Prediction for High Risk Clinical Symptoms of Epilepsy Based on Deep Learning Algorithm

A novel online tool condition monitoring method for milling titanium alloy with consideration of tool wear law

Deep leaning in food safety and authenticity detection: An integrative review and future prospects

Analysis of spectrum sensing using deep learning algorithms: CNNs and RNNs

Designing of VehiNet Using Convolutional Neural Networks and Deep Learning Techniques

The advancement in technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) has enabled the development of a variety of healthcare applications and services such as Remote Health Monitoring (RHM). Developing an RHM system requires integrating various medical sensors that generate a vast amount of data. The integration of AI and Machine Learning (ML) models in the RHM system for analysis of the medical data can enable the development of a decision support system that can reduce costs and save valuable time for clinicians and caregivers. This thesis is focused on leveraging ML and AI technique sto address the challenges in RHM with a specific emphasis on improving the performance of AI-based decision support systems. This is achieved by addressing limitations in current AI-based models and developing novel Random Neural Network (RNN)-based models for fall detection and epilepsy detection and prediction. Initially the thesis presents a literature review on state-of-the-art machine learning techniques used in remote healthcare solutions, automatic fall activity recognition for elderly populations, and epileptic seizure detection and prediction. Furthermore, the study presents a novel fall detection method based on RNN. The results obtained from the proposed model are compared with traditional classification algorithms such as Artificial Neural Networks, Convolutional Neural Networks, and state-of-the-art fall detection schemes. The proposed RNN-based method demonstrates significant improvements in accuracy compared to other methods. The proposed scheme achieved an overall accuracy of 98% in detecting falls. Additionally, several other parameters such as precision, recall, specificity, and F-measure show that the proposed algorithm has better generalization capabilities when compared with other traditional machine learning schemes. Furthermore, the proposed RNN is also compared with a recent scheme and the obtained results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme. Additionally, the thesis presents two novel RNN-based classification schemes for detecting epileptic seizures. In the first scheme statistical features are extracted from raw EEG data, while the second method incorporates frequency analysis techniques such as Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Fast Fourier Transform. The performance of these models is evaluated and compared with other classification algorithms, demonstrating the effectiveness of RNN-based models for epilepsy detection. Finally, a novel RNN-based epilepsy prediction model is proposed for classification of EEG data into three classes i.e. ictal, pre-ictal, and inter-ictal. The model pre-processes the EEG data by decomposing the signals into five frequency sub-bands using DWT. After pre-processing, six statistical features are extracted from each frequency sub-band which a reused as an input vector to train the RNN model. The proposed scheme achieves an overall accuracy of 95.66% in seizure prediction, outperforming other state-of-the-art models.

Epilepsy is a chronic brain disease that causes persistent and severe damage to the physical and mental health of patients. Daily effective prediction of epileptic seizures is crucial for epilepsy patients especially those with refractory epilepsy. At present, a large number of deep learning algorithms such as Convolutional Neural Networks and Recurrent Neural Networks have been used to predict epileptic seizures and have obtained better performance than traditional machine learning methods. However, these methods usually transform the Electroencephalogram (EEG) signal into a Euclidean grid structure. The conversion suffers from loss of adjacent spatial information, which results in deep learning models requiring more storage and computational consumption in the process of information fusion after information extraction. This study proposes a general Graph Convolutional Networks (GCN) model architecture for predicting seizures to solve the problem of oversized seizure prediction models based on exploring the graph structure of EEG signals. As a graph classification task, the network architecture includes graph convolution layers that extract node features with one-hop neighbors, pooling layers that summarize abstract node features; and fully connected layers that implement classification, resulting in superior prediction performance and smaller network size. The experiment shows that the model has an average sensitivity of 96.51%, an average AUC of 0.92, and a model size of 15.5 k on 18 patients in the CHB-MIT scalp EEG dataset. Compared with traditional deep learning methods, which require a large number of parameters and computational effort and are demanding in terms of storage space and energy consumption, this method is more suitable for implementation on compact, low-power wearable devices as a standard process for building a generic low-consumption graph network model on similar biomedical signals. Furthermore, the edge features of graphs can be used to make a preliminary determination of locations and types of discharge, making it more clinically interpretable.

Recurring wildfires pose a critical global issue as they undermine social and economic stability and jeopardize human lives. To effectively manage disasters and bolster community resilience, the development of wildfire susceptibility maps (WFSMs) has emerged as a crucial undertaking in recent years. In this research endeavor, two deep learning algorithms were leveraged to generate WFSMs using two distinct remote sensing datasets. Specifically, the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Landsat-8 images were utilized to monitor wildfires that transpired during the year 2021. To develop an effective WFSM, two datasets were created by incorporating 599 wildfire locations with Landsat-8 images and 232 sites with MODIS images, as well as twelve factors influencing wildfires. Deep learning algorithms, namely the long short-term memory (LSTM) and recurrent neural network (RNN), were utilized to model wildfire susceptibility using the two datasets. Subsequently, four WFSMs were generated using the LSTM (MODIS), LSTM (Landsat-8), RNN (MODIS), and RNN (Landsat-8) algorithms. The evaluation of the WFSMs was performed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) index. The results revealed that the RNN (MODIS) (AUC = 0.971), RNN (Landsat-8) (AUC = 0.966), LSTM (MODIS) (AUC = 0.964), and LSTM (Landsat-8) (AUC = 0.941) algorithms demonstrated the highest modeling accuracy, respectively. Moreover, the Gini index was employed to assess the impact of the twelve factors on wildfires in the study area. The results of the random forest (RF) algorithm indicated that temperature, wind speed, slope, and topographic wetness index (TWI) parameters had a significant effect on wildfires in the study region. These findings are instrumental in facilitating efficient wildfire management and enhancing community resilience against the detrimental effects of wildfires.

