Preface

Research examining the relationship between external artifacts and scientific thinking has highlighted the dynamic role of memory aids. This article explores how the nineteenth-century physicist Michael Faraday (1791–1867) used extensive laboratory notebooks and a highly structured set of retrieval strategies as dynamic aids during his scientific research. The development and dynamic use of memory artifacts are described as part of a distributed, “real-world,” cognitive environment. The processes involved are then related to aspects of expert memory and to the use of model-based reasoning in science. The system demonstrates the importance of epistemic artifacts in scientific cognition and is suggestively related to other cognitive artifacts used in scientific research that rely on similar cognitive processes.

This paper argues that the linguistic approach to analyzing induction, according to which induction is a type of inference or argument composed of statements or propositions, is unsuitable to account for scientific reasoning. Consequently, a novel approach to induction in model-based science is suggested. First, in order to show their adherence to the linguistic treatment of induction, two strategies are reviewed: (i) Carnap and Reichenbach’s attempts to justify induction and (ii) Norton’s recent material theory of induction. Second, three reasons are provided to support the claim that the linguistic treatment of induction is insufficient in accounting for model-based reasoning in science. Finally, a framework focused on models—rather than statements or propositions—is suggested to address induction in science. William Whewell’s theory of induction is briefly outlined as an example of a non-propositional treatment of induction that is consistent with model-based scientific practice.

The issue of the nature of the processes or ‘mechanisms’ that underlie scientific cognition is a fundamental problem for cognitive science, as is how these facilitate and constrain scientific practices for science studies. A full theory of human cognition requires understanding the nature of what is one of its most explicitly constructed, abstract and creative forms of knowing. A rich and nuanced understanding of scientific knowledge and practice must take into account how human cognitive abilities and limitations afford and constrain the practices and products of the scientific enterprise. Here I want to focus on the issue of the cognitive basis of certain model-based reasoning practices – namely, those employed in creative reasoning leading to representational change across the sciences. Investigating this issue provides insights into a central problem of creativity in science: how are genuinely novel scientific representations created, given that their construction must begin with existing representations? I will start by considering methodological issues in studying scientific cognition; then address briefly the nature of specific model-based reasoning practices employed in science; and finally provide outlines of an account of their cognitive basis, and of how they are generative of representational change. How to study scientific cognition? The project of understanding scientific cognition is inherently inter-disciplinary and collaborative. It requires a detailed knowledge of the nature of the actual cognitive practices employed by scientists; knowledge of a wide extent of existing cognitive science research pertinent to explaining those practices, such as on problem-solving, conceptual change and imagery; and employment of the customary range of cognitive science methods used in investigations of specific aspects of scientific cognition.

Multi-modal diagnosis combining case-based and model-based reasoning: a formal and experimental analysis

Vang Studies 8-9 (1990-91) Sui-T'ang Studies in Japan in 1988* YOSHIOKA MAKOTO £ l*l M translated by John Lee ST. MARY'S UNIVERSITY The number of studies on Sui-T'ang history collected and read for this review is nearly double that of previous years, totalling over 120. Given the constraints imposed by lack of space and my own ability, I have found the task of examining and evaluating each study individually on the basis of current research trends and future challenges nearly impossible. This review will thus be, almost inevitably, little more than a listing of items grouped according to fields or themes. For this purpose, I have divided the items under review into fourteen different categories. In the following pages, I will try to review the previous year's achievements by briefly surveying each category. International Scholastic Exchange and Research Trends. The first International T'ang Studies Conference was held at National Taiwan University, Taipei, in January of 1988. In May, an international conference in honor of the late Ch'en Yin-k'o (1890-1969) was hosted by Sun Yat-sen University in Canton. (For details see Fukui Fumimasa's report in Tohogaku 1&15^ 77.) In August, the China Tunhuang and Turfan Studies Discussion Group held its third meeting, at the Peking Library. Delegations of Japanese scholars attended all three gatherings. The re-evaluation of Ch'en Yin-k'o was especially notable in China. This can be seen, for example, in the publication of a number of books by Ch'en, including Lectures on Six Dynasties History (Wei Chin Nan-pei-ch'ao shih chiang-yen lil), edited by Wan Sheng-nan, and the handwritten, manuscript edition of An Abridged Political History of the T'ang (T'ang4ai cheng-chih shih liieh kao). A plan to publish Ch'en's notes on his readings of the two T'ang standard histories has also been announced. "Originally published in Shigaku zasshi 98.5 (1989). Yoshioka Makoto teaches at the Fukushima University. 131 Lee: SZ Summary 1988 In addition, a delegation of the T'ang History Society of China, consisting of five members, is scheduled to visit Japan in July of this year (1989). We also hear that an international T'ang studies conference will be held at Hsi-an in October. Within Japan itself, Arakawa Masaharu and his colleagues have launched a group to study the materials unearthed at Turfan. The group has so far published four issues of its newsletter. The T'ang History Society (To~daishi Kenkyukai), too, has begun issuing a newsletter . Published annually, the two issues that have come out so far contain information on international research exchange and the state of research in Taiwan, South Korea, and the United States. Viewed against this background of growing international exchange in research, the fact that the Acta Asiatica, the organ of the Toho Gakkai, devoted its issue no. 55 to T'ang studies under the title "Viewpoints on T'ang China" is indeed worthy of special mention. The issue contains English translations of essays by Otagi Hajime, Tonami Mamoru, Hori Toshikazu, and Kaneko Shuichi. There is also a review article by Ikeda On, titled "A Review of T'ang Studies in Japan in Recent Years/' The four essays in the issue have all been translated from previously published studies. Ikeda's review article, on the other hand, is new and introduces more than two hundred studies published in Japan since the 1970s. A bibliography is also included. Books, Sourcebooks, Research Aids. Historical Studies of the Chinese City (Chugoku toshi no rekishsiteki kenkyu), edited by the Todaishi Kenkyukai, consists of an introduction and sixteen brief essays, eight of which are on T'ang China. Huang Wen-pi, The Archaeological Records of Lop Nor (Ropu Noru koko ki), translated by Tagawa Shunzo, is the first of a projected four-volume series of selected works by Huang. The Chinese original was published in 1948. A selection of Huang's essays on history and archaeology is also scheduled to be published in China. Medieval Rapport (Kokansuru chusei) by Amino Yoshihiko and Tanigawa Michio takes the form of a dialogue between the coauthors . It presents Tanigawa...

