PRELIMINARY STUDY: DIGITAL FORENSIC PROCESS MODEL FOR DEFENSE AND SECURITY SECTORS

Integrated digital forensic process model

For the past decade, digital forensics has been the subject of scientific study, and as a result it has become an established research and application field. One of the foundational methods in which the researchers in the field have attempted to comprehend the scientific basis of this discipline has been to develop models which reflect their observations. Various process models have been developed describing the steps and processes to follow during a digital forensic investigation. This paper provides a detailed review of 11 published papers representing digital forensic process models. The aim of this review is to gain background knowledge of the existing research on the digital forensic investigation process models and the problems associated with those models.

Being related to law and state-of-the-art technology, digital forensics needs more discipline than traditional forensics. The variety of types of crimes, distribution of networks and complexity of information and communication technology, add to the complexity of the process of digital investigations. A rigorous and flexible process model is needed to overcome challenges and obstacles in this area. In this paper we propose a digital forensics process, called "two-dimensional evidence reliability amplification process model", which presents a detailed digital forensic process model in five main phases and different roles to perform it. At the same time, this iterative process addresses four essential tasks as the umbrella activities that are applicable across all phases and sub-phases. We have also developed a hypothetical solution based on intersection of events and exploit mathematical operations and symbols for making an algorithm to increase the reliability of evidence. This process model is detailed enough to describe the investigation process so that it could possibly provide a guideline that investigators can take advantage of it during a forensics investigation process.

The article is devoted to defining the concepts and goals of public administration in the security and defense sector. The author stated that public administration in the security and defense sector is currently developing at a very fast pace, which is associated both with the need to concentrate efforts of the state and civil society to repel Russian aggression, and with the intensification of the process of North Atlantic integration. Taken together, these factors confirm the relevance and importance of defining the concepts and objectives of public administration in the security and defense sector. The article clarifies that the new paradigm of public administration does not deny taking into account and using the previous successful experience in the functioning of state institutions, including military formations. Conversely, the reasons for ineffective activity in different areas should be the subject of scientific analysis in order not to repeat the mistakes of the past in the future. The main criteria for the effectiveness of public administration in different historical periods must necessarily cover the protection of human and civil rights and freedoms, as well as the implementation of the principle of humanism. The article formulates the definition of public administration in the security and defense sector as a complex of administrative and legal means, the combination of which allows transforming public relations to achieve a higher level of protection of human and civil rights and freedoms, strengthening the defense capability of our state and reducing the impact of threats to national security. The author proposes defining the goals of public administration in the security and defense sector. It was found that they cover: a) provision, protection and renewal in violation of national interests from external and internal threats to the national security of Ukraine; b) provision, protection and renewal in case of violation of the rights and freedoms of individuals and legal entities in their relations with subjects of the security and defense sector; c) improvement of the military command and control system.

The purpose of the article is to study the concept and legal nature of damages as a tool for civil liability for corruption offenses in the security and defense sector. The peculiarities of civil liability prosecution for violations of corruption in the security and defense sector are presented, the analysis is also carried out considering domestic anti-corruption legislation. In the process of problem analysis, the methods of scientific cognition were used as philosophical (general scientific) and special scientific one. Among the most important in the general scientific methods should be called dialectical and systemic ones. The use of the structural-functional method allowed to consider the types of obligations for damage compensation, to clarify their features and functional purpose. The comparative legal method is used in the analysis of a number of aspects of the problem. It is noted that today facing the growing threats of a military nature, acts of corruption cause significant damage, especially in the security and defense sector, and in such circumstances the state is responsible for protecting citizens who suffer property losses and need to protect their rights. Legislation on the prevention of corruption has changed significantly in recent years and there is a case law on the application of its provisions. According to the results of the analysis of the anti-corruption legislation of Ukraine, the authors pointed out the peculiarities of a civil servant prosecution, military official, other person performing public functions to civil liability for corruption offenses, which is resolved in court, as well as the damages compensation, moral compensation and other means of civil influence, as the most effective way to overcome the effects of corruption in the security and defense sector. It was found that in the case law on corruption acts the main consideration of cases and all court decisions were based on conclusions related to administrative or criminal liability for corruption offenses, and in civil cases, the provision on damage compensation caused by corruption and corruption offenses regarding the security and defense of the state, need further reformation. Key words: security and defense sector; civil liability; corruption offenses; offenses related to corruption in the security and defense sector; damage compensation; moral compensation.