Recent experience in applying recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to interpreting Permannt Downhole Gauge (PDG) records has highlighted the potential utility of machine learning algorithms to learn reservoir behavior from data. The power of the RNN resides in its ability to retain information in a form of memory of previous patterns and information contained in the previous behavior of phenomena being modeled. This memory plays a role of informing the decision at the present time by using what happened in the past. This property suggests RNNs as a suitable choice to model sequences of reservoir information, even when the reservoir modeler is faced with incomplete knowledge of the underlying physical system. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are another variant of machine learning algorithms that have shown promise in sequence modeling domains, such as audio synthesis and machine translation. In this study, RNN and CNN were applied to tasks that traditionally would be modeled by a reservoir simulator. This was achieved by formulating the relationship between physical quantities of interest from subsurface reservoirs as a sequence mapping problem. In addition, the performance of a CNN layer as compared to RNN was evaluated systematically to investigate their capabilities in a variety of tasks of interest to the reservoir engineer. Preliminary results suggest that CNNs, with specific design modifications, are as capable as RNNs in modeling sequences of information and as reliable when making inferences to cases that has not been seen by the algorithm during training. Design details and reasons pertaining to the way these two seemingly different architectures process information, and handle memory are also discussed.

The increasing complexity of urban transportation systems and the growing volume of vehicles have made traffic congestion a persistent challenge in modern cities. Efficient traffic flow prediction is essential for mitigating congestion, improving road safety, optimizing traffic signal control, and enhancing overall transportation efficiency. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative tool in the field of traffic management, offering sophisticated algorithms capable of modeling, analyzing, and predicting complex traffic patterns with high accuracy. The application of AI in traffic flow prediction leverages vast amounts of real-time and historical data to generate precise forecasts, supporting data-driven decision-making by urban planners and traffic control authorities. The prediction of traffic flow involves analyzing time-series data that exhibit nonlinear, dynamic, and often stochastic behavior. Traditional statistical models, such as autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), have proven to be limited in handling the high dimensionality and variability inherent in traffic systems. In contrast, AI algorithms possess the capacity to learn and adapt from complex data inputs without the need for explicit programming, making them particularly suitable for traffic-related applications. AI algorithms used in traffic flow prediction can be broadly categorized into machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) approaches. Machine learning algorithms such as k-nearest neighbors (KNN), support vector machines (SVM), decision trees, and random forests have demonstrated effectiveness in short-term traffic prediction tasks. These algorithms are capable of identifying hidden patterns in traffic data and adjusting to changes in traffic behavior over time. Ensemble methods, which combine the strengths of multiple learning models, further enhance prediction accuracy and robustness. Deep learning algorithms, a subfield of AI inspired by the human brain’s neural architecture, have shown exceptional performance in capturing spatial-temporal dependencies in traffic data. Recurrent neural networks (RNNs), particularly long short-term memory (LSTM) networks and gated recurrent units (GRUs), are widely used for their ability to process sequential data and retain information over extended time intervals. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are employed to extract spatial features from traffic sensor data or road network imagery. Hybrid models that integrate CNNs with RNNs have achieved high levels of predictive precision by simultaneously learning spatial and temporal correlations. In addition to supervised learning methods, unsupervised and reinforcement learning techniques are also applied in traffic flow prediction. Clustering algorithms, such as k-means and DBSCAN, assist in identifying traffic patterns, while reinforcement learning models optimize adaptive traffic signal control systems by learning optimal actions through environmental interaction. This study explores the different types of AI algorithms used in traffic flow prediction, examining their theoretical foundations, structural differences, and practical applications. It aims to evaluate the comparative advantages of various algorithms in addressing the challenges of real-time traffic prediction in increasingly complex transportation networks.

Feature mining for encrypted malicious traffic detection with deep learning and other machine learning algorithms

Blood cells classification is a crucial aspect in medical diagnosis. Several machine learning models have been proposed under various researches for classification of blood cells in recent years. However, the traditional machine learning algorithms are limited in the accurate detection of abnormal cells. In this study, we propose deep learning based approach for blood cell classification and evaluate the efficiency of multi-layer neural network model built for the classification of the various types of White Blood Cells using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) in combination. The proposed method leverages the strengths of both CNN and RNN and gives better results.

