physical Therapy and (n=116, 59.4%) of the students were the residents of urban area. Among the non-exercising group of students majority (n=66,68%) were suffering from low level of mental stress, (n=33,34%) were suffering from moderate level of mental stress and (n=24,24.7%) were suffering from severe level of mental stress followed by the exercise group, in which (n=40,41.2%) were suffering from low level of mental stress, (n=21,21.6%) were suffering from moderate level of mental stress and (n=10,10.%) were suffering from severe level of mental stress. Conclusion: The study finalized that the exercising group of students had lower level of mental stress as compare to the non-exercising group of students. However both groups have the individuals with mental stress but the exercising students group had low number of those individuals.

Introduction: Stress is a state of concern or mental strain carried on by an unpleasant circumstance. It is a natural human response that pushes us to tackle challenges. It has physiological and psychological impacts and can have both favorable and undesirable effect on us. The aim of the study is to assess the Parental Stress and Coping Strategies among the Parents of Nursing Students in selected college of nursing. Methods: The current study was a descriptive study with quantitative research design. 63 parents of the nursing students (n=63) were included in this study. The baseline assessment of parental stress and coping strategies were assessed using Parental Stress Scale (PSS), Brief-Coping Orientation to Problem Experienced Inventory (BriefCOPE). The data collection was done through google form. Result: The results revealed that the majority of the parents have moderate level of stress (84%), followed by low level of stress (11%) and rest (5%) have high level of stress. The mean and standard deviation of the overall coping scores was 2.32±1.08. The mean and standard deviation of the domains of coping were Problem-Focused Coping (2.79±0.59), Emotion-Focused Coping (2.33±0.46), and Avoidant Coping (1.84±0.46). It was interpreted that most of the parents were using problem focused coping. There was a moderate positive relationship between parental stress and coping strategies, which implies that if parental stress increases coping strategies of the parents also tent to increase. There is a significant association of parental stress and coping strategies with the socio-demographic variables of the parents of the nursing students. The associations between the parental stress and socio-demographic variables of the parents of nursing students were educational qualification (p=0.01). The association of coping strategies among the parents of the nursing students was found with Age (p=0.02), Relation (p=0.03) and Occupation (p=0.03) of the parents of nursing students. There is a significant association of parental stress with the sociodemographic variables (age (p=0.02) and primary financial support for education (p=0.03)) of nursing students. There no significant association of the coping strategies and socio-demographic variables of nursing students. Conclusion: The study reveals that majority of the parents of nursing students have moderate level of stress with positive coping. There was moderately positive relationship between the parental stress and coping strategies which suggests that parents tend to use more coping strategies when parental stress levels increases. It also reveals that socio-demographic variables also affect the parental stress and coping strategies of the parents of nursing students.

Background: Currently stress is an important health issue in view of increasing trend of non-communicable diseases at a global level. There is paucity of data on stress among vulnerable groups like police personnel. Aim: To assess the stress level and its associated factors among police personnel. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 296 police personnel in urban Puducherry, India. Perceived stress level was assessed by Cohen′s Perceived Stress scale and classified into low (0-11), average (12-15), high (16-20), and very high (21-40) levels based on the stress scores obtained. Data were analyzed by proportion, chi-square test, and binomial logistic regression analysis. Results: About two-thirds of the police personnel belonged to the age group of 25-39 years (68.2%). About 56.1% of the police personnel were designated as police constables. Majority of the police personnel had high and very high levels of stress (83.8%). Hypertension and body mass index (BMI) were found to be significantly associated with stress level categories in univariate analysis. With respect to question item analysis, majority of the police personnel were sometimes and fairly often had one or the other symptoms of stress. Multiple regression analysis showed that those with hypertension had 2.23 times more [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.295-3.847] severe and very severe stress levels compared to those with mild and moderate levels of stress. Conclusion: Stress level is high among police personnel, which needs to be addressed by appropriate intervention measures.

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the education system was among the worst hit. The online education system was introduced, and students have to stay home surrounded by uncertainty of their future, leading to various levels of stress and the need to somehow cope with it. Materials and Methods: An online cross-sectional descriptive study involving 417 B.Sc. Nursing students were conducted between March 2, 2022 and March 8, 2022 to assess the perceived stress and coping mechanisms among Mizoram’s B.Sc. nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic and to ascertain the association between stress and coping with specific demographic variables. To assess the level of stress and coping strategies, respectively, Pandemic-Related Perceived Stress Scale of Covid-19 (PSS-10-C) and Modified Brief-Coping orientation to problems experienced Scale were used. Results: The majority of the participants 89% were female, whereas 10.1% were male. Most of the participants 89.2% resided in a hostel. A high level of stress is seen among 2.15% of the participants. The majority 83.7% have moderate stress levels and a low level of stress is seen among 14.15% of the participants. Perceived stress is higher among the females significantly at 0.02 and also among those who reside in the hostel at 0.02 level. Among the participants with high perceived stress levels, avoidance coping is most adopted by a mean value of 25.00 (5.61). Conclusions: The findings suggest that there is a need for appropriate intervention for assisting the B.Sc. nursing students in stress management to adopt healthy coping strategies.