The peculiarities of the transparent budgeting in the defense and security sector is considered. The framework of transparency is explained taking into account the need to preserve the balance between openness and confidentiality of the sensitive information in the defense and security sector. The principles of budgeting with special focus on the security sector are identified along with the classification of the levels of transparency inherent to the degree of sophistication in the budgeting process. The conditions and factors for the transparent budgeting in the defense and security sector are examined with respect to the feasibility and comprehensiveness in budgeting. Given the urgent need to ensure the framework for the development of open budgets and the transparency of budgeting in the defense and security sector in Ukraine, as well as taking into account the relevance of these issues to ensure compliance with international standards, the theoretical and methodological foundations on transparency in the budgeting process in Ukraine were provided.

The inefficiency of the national security system is one of the biggest threats to Ukraine's national security. The strategic planning in the field of security and defense has been developed to identify the means, including the future structure of forces, which would allow the institutions of the defense and security sector to deal with potential future threats effectively. The purpose of this study is development of theoretical and practical measures to increase the effectiveness of strategic management of national security processes based on goal setting, forecasting, and planning in the context of informatization of society. The object of study there is a process of forming the state system of strategic planning of national security of Ukraine. The relevance of this study is due to the need for legal regulation and improvement of the state system of strategic planning of national security of Ukraine. To achieve the goal of the study special scientific methods of legal knowledge were used. The results of the analysis showed that ensuring national security must rely on the principle of systematization, which means that the security and defense sector of Ukraine is considered as a single object of forecasting and planning. This study substantiates the main directions of systemic reform of the security and defense sector, which have been carried out in Ukraine to ensure the protection of the constitutional order, sovereignty, territorial integrity of the state in the face of armed aggression. The priorities should be implemented through key tasks, such as the establishment of a comprehensive strategic analysis of military threats to Ukraine's national security, coordination of intelligence activities, development of joint intelligence capabilities of the defense forces to obtain complete and reliable warning information for timely decision-making guaranteeing the military security of the state. Keywords: national security, state system, strategic planning, national security strategy, threats to the public administration system, informatization of society.

Based on theoretical and legal analysis, the article summarizes the peculiarities of police activity as a component of the security and defence sector during the period of russian aggression. It has been proved that despite the full-scale undeclared criminal invasion, the Armed Forces of Ukraine, with the strong financial and military support of Western partners, are victoriously overcoming the resistance of the russian occupiers and are carrying out a systematic counter-offensive against the "world's second victorious russian army", and at the same time, heroically destroying the enemy's military equipment and manpower on a daily basis, far-sightedly take strategic decisions on reforming the activities of public authorities, and especially of the security and defence sector. It has been determined that the formation and improvement of the security and defence sector of Ukraine has always been relevant, both in peacetime and in the current period of the russian invasion. At the same time, the doctrinal provisions on their legal status and its improvement in wartime remain insufficiently developed and require theoretical and practical in-depth research. The miscalculations, made in the organization of defence industry procurement, headed by the Ukroboronprom Defence Industrial Concern, have been outlined. However, since the beginning of February 2022, the state has adopted a number of legislative changes aimed at improving the Armed Forces of Ukraine current model, law enforcement agencies and the military-industrial complex, and bringing them in line with NATO and European Union standards. The state of the police as a security and defence sector entity during martial law proves that Ukrainian law enforcement officers, together with the Armed Forces of Ukraine, are boldly repelling the criminal russian attack, protecting the lives and health of the Ukrainian population, defending the territorial integrity and independence of Ukraine. It has been stated that one of the important factors in optimizing the activities of the police during the war is the concern of the state authorities for improving their social protection. It has been noted that the police, in addition to performing own duties during martial law aimed at identifying and prosecuting criminals, searching for missing persons, and taking preventive measures to protect public order and security, carry out activities, related to the clearance of enemy mines by the National Police sappers, and the destruction of unexploded ordnance at the risk of life and health. According to statistics, about 50 specialists in pyrotechnics were killed, and more than 100 were injured during humanitarian demining. It has been stated that at the initiative of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, 8 assault brigades are currently being formed on the basis of the National Police, the State Border Guard Service and the National Guard: "Stalevy Kordon", "Chervona Kalyna", "Lyut’", "Rubizh", "Spartan", "Kara-Dag", "Bureviy" and "AZOV". The basis of the assault brigades will be really motivated and patriotic military personnel and former law enforcement officers. In addition, the main priority in ensuring the safe life of the population under martial law is to strengthen police cooperation with local governments and public organizations and to develop joint measures to protect public order and security. It has been noted that despite a number of regulations adopted during martial law aimed at improving the conditions of police service, there are still problems with the failure to resolve issues related to strengthening administrative and criminal liability for administrative offences and war crimes; abolition of the average salary at the place of work; unregulated procedure for serving a summons to territorial recruitment centres, etc. It has been proved that in the course of ensuring public order and security during the russian-Ukrainian war, the police in its professional activity uses not only organizational and legal forms and methods with wide participation of the security and defence forces, territorial defence and public formations, but also hone the skills in conducting operational and search activities aimed at combating crime and eliminating enemy sabotage groups, which enables solving the tasks set in countering russian aggression under martial law.