This paper analyzes the effects of changes in relative commodity prices on the distribution of income among factors of production in the context of two models of a simple, two-good economy. In the first model capital is treated as a specific factor in each industry, with labor mobile between industries. The assumption of specificity determines the direction of factor income changes, with magnitudes depending on substitutability between factors and on intensities of factor use within the two industries. In the second model, capital is viewed as a quasi-fixed factor. For the short run, this model is identical to the model first considered. For the long run, this model is identical to the Stolper-Samuelson model in which the direction and magnitude of factor income changes depend solely on relative factor intensities. The difference between the short-run and long-run determinants of changes in factor incomes gives rise to a conflict between factor owners' short-run and long-run interests.

Neftci (1984) proposed a nonparametric test procedure for determining whether business cycles are asymmetric in the sense that contractions are steeper than expansions. He found evidence of this type of asymmetry in postwar quarterly U.S. unemployment variables.' This comment identifies a probable error in Neftci's empirical work that reverses the significance of his results for the unemployment rate, and it suggests that this test may have low power and be sensitive to measurement error.

Lu and Dr Ronald DePinho led to the identification of prostate cancer-driver genes using high-throughput functional genomics.


 Fallopia multiflora Thunb. is a precious remedy in traditional medicine of many countries. In terms of chemical composition, emodin (EM) and 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilben-2-O-β-D-glucoside (THSG) were identified as chemical markers of Fallopia multiflora Thunb. This study was conducted to develop a preparing process that helps to minimize the THSG content while increasing the ratio between EM and THSG. The HPLC-DAD method was used to quantify these substances in the raw materials and samples after each processing stage to investigate the effects of the different processing conditions. It is found that the process of preparing Fallopia multiflora Thunb. can reduce at least 53% of THSG. The ratio of EM to THSG increased by more than 2.6 times after the processing. The process has many advantages, such as simplicity, no need of soaking the herb in rice water, and short processing time. The standards with such criteria as description, identification, loss on drying, extract, and assay for the prepared product were also proposed.
 Keywords:
 Fallopia multiflora Thunb., processing mechanism, emodin, 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilben-2-O-β-D-glucoside.
 References
 [1] Ministry of Health, Vietnamese Pharmacopoeia V, Medical Publishing House, Hanoi, Part 2, 2018, pp. 1180-1181 (in Vietnamese). [2] B. T. Thuong, P. X. Sinh, N. T. Hai, N. T. T. Binh, N. X. Tung, Effect of Traditional Preparation Processing on the Total Phenol Content and Antioxidant Activity of Fallopia multiflora Thunb., VNU Journal of Science: Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 36, No. 4, 2020, pp. 23-30 (in Vietnamese), https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1132/vnumps.4264[3] Commission Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, China Medical Science and Technology Press: Beijing, China, Part I, 2015, pp. 175-177.[4] Department of Health, Hong Kong Chinese Materia Medica Standards, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, Vol. 2, 2008, pp. 223-233. [5] L. Lin, B. Ni, H. Lin, M. Zhang, X. Li, Xi. Yin, C. Qu, J. Ni, Traditional Usages, Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.: A Review, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol. 159, 2015, pp. 158-183, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.009.[6] Y. Liu, Q. Wang, J. Yang, X. Guo, W. Liu, S. Ma, S. Li, Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.: A Review on Chemical Analysis, Processing Mechanism, Quality Evaluation, and Hepatotoxicity, Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol. 9, 2018, pp. 1-9, http://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00364.[7] Use the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human, Validation of Analytical Procedures:Text and Methodology Q2 (R1), International Conference on Harmonization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005, pp. 6-13.[8] N. T. H. Ly, T. T. Thao, P. V. Truong, P. T. Phuong, Quality Evaluation of Fallopia multiflora in Vietnam Based on HPLC-FLD and Chemometrics, Natural Products Chemistry & Research, Vol. 6, No. 6, 2018, pp. 1-7, http://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6836.1000346.[9] P. X. Sinh, Traditional Pharmacology, Medical Publishing House, Hanoi, 2014, pp. 352-353 (in Vietnamese).[10] D. Q. Luo, P. Jia, S. S. Zhao, Y. Zhao, H. J. Liu,F. Wei, S. C. Ma, Identification and Differentiation of Polygonum multiflorum Radix and Polygoni multiflori Radix Preaparata through the Quantitative Analysis of Multicomponents by the Single Marker Method, Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry, Vol. 2019, 2019, pp. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7430717.

