Prägnanz in visual perception.

An assessment of the predictability of maxillary repositioning

Perceptual organization concerns the organization of people’s perception into meaningful, structured entities—often wholes containing parts, with specific interrelationships among the parts as well as specific relationships between the parts and the wholes. It embraces a wide variety of distinct processes, which often occur together in everyday life and lead to interesting perceptual experiences by their interactions. The best-known perceptual organization processes are perceptual grouping and figure-ground organization, which appear to be determined by characteristic principles or laws, such as grouping by proximity, similarity, good continuation, area, convexity, symmetry, and so forth. Other important phenomena of perceptual organization include perceptual multi-stability (i.e., the fact that the same stimulus can give rise to multiple competing percepts that switch over time), visual illusions, the role of reference frames, and the role of context. Gestalt psychology has contributed deep insights into the way people’s perception of the world is organized, although it has also been criticized for its emphasis on subjective experiences and its sometimes vague and non-quantitative descriptions of the Gestalt principles. Because perceptual organization essentially concerns visual awareness, however, phenomenology is needed to describe what is experienced. This ultimately remains the basis for research on perceptual organization even when it is aimed at quantifying the principles of perceptual organization and identifying the neural correlates or mechanisms underlying perceptual organization.

This AXE is a famous men's toiletries brand. Its bold print advertisement has an amazing theme and the picture closely follows the trend of the times and is of more humor. This poster has won great awards in major international advertising festivals and is great popular among the majority of men consumers. The analysis of Axe's advertisement will mainly focus on the theory of Gestalt which fits men's aesthetic psychological characteristics the best.

The gestalt (form) psychologists were the first to recognize this question as a central problem. Up to the end of the nineteenth century it was thought that a whole was constructed by adding up its perceived details, i.e. that perception proceeded from the individual to the general, the gestalt psychologists — hence the name they chose for themselves — proceeded from the opposite hypothesis: initially a geometrically simplified whole form is perceived and only then, in further acts of seeing, the details, also geometrically simplified, of course. Thus Arnheim writes in his well-known book “Art and Visual Perception” (1954), “The experimental findings demand a complete turnabout in the theory of perception. It seemed no longer possible to think of vision as proceeding from the particulars to the general. On the contrary, it became evident that over-all structural features are the primary data of perception, so that triangularity is not a late product of intellectual abstraction but a direct and more elementary experience than the recording of individual detail. The young child sees ‘doggishness’ before he is able to distinguish one dog from another.”

This chapter provides an overview of some fundamental issues in perceptual organization. The Gestalt psychologists hypothesized that perceptual experience stood in an isomorphic relationship with brain processes. The role of the phenomenologist in guiding the research of the experimental psychologist is comparable to the role of the experimental psychologist in guiding the research of the physiological psychologist: Their relationship should be thought of not as antagonistic but rather as complementary. In order to explain curious interactions in perceptual fields, the Gestalt psychologists postulated a physiological model in which perceived form corresponded to the shape of electrical fields in the brain. Perceptual organization also includes the representation of relationships among the various objects in the perceptual world, including spatial relationships such as support, occlusion, and the like in the visual modality and analogous relationships in the other modalities. An important aspect of perceptual organization is the processing of relational information from the sensory input.

Perceptual organization remains one of the very few established theories on the human visual system. It underpinned many pre-deep seminal works on segmentation and detection, yet research has seen a rapid decline since the preferential shift to learning deep models. Of the limited attempts, most aimed at interpreting complex visual scenes using perceptual organizational rules. This has however been proven to be sub-optimal, since models were unable to effectively capture the visual complexity in real-world imagery. In this paper, we rejuvenate the study of perceptual organization, by advocating two positional changes: (i) we examine purposefully generated synthetic data, instead of complex real imagery, and (ii) we ask machines to synthesize novel perceptually-valid patterns, instead of explaining existing data. Our overall answer lies with the introduction of a novel visual challenge – the challenge of perceptual question answering (PQA). Upon observing example perceptual question-answer pairs, the goal for PQA is to solve similar questions by generating answers entirely from scratch (see Figure 1). Our first contribution is therefore the first dataset of perceptual question-answer pairs, each generated specifically for a particular Gestalt principle. We then borrow insights from human psychology to design an agent that casts perceptual organization as a self-attention problem, where a proposed grid-to-grid mapping network directly generates answer patterns from scratch. Experiments show our agent to outperform a selection of naive and strong baselines. A human study however indicates that ours uses astronomically more data to learn when compared to an average human, necessitating future research (with or without our dataset).