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A formal process model is needed to enable digital forensic practitioners in following a uniform approach and to enable courts of law in determining the reliability of digital evidence presented to them. Such a model also needs to be generic in that it can be applicable in the different fields of digital forensics including law enforcement, corporates and incident response. There does not currently exist such a comprehensive process model that is both formal and generic. To address these shortcomings, this paper proposes a model that is formal in that it can enable the digital forensic practitioners in following a uniform approach when carrying out investigations and that is generic in that it can be applied in the different environments of digital forensics.

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the experience of strategic planning in the field of national security of the United States of America, which is considered one of the most developed and structured in the world. The historical evolution of this process is considered, its key stages and factors that influenced the formation of the modern US approach to national security are identified. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the conceptual principles underlying the American model of strategic planning and their adaptation to changes in the international security situation. The essence and content of the basic categorical concepts of «state policy» and «strategy» in the field of security are revealed, and the features of their interpretation in the scientific discourse of the United States are highlighted. The interrelation of these concepts is emphasized, where policy determines the general goals and directions of state actions, and strategy formulates the means of achieving these goals in specific conditions. Various approaches of American researchers to the interpretation of these concepts and their role in the formation of an effective national security system are analyzed. The structure of strategic planning in the United States is outlined, including an analysis of the mechanisms for developing, coordinating, and implementing strategic documents. The functions of key actors in the formation of state policy and strategy in the security sector are determined, in particular, the National Security Council, the Pentagon, Congress, think tanks, and the executive branch. The processes of interagency interaction and their importance for ensuring the unity of strategic vision and actions are highlighted. The procedures for preparing strategic documents, in particular, the US National Security Strategy, its role in shaping the general course of security policy, as well as methods for classifying strategies by levels and areas of action are studied. The legislative foundations of strategy are analyzed, in particular, the significance of the National Security Act of 1947, which initiated the modern strategic management system, and the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986, which radically reformed the structure of defense planning and laid the foundation for interagency coordination. The key principles of strategic thinking inherent in the American model are revealed, in particular, the emphasis on a clear distinction between political goals (what exactly needs to be done) and the implementation strategy (how to do it). The views of leading American scholars and practitioners are analyzed, who emphasize the need to take into account national interests, assess risks and threats, as well as achieve synergy between all actors in the security and defense sector. The effectiveness of the existing strategy system in the United States is assessed, in particular its advantages, such as institutional stability, transparency, scientific validity and the involvement of think tanks. At the same time, a number of shortcomings are indicated, including excessive bureaucratization, insufficient flexibility to new threats, the complexity of integrating actions at the tactical level, and political influences that can weaken strategic unity.

Розглянуто вдосконалену модель системи приведення у вищі ступені бойової готовності сил оборони, що враховує додатковий, резервний, контур оповіщення на базі системи ситуаційних центрів державних органів, що належать до сектору безпеки і оборони, варіант блок-схеми та алгоритм функціонування системи приведення у вищі ступені бойової готовності Збройних сил України (далі – ЗС України). Критерієм підвищення ефективності системи приведення у вищі ступені бойової готовності визначено виграш у часі доведення сигналу до підрозділів і частин ЗС України. За результатами аналізу алгоритму функціонування системи приведення у вищі ступені бойової готовності ЗС України доведено, що ефективність системи, у разі використання резервного контуру оповіщення, підвищується.

B a c k g r o u n d . Nowadays, Ukraine's defense and security sector is undergoing fundamental reforms in the procurement of defense products, particularly in the field of quality assurance of such products through the assessment of quality management systems within the framework of Governmental Quality Assurance (GQA) actions. These reforms require both theoretical and methodological justification regarding the directions of such changes and the mechanisms for their implementation. An important issue is the establishment of unified terminology in the field of quality management and management in general, harmonized with the corresponding terminology of EU and NATO member states. The full-scale invasion of russia into Ukraine has brought to the forefront issues related to the implementation of a governmental quality assurance system. The goal of the study is to analyze the Soviet quality control system and compare it with the state quality assurance system, as well as to justify the establishment of modern management systems in Ukraine. M e t h o d s . The study employed methods such as analysis, synthesis, and generalization, through which proposals for establishing a new system for ensuring the quality of defense-related products were developed and substantiated. R e s u l t s . In the course of the research, the state of the quality control system for defense products was analyzed, specifically its organizational structure, regulatory framework, and capacity to ensure product quality under modern conditions. The study also examined the state quality assurance system according to the following components: structure, scope of work, documentation, and training of specialists. Possible mechanisms of interaction between these systems were explored at the level of individual elements. A significant part of the research addressed issues of terminological inconsistency and conceptual frameworks in the field of management and quality management, taking into account the specific characteristics of the defense sector. C o n c l u s i o n s . An institutional approach was applied to analyze the existing quality control system and the state quality assurance system. The main directions for implementing a modern quality assurance system in the defense sector were identified. This system should be based on a risk-oriented approach and the evaluation of quality management processes within enterprises supplying defense-related products.