Background The potentially harmful consequences of alcohol use among undergraduates have become a growing concern in recent years. Objectives This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hazardous use of alcohol in this population and to identify demographic and psychosocial factors associated with this pattern of consumption. Methods This was a cross-sectional study using an anonymous and self-completed questionnaire in the classroom. The questionnaire was administered to 1,290 enrolled male and female students, which comprised a proportional sample of the main areas of knowledge at University of Campinas. The questionnaire produced sociodemographic and psychosocial profiles and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test was used to detect hazardous use of alcohol. Results The prevalence of hazardous use of alcohol among the study participants was 24%. Male gender, subjective perceived social support in case of difficulties, being sexually active, not dating, having smoked tobacco cigarettes or marijuana, and having used other illicit psychoactive substances were associated with hazardous use of alcohol. Discussion Variables related to gender, sexuality, affective partnerships, and consumption of other psychoactive substances were associated with hazardous use of alcohol, which was identified in a quarter of the evaluated students, and indicate the need for strategies to prevent and to treat problems.

2025 International Conference on Surface Science Technology and Applications (ICSSTA 2025) Conference Announcement Hangzhou, China July 18- July 21, 2025 Conference Theme: Innovation in Surface Science and Technology and International Exchange and Cooperation Surface Science and Technology, as an interdisciplinary and comprehensive technology, mainly focuses on the study of various phenomena and processes occurring on the surface and interface at the atomic or molecular level. It has involved many basic and applied disciplines, including physics, chemistry, mathematics, material science, biology and engineering, and is one of the most active frontier disciplines in the world at present. It has now laid the foundation of technology development in modern industry. In order to bridge the gap between the basic science of surface and interface and the wide applications of surface technology, the 1 st International Conference on Surface Science Technology and Applications was held in 2023 in Chongqing, China. Following the successful ICSSTA 2023, the 2 nd International Conference on Surface Science Technology and Application” (ICSSTA 2025), jointly organized by Southwest Institute of Technology and Engineering, Beihang University, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University and other leading Chinese research institutions, will be held in Hangzhou, China from July 18 to 21, 2025. Under the theme “Innovation in Surface Science and Technology and International Exchange and Cooperation”, the conference will feature plenary and keynote presentations by academicians from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Engineering, European Academy of Sciences, and renowned international experts. This gathering will facilitate extensive and in-depth exchanges among scholars, industry leaders, and researchers worldwide, focusing on the latest scientific achievements and industrial developments in surface science technologies. Through interdisciplinary dialogues and strategic partnership building, the conference aims to propel the high-quality advancement of this critical discipline. List of Conference Organizers are available in this PDF.