The birth of a child can be filled with joy. However, the transition into motherhood role can as well be stressful, especially for first-time mothers. Mothers often do not sleep well at night due to the demands of the baby. These results in poor sleep quality at night and increased day-time sleepiness. The aim of this study is to assess the sleep quality and postpartum depression among nursing mothers. This study was done using a cross-sectional study design. The respondents (191) were mothers attending postnatal clinic in WGH and IHU, OAUTHC. The questionnaires were designed using the following scales: Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) was used to assess the sleep quality and sleeping patterns and Edinburgh postpartum depression scale was used to assess for signs and symptoms of postpartum depression. The mean age of the respondents was 32.10 ± 5.812. Majority of the respondents, 38.2% age range was between 26 – 31 years. More than half of the respondents’ current postpartum period and age of baby was between 1 – 6 months (54.5%) while more than 12 months (9.4%). More than half of the respondents, 52.9% sex of the baby was male while 47.1% were females. 84.3% of the respondents were from monogamy family and 15.7% were from polygamy family. About(24.6%) of the respondents had low level of stress, 100 (52.4%) had moderate level of stress, 41 (21.5%) had high level of stress and 3 (1.6%) had very high level of stress. More than 104 (54.5%) of the respondents had no depression and 87 (45.5%) of the mothers attending immunization visit or postpartum care had possible depression. It was recommended that extended family members should be educated on how to provide care and support for new mothers to ease the burden they experience.

The objectives were to measure the prevalence of perceived stress in adults and to evaluate gender and age differences in stress level. Association between perceived stress and depression, anxiety and medication was also studied. A total of 1275 subjects (581 men and 694 women) were randomly selected in equal age groups. Perceived stress was measured with the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ). Two PSQ cut‐off scores, moderate and high stress level, were yielded by using mean score and standard deviation. Depression was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and anxiety with the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The intake of medications was registered and classified. The prevalence of moderate stress was estimated to be 10.0 per cent, lowest in the 60–69‐year and highest in the 40–44‐year age group. Women of 30–34 years had a higher frequency of moderate stress (11.1 per cent) than men in the same age group (5.9 per cent). The prevalence of high stress was 4.0 per cent, higher in women (5.5 per cent) than in men (2.2 per cent). Women in the age groups 30–34 years (12.7 per cent) and 35–39 years (8.1 per cent) reported a greater proportion of high stress than the men (0 per cent for both age groups). Low and moderate stress were associated with STAI and high stress with the BDI. The BDI attitudes self‐punitive wishes, sleep disturbances and loss of appetite were associated with high stress. High stress was associated with psychotropic drugs. Antidepressants comprised the majority of psychotropic drugs used. It was concluded that women in the 30 to 39‐year age group are exposed to high stress and are therefore a vulnerable group. Anxiety is more important in moderate stress levels and depression in high stress levels. Clinicians should be aware of the suicidal risk associated with high stress levels. It seems that psychotropic drugs alone are not sufficient to reduce stress levels. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This study was planned to investigate the relationship between the needs, stress levels of mothers with disabled children and family functioning in rehabilitation. The study was conducted with 181 mothers in a private rehabilitation centre in eastern Turkey. The personal information form, 'Family Needs Assessment Tool (FNAT)', 'Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)' and 'Family Functioning Scale in Rehabilitation (FFSIR)' were used in the data collection. In the analysis of data number, percentage, mean score, standard deviations, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis tests and Spearman correlation were used. The mean score of the mothers on the whole FNAT was 67.49±1.85; the mean score of them on the PSS was 24.99±4.32; the mean score of them on the FFSIR was 153.98±20.61. It was found that there was a positive correlation between the mean scores of the mothers on the FNAT and PSS while there was a negative correlation between the mean scores of them on the PSS and FFSIR (p<0.05). There was a significant relationship between the socio-demographic characteristics of the mothers and the PSS and FFSIR (p<0.05). It was determined that the mothers' information needs were high, they had moderate stress levels, and the family functionality was moderate in rehabilitation. It was concluded that the mothers' stress levels increased as the needs of them increased while their stress levels decreased as the functionality of them increased in rehabilitation.

Background. The impact of stress on the central serous chorioretinopathy development has been studied in a small number of studies, and the results are conflicting.&#x0D; Aim. To assess the association of the level of individual stress with the central serous chorioretinopathy development.&#x0D; Material and methods. A cross-sectional study based on a survey of 110 patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (the main group) and 110 individuals without central serous chorioretinopathy was conducted. The stress level was assessed on the Perceived Stress Scale. Quantitative and categorical data between the groups were compared. Comparison of groups by quantitative indicator was performed using the MannWhitney U-test, and by categorical indicator using the odds ratio and its 95% confidence intervals.&#x0D; Results. The groups of respondents were comparable according to the main demographic indicators. The median total score for the Overstrain subscale in the central serous chorioretinopathy group was 12 points (Q25%Q75% 9.2514 points), in the control group 10 points (Q25%Q75% 712 points; p=0.0002). The median total score for the Stress Response subscale in the central serous chorioretinopathy group was 7 points (Q25%Q75% 58 points), in the control group it was 4 points (Q25%Q75% 37 points; p=0.000003). In the group with central serous chorioretinopathy, compared with the control group, the proportion of people with moderate stress level was higher (74.5% vs. 53.6%; odds ratio 2.53, 95% confidence interval 1.434.48) and the proportion of people with low stress level was lower (19.1% vs. 45.5%; odds ratio 0.28, 95% confidence interval 0.150.52).&#x0D; Conclusion. The study demonstrated the association of stress with the development of central serous chorioretinopathy.