Psychological science has flourished in North America since the late 19th century. As laboratories multiplied, professional organizations began to emerge to facilitate communications through journals and conferences. This article examines the development of the moral economy of professional and scientific psychology in Canada. While the general features of the social organization of psychological science in Canada and the United States have followed similar trajectories, important differences are also evident. In particular, these differences are apparent in the values and conventions outlined by the two largest professional organizations in Canada (CPA) and the United States (APA).

Photography, as a visual art, is closely linked to the complex processes of human inner activities. This paper explores how psychological principles subtly influence photography creation and photo appreciation. In photographic images, Gestalt theory, visual perception mechanisms and neuroaesthetics play crucial roles. It analyzes the effect of the basic laws of visual perception on photographic composition and aesthetic expression, revealing the in-depth dialogue between creative behaviors and internal psychological responses. Mastering the psychological mechanisms of visual perception can not only enhance the artistic appeal and communication effect of photographic works, but also enable people to perceive and understand the world from a clearer perspective. This lays a psychological foundation for the theoretical breakthrough and practical innovation of photography. Gestalt principles of perceptual organization, such as the principle of figure-ground, provide a scientific basis for photographic composition; the principles of closure and simplification improve cognitive efficiency and enhance aesthetic feelings; the principle of similarity enriches the sense of complexity and stimulates the audience's interest in exploration. Visual perception itself is regarded as the interaction result of bottom-up sensory information processing and top-down cognitive framework application, which is deeply marked by the respective psychological maps of creators and viewers. Neuroaesthetics further uncovers the secret that excellent photographic works achieve a balance between predictive error and cognitive reward at the neural level. The research finds that photographic creation is itself a powerful psychological construction activity. Through visual storytelling, it helps individuals organize fragmented experiences, express hidden emotions and construct a network of meanings for their self-world. From the perspective of academic theory and practical application, this paper outlines a photography creation framework based on the principles of visual cognition, providing a unique methodological guidance from the psychological perspective for photography education, creation and criticism.

Introduction Orthognathic surgery is a common surgical procedure being practiced in maxillofacial surgery. The most important part of the procedure is to achieve the planned prediction tracing and model surgery during the operation and to maintain the results postoperatively. Controlling the maxillary movements constitutes a crucial phase of the surgery and the errors resulting from faulty or inaccurate methods usually leads to unstable and faulty results. Many techniques for the controlling of vertical and horizontal repositioning of the osteotomized maxilla were described in the literature; some of them are based on internal reference points and the others on external reference points. The aim of this review was to evaluate the reproducibility of different reference points described in the literature in relocating the maxillary position during orthognathic surgery, addressing in details the types, location, advantages and limitations of these techniques. Conclusion Since the early years of practicing orthognathic surgery, it is obvious that no single method is absolutely reproducible in relocating the maxillary position in all directions. This fact emphasises the need of developing a new non-invasive three- dimensional technique to intraoperatively control the maxillary movements and thus to reduce the overall error rate and achieve better results.