The prediction of student performance is a critical area in educational data mining, providing invaluable insights for early interventions and personalized learning strategies. This chapter explores the application of machine learning and deep learning algorithms in predicting academic success, focusing on the enhancement of traditional predictive models through advanced computational techniques. A comprehensive review of widely-used models such as decision trees, support vector machines, k-nearest neighbors, and random forests is presented, highlighting their strengths and limitations in handling educational data. In addition, the chapter delves into deep learning approaches, such as artificial neural networks, convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and long short-term memory networks, which have shown promising results in capturing complex patterns and temporal dependencies in student performance data. The chapter emphasizes the importance of high-quality data preprocessing, including data cleaning, feature selection, and imputation, as essential steps for enhancing model accuracy. Evaluation metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and ROC-AUC curve analysis are discussed to ensure robust model validation, especially in the presence of class imbalance. Further, challenges like model overfitting and strategies to prevent it, including regularization, cross-validation, and early stopping, are explored. The integration of machine learning and deep learning in education holds transformative potential for improving academic outcomes, providing a framework for data-driven decisions and timely interventions. This chapter serves as a critical resource for researchers and practitioners aiming to leverage AI for enhanced student performance prediction.

Protein lysine acetylation is an important post- translational modification (PTM) that takes an important part in many cellular processes, such as metabolism, differentiation and replication. However, the current lysine acetylation site identification mainly adopts experimental detection methods which are time-consuming and inefficient. Therefore, several shallow machine learning algorithms were applied for protein lysine acetylation site prediction. However, traditional machine learning algorithms are not as accurate as deep learning algorithms. As a special kind of recurrent neural network (RNN), long short-term memory (LSTM) can not only process sequence data but also solve the vanishing gradient problem. Therefore, this paper proposes a method based on LSTM to predict lysine acetylation sites. In addition, two traditional machine learning algorithms k-nearest neighbors (KNN) and support vector machine (SVM) were adopted for training as comparison. Through experimental verification, the prediction method based on LSTM is superior to the other two based on traditional machine learning algorithms, and the final prediction accuracy of LSTM model can reach up to 81.52%.

The study presents the results of the development and testing of deep learning neural network architectures, which demonstrate high accuracy rates in classifying neurophysiological data, in particular hemodynamic brain activation patterns obtained by functional near-infrared spectroscopy, during solving mathematical problems on spatial-numerical associations. The analyzed signal represents a multidimensional time series of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin dynamics. Taking the specificity of the fNIRS signal into account, a comparative analysis of 2 types of neural network architectures was carried out: (1) architectures based on recurrent neural networks: recurrent neural network with long short-term memory, recurrent neural network with long short-term memory with fully connected layers, bidirectional recurrent neural network with long short-term memory, convolutional recurrent neural network with long short-term memory; (2) architectures based on convolutional neural networks with 1D convolutions: convolutional neural network, fully convolutional neural network, residual neural network. Trained long short-term memory recurrent neural network architectures showed worse results in accuracy in comparison with 1D convolutional neural network architectures. Residual neural network (model_Resnet) demonstrated the highest accuracy rates in three experimental conditions more than 88% in detecting age-related differences in brain activation during spatial-numerical association tasks considering the individual characteristics of the respondents’ signal.

In today's digital world, app stores have become an essential part of software distribution, providing customers with a wide range of applications and opportunities for software developers to showcase their work. This study elaborates on the importance of end-user feedback for software evolution. However, in the literature, more emphasis has been given to high-rating & popular software apps while ignoring comparatively low-rating apps. Therefore, the proposed approach focuses on end-user reviews collected from 64 low-rated apps representing 14 categories in the Amazon App Store. We critically analyze feedback from low-rating apps and developed a grounded theory to identify various concepts important for software evolution and improving its quality including user interface (UI) and user experience (UX), functionality and features, compatibility and device-specific, performance and stability, customer support and responsiveness and security and privacy issues. Then, using a grounded theory and content analysis approach, a novel research dataset is curated to evaluate the performance of baseline machine learning (ML), and state-of-the-art deep learning (DL) algorithms in automatically classifying end-user feedback into frequently occurring issues. Various natural language processing and feature engineering techniques are utilized for improving and optimizing the performance of ML and DL classifiers. Also, an experimental study comparing various ML and DL algorithms, including multinomial naive Bayes (MNB), logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF), multi-layer perception (MLP), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), AdaBoost, Voting, convolutional neural network (CNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), bidirectional long short term memory (BiLSTM), gated recurrent unit (GRU), bidirectional gated recurrent unit (BiGRU), and recurrent neural network (RNN) classifiers, achieved satisfactory results in classifying end-user feedback to commonly occurring issues. Whereas, MLP, RF, BiGRU, GRU, CNN, LSTM, and Classifiers achieved average accuracies of 94%, 94%, 92%, 91%, 90%, 89%, and 89%, respectively. We employed the SHAP approach to identify the critical features associated with each issue type to enhance the explainability of the classifiers. This research sheds light on areas needing improvement in low-rated apps and opens up new avenues for developers to improve software quality based on user feedback.