Problem setting. The relevance of the article is confirmed by the fact that the interaction between the main components of the Security and Defense Sector of Ukraine, namely the security forces and defense forces, in both peacetime and wartime, is the main condition for national (state) security. The problem of the Security and Defense Forces development is at the planning stage, as, given their current state, there are still many shortcomings in the actions of the state leadership and the governing bodies of the Security and Defense Sector. With the adoption of the new version of the National Security Strategy, the tasks of the security and defense forces become more complicated, which requires some adjustments for changes in strategic planning. This very point actualizes the topicality of the article. Recent research and publications analysis. The analysis of domestic and foreign scientific literature has shown that the issues, considered following the topic of the research, are now covered in the studies of many authors, such as V. Bogdanovich, O. Bodruk, O. Vlasyuk, V. Gorbulin, S. Kononenko, G. Perepelytsia, V. Pocheptsov, O. Reznikov, A. Semenchenko, G. Sytnyk, M. Sitsinska, M. Sungurovsky, V. Lipkan, I. Hrytsyak, A. Kachynski, V. Telelym, A. Paderin, T. Starodub, A. Sitsinsky, O. Sukhodolia, L. Chekalenko, V. Chaly and other scientists. However, a comprehensive study to determine the role and place of the security and defense forces of Ukraine in the system of military security of the state has hardly been conducted. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The purpose and the objective of the article is to analyze the problems of security and defense forces development in the context of ensuring Ukraine’s military security, and to identify ways to improve the effectiveness of interaction between the security and defense sector components in the course of implementation of the new national security strategy. Paper main body. The main element of the security and defense forces is the Armed Forces. The Armed Forces of Ukraine is a military formation, which, according to the Constitution of Ukraine, is responsible for the defense of Ukraine, protection of its sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability. The Armed Forces of Ukraine provide deterrence and repulse of armed aggression against Ukraine, protection of state airspace and underwater space within the territorial sea of Ukraine; in cases specified by law, they participate in activities aimed at combating terrorism. The main military formation of the security forces is the National Guard of Ukraine, which is designated to perform tasks of the state security and protection of the state border, and which also participates in cooperation with the Armed Forces of Ukraine, while repelling armed aggression against Ukraine and eliminating armed conflict by conducting military (combat) actions, and in the implementation of territorial defense tasks as well. Conclusion of the research and prospects for further studies. It is stated that, given the complexity of the threats the country is facing, the accumulation of efforts of all components of the security and defense forces is required, especially in conditions of aggravation of the social and political situation in Ukraine, caused by the active influence of the Russian Federation on the spread of anti-state and separatist tendencies and direct intervention in all social processes of our state. Therefore, only after the elimination of the threat from the Russian Federation it will be possible to divide the issues into separate security or defense ones, since such issues as ensuring the territorial integrity of the state, preserving public peace, freedoms and rights of citizens are very interrelated.

The article emphasises that for the actors of the security and defence sector, solving various communication situations is a constant and important task which can become difficult to perform if the social intelligence abilities are not sufficiently developed. A comparative analysis of the peculiarities of social intelligence abilities of higher education students of higher education institutions of the security and defence sector, who study in the specialities of “Law” and “Psychology”, was carried out. It is emphasized that the specificity of the social situation of the study participants' intellectual abilities development is due to certain features: lockdowns and quarantines of 2020–2021 with the vast majority of distance education, which were caused by the spread of the COVID-19 virus infection; martial law, which has been in force since February 2022. The senior students of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs and the Military Law Institute of Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University took part in the study. The empirical data were obtained using J. Guilford’s psychodiagnostic methodology for studying social intelligence. It has been found that the general level of social intelligence of most of the surveyed cadets corresponded to the average level. It has been shown that the general level of social intelligence of the cadets studying “Psychology” was higher than that of the cadets studying “Law”. It has been revealed that the differences in the level of social intelligence of the surveyed groups of cadets were due to a statistically significantly higher level of development of the ability to predict the consequences of the behaviour of others in typical conditions among cadets studying “Psychology” and a more developed ability to understand the logic of interaction situations and the significance of people's behaviour in these situations. It has been established that the most developed ability of social intelligence of the study participants studying in the speciality “Law” was the ability to understand the change in the meaning of similar verbal reactions of a person depending on the context of the situation that caused them. It has been argued that the specific social conditions of personality formation of higher education students in recent years have not significantly affected the level of development of their social intelligence abilities. The main directions of development of social intelligence abilities of cadets studying in different specialities are presented.