FOREWORD All praise and gratitude to Allah SWT who has bestowed His grace, therefore, the international conference entitled “The 1st International Conference on Innovation and Application of Science and Technology” (ICIASTECH 2019) can be done. ICIASTECH is meant to present state-of-the-art in a particular field of research. In this conference, the academics, researchers, and practitioners are involved. This forum will be a place to do transfer knowledge, dissemination and discussion in research progress and its application to the community.This international conference (ICIASTECH 2019) is held simultaneously with a national conference (CIASTECH 2019-The 2nd Conference on Innovation and Application of Science and Technology). The conferences will present keynote speakers, Prof. Dr. Ocky Karna Rajasa, MSc. (Director of Research and Community Service, Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education), ), Prof. Dr. Mahadzir Ishak (Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia), Assoc. Prof. Dr. K. Sudhakar (Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, India) and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ririen Prihandarini (Widyagama University Malang, Indonesia).The theme of ICIASTECH 2019 conference is “Smart Innovation and Green Technology for Industry 4.0”. This theme aims to deal with a new worldwide challenge, i.e. the Industrial Revolution 4.0. The strategy to anticipate the challenge can be conducted by applying innovation. Being innovative can disrupt other organisations, and sustain the organisations. The breakthroughs of technology are pivotal in improving the organisation, country and the community without neglecting the environmental issue. This matter can create the sustainability of various resources. This conference became a forum to share the thoughts of both the keynote speakers and presenters who participated in their scientific articles. The field of articles can be divided into Technology, Agriculture, and Education.In addition, gratitude goes to the key speakers who have taken the time to share their thoughts, expertise, and experiences. Also, we say many thanks to Rector of Widyagama University of Malang who has facilitated this conference, the participants, the committee of this event, as well as the sponsors who support this conference.Finally, we wish this conference can provide many contributions for the knowledge, science, technology, industry and the community. Apologies for the flaws and the mistakes in undertaking these conferences. We receive all constructive suggestions and criticisms to make the future conferences (ICIASTECH and CIASTECH) much better.List of Rector'S Introductory Speech, Committee are availble in this pdf.

Fifth International Conference on the History of Science in China

Nanomanufacturing is an emerging technology in the field of synthesis of nanomaterials, manufacture of nanodevices, nanosystems and the relevant characterization technologies, and will greatly impact our society and environment: speeding up scientific discovery, technological development, improving healthcare and living standards and slowing down the exhaustion of energy resources, to name but few. The 1st International Conference on Nanomanufacturing (NanoMan2008) was held on the 13–16 July 2008 in Singapore in conjunction with ThinFilm2008 (The 4th International Conference on Technological Advances of Thin Films & Surface Coatings). Approximately 140 delegates from all over the world have participated in the conference and presented their latest discoveries and technological developments.The main focuses of the conference were modern nanomanufacturing by laser machining, focused ion beam fabrication, nano/micro-molding/imprinting, nanomaterial synthesis and characterization, nanometrology and nano/microsystems fabrication and characterization. There was also great interest in applications of nanomanufacturing technologies in traditional areas such as free form machining, polishing and grinding with nano-scale precision and the smoothness of surfaces of objects, and applications in space exploration, military and medicine.This special issue is devoted to NanoMan2008 with a collection of 9 invited talks presented at the conference, covering all the topics of nanomanufacturing technology and development. These papers have been upgraded by the authors with new results and discoveries since the preparation of the conference manuscripts, hence presenting the latest developments.We would like to take this opportunity to thank all the delegates who attended the conference and made the conference successful, and to the authors who contributed papers to this special issue. Thanks also go to the conference committee for their efforts and devotion to the conference. We would like to express our sincere thanks to Dr Ian Forbes and the other members of editorial board of the Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering of the Institute of Physics for their help and support in making this special section.The conference was a success. We found there is a great demand for continuation of the conference, and it has been agreed by the conference committee to hold the conference biannually from now on. The 2nd International Conference on Nanomanufacturing (NanoMan2010) is to be held in Tianjin, China in 2010. On behalf of the committee we would like to take this opportunity to welcome everybody to NanoMan2010.

Two institutions from the state of Sao Paulo, the University of Sao Paulo (USP) and the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), and a Mexican university, The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) lead a ranking of scientific productivity in Latin America, the Caribbean and the Iberian Peninsula released by the Spanish research group SCImago (CRS 2010). The survey takes into account summaries and references of about 17 000 journals in the Scopus database, by Elsevier. Between 2003 and 2008, USP had produced 38 000 scientific articles, UNAM, 17 000, and Unicamp, 15 000. In the list of the 10 most productive universities there are five Spanish universities, four Brazilian (besides USP and Unicamp, also depicts the Universidade Estadual Paulista, Unesp, in 6th position, and the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, 7th place) and a Mexican, UNAM. The ranking provides qualitative data. One indicator is the CCP, which stands for Quality Science Media, in Spanish, which measures the impact of a scientific institution after eliminating the influence of its size. Another index is the Q1, which shows the percentage of university publications that comprise the ensemble composed of the most influential magazines of the world, 25% of the best placed in a ranking of publications of the SCImago. According to Marco Antonio Zago, pro-rector of Research at USP, these data are important because they show where the university has room to advance. “The university is increasing its contribution according to the total in the world, but my concern is the quality that can improve,” he states. In the case of CCP, USP acquired 0.81 index, which means it is 19% below the world average in quality. In the case of Q1, the university has 40.35% of its publications in all the most influential journals. For comparison, the Universidad de Barcelona boasts CCP of 1.41 and Q1 of 62.16. According to Zago, there is a set of tools that can be