Introduction The impact of SARS-CoV-2 is not only on physical health but also on mental health. This pandemic raised concerns of fear, anxiety, and stress among patients affected with the disease. Quarantine and home isolation might have created psychological distress and helplessness in patients due to social and economic reasons. This study aimed in assessing the level of perceived stress and factors associated with it among SARS-CoV-2-affected young adults who were under home isolation. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted among 147 SARS-CoV-2-affected young adults who were under home isolation during June 2021 to August 2021. A semi-structured proforma was created using KoBo Toolbox for humanitarian response for data collection. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) was used for measurement of stress among COVID-19 patients. The questionnaire was shared in online platform. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23.0. Significance of association was tested using chi square test and independent sample t test. Logistic regression was done to predict the factors associated with perceived stress. Results Out of the 147 study participants, 56.5% were females and 43.5% were males. Symptoms were present in 94 (63.9%) of patients. The mean age of the study participants was 26 (10.5) years. The mean PSS score was 17.5 (6.4). Among the cases under home isolation, 24.5% had low stress levels, 68% had moderate stress levels, and 7.5% had severe stress levels. Feeling of loneliness during home isolation (odds ratio [OR]: 4.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.9-11.63], P = .008), presence of elderly or under-5 children in the same house (OR: 15.45, 95% CI [2.03-117.5], P = .001), and presence of cough ( P = .05) were found to be significantly associated with higher PSS scores. Age and sleep were negatively correlated with stress score. Conclusion One-third of the study participants had moderate to severe levels of perceived stress. Age, sleep hours, presence of cough, presence of under-5 children or elderly in the same house, and feeling of loneliness during home isolation were found to be significantly associated with high perceived stress level scores.

Investigation of the Effect of COVID-19 Outbreak on Physical Activity, Perceived Stress, Physical Activity Awareness and Exercise Barriers: A National Study

Stress plays a crucial role in the development of periodontal diseases, along with other behavioral factors. Professions with high-stress levels, like the Indonesian National Army, face challenges due to demanding requirements on skills, physical endurance, and mental strength. This study aims to explore the oral and periodontal health of soldiers, with a focus on the relationship between stress levels and periodontal conditions in soldiers from Kodam Jaya. The research method is observational with a cross-sectional approach involving 48 male respondents selected using a purposive sampling technique. All participants completed ten closed-ended questionnaires about emotions and thoughts over the past month, along with the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Data processing was analyzed using univariate and bivariate methods, including Spearman's correlation. The analysis of stress levels among soldiers shows that the light category includes 11 individuals (22.9%), the moderate category consists of 29 individuals (60.4%), and the heavy category includes 8 individuals (16.7%). Therefore, out of the total 48 responses, the moderate stress level is the most common among soldiers. In terms of the distribution of BoP examinations, 7 cases (14.6%) met the healthy criteria, 2 cases (4.2%) met the mild criteria, 5 cases (10.4%) met the moderate criteria, and 34 cases (70.8%) met the severe criteria. The correlation between stress level and periodontal tissue health at BoP examination shows a moderate relationship with an r-value of 0.407 and a p-value of 0.004, indicating a significant relationship. There is a notable link between stress and periodontal tissue health, along with the Bleeding on Probing (BoP) assessment, in soldiers from Kodam Jaya.

Suicidal behaviors in adolescents stem from complex processes deeply rooted in various spheres of life and functioning. The study was aimed at assessing the relationship between selected negative emotions, the quality of sleep, the level of perceived stress as well as stress coping strategies and suicidal ideation and attempts among high school students. The examined group consisted of adolescents aged 16–18 recruited by social-media groups in Poland. The study was based on a diagnostic survey with the application of CAWI method. The other research tools applied in the study included: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale—Modified, Perceived Stress Scale-10, How do you cope?—Questionnaire, Athens Insomnia Scale as well as the authors’ own questionnaire on suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Anxiety, depression, aggression and insomnia as well as a high level of stress were statistically more common in girls than in boys (p < 0.001). The high level of negative emotions and insomnia, in turn, increased the risk of suicidal ideation (OR = 3.59, 95% CI: 2.13–6.06 and OR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.60–3.46), as well as suicide attempts (OR = 6.29, 95% CI: 2.93–14.80 and OR = 3.29, 95% CI: 2.07–5.35). Additionally, high level of stress was associated with more than twice larger odds of suicidal ideation (OR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.13–4.63). Significantly higher prevalence of suicidal ideation (p = 0.017) and suicide attempts (p = 0.016) was observed in girls. A high level of negative emotions and stress accompanied by a low quality of sleep are factors predisposing people to suicidal ideation and attempted suicide.