474. 放射線治療における照合について (第三報) 内部基準点による設定(第 47 回総会学術大会一般研究発表予稿)

Point clouds with ever-increasing volume are regular data in 3D city modelling, in which building reconstruction is a significant part. The photogrammetric point cloud, generated from UAS (Unmanned Aerial System) imagery, is a novel type of data in building reconstruction. Its positive characteristics, alongside its challenging qualities, provoke discussions on this theme of research. In this paper, patch-wise detection of the points of window frames on facades and roofs are undertaken using this kind of data. A density-based multi-scale filter is devised in the feature space of normal vectors to globally handle the matter of high volume of data and to detect edges. Color information is employed for the downsized data to remove the inner clutter of the building. Perceptual organization directs the approach via grouping and the Gestalt principles, to segment the filtered point cloud and to later detect window patches. The evaluation of the approach displays a completeness of 95% and 92%, respectively, as well as a correctness of 95% and 96%, respectively, for the detection of rectangular and partially curved window frames in two big heterogeneous cluttered datasets. Moreover, most intrusions and protrusions cannot mislead the window detection approach. Several doors with glass parts and a number of parallel parts of the scaffolding are mistaken as windows when using the large-scale object detection approach due to their similar patterns with window frames. Sensitivity analysis of the input parameters demonstrates that the filter functionality depends on the radius of density calculation in the feature space. Furthermore, successfully employing the Gestalt principles in the detection of window frames is influenced by the width determination of window partitioning.

In 1912, Max Wertheimer published his paper on phi motion, widely recognized as the start of Gestalt psychology. Because of its continued relevance in modern psychology, this centennial anniversary is an excellent opportunity to take stock of what Gestalt psychology has offered and how it has changed since its inception. We first introduce the key findings and ideas in the Berlin school of Gestalt psychology, and then briefly sketch its development, rise, and fall. Next, we discuss its empirical and conceptual problems, and indicate how they are addressed in contemporary research on perceptual grouping and figure-ground organization. In particular, we review the principles of grouping, both classical (e.g., proximity, similarity, common fate, good continuation, closure, symmetry, parallelism) and new (e.g., synchrony, common region, element and uniform connectedness), and their role in contour integration and completion. We then review classic and new image-based principles of figure-ground organization, how it is influenced by past experience and attention, and how it relates to shape and depth perception. After an integrated review of the neural mechanisms involved in contour grouping, border ownership, and figure-ground perception, we conclude by evaluating what modern vision science has offered compared to traditional Gestalt psychology, whether we can speak of a Gestalt revival, and where the remaining limitations and challenges lie. A better integration of this research tradition with the rest of vision science requires further progress regarding the conceptual and theoretical foundations of the Gestalt approach, which is the focus of a second review article.

Gestalt is an untranslatable German word that is employed in the visual perception theory based in the psychology of forms. This theory says that it cannot have knowledge of the whole from its parts, but inversely the parts from the whole. The Gestalt theory has several laws, which the Pragnanz (or simplification) law seems to be the more applicable to the perception of complex sedimentary structures like the hummocky cross stratification (HCS). After several years of geological mapping by experienced geologists this structure could be recognized as a very common sedimentary feature in the intracontinental basins. This recognition only could be made using unconsciously the Gestalt approach. In field courses, in the Parnaiba Basin, students only recognized HCS after a simplification according to the Pragnanz law. Other structures, like the catastrophic- flood delta mouth-bar section, were detected using the same approach. Detection of oversized features – like giant-ripple cross bedding - from the Gestalt approach is also discussed

In this study, the authors use a novel eye-tracking technology to determine how viewing behavior complies with Wertheimer’s descriptions of Gestalt principles of similarity, proximity, continuation and closure. The results show that viewers respond predictably to most Gestalt principles and that there are nuances to note when it comes to better understanding the role of visual attention in the closure principle and competing principles. In addition, the results reveal a fundamental distinction between visual attention and visual perception. By grasping this critical difference between attention and perception, designers may become more successful in applying Gestalt principles to their design.

A principal challenge for both human and machine vision systems is to integrate and organize the diversity of cues received from the environment into the coherent global representations required to make good decisions and take effective actions. This conference brings together an interdisciplinary roster of leading researchers in both biological and computer vision to report and discuss the latest research on this process of perceptual organization.