Pricing of spectrum based on physical criteria

Many economists and policy makers have begun to question the efficacy of water reforms that rely on markets as the principal mechanism for allocating the resource to its highest value use. One of the principal concerns in this regard has been the relative paucity of permanent trades despite ex ante analyses that have identified substantial and quantifiable gains. This phenomenon has been attributed to the transaction costs pertaining to deals in the permanent water market. Whilst some empirical evidence is now emerging on the quantum of these transaction costs, only limited attention has been given to the broader welfare implications of policies that might alter these costs. This paper examines the welfare implications of the transaction costs in the market for permanent water entitlements in NSW by employing a threshold valuation approach. Drawing upon empirical estimates of transaction costs by Crase et al. (2001), choice data are manipulated to provide estimates of foregone market surplus as the foundation for establishing threshold environmental values.

How to Fix Wall Street: A Voucher Financing Proposal

At first, the history of the establishment of Islamic banks is intended as an alternative to conventional interest-based bank. The Islamic banking industry proved its strength to face the economic crisis. Islamic banking is also noted to have a much better growth compared with conventional banking. However, the growth of Bank Danamon – Sharia Business Unit (UUS), founded in 2002, looks not meet expectations. This condition leads to the preliminary studies and research to find the best form of sharia Bank Danamon, in order to achieve the growth targets set by the Management. To get the best form of sharia, conducted by collecting and organizing important information you need, evaluate the results (outcomes) of any decisions taken, and plan on projecting the expected results. At least there are three informations or elements necessary to produce a quality decision, namely: the existence of clear objectives (goals), alternatives or options that can be run (alternative), and the factors that influence the decision making (criterion). BOCR analysis is then used to find the best way of solving problems by considering the various criteria that give significant influence on an issue. The analysis was performed by using the method of AHP/ANP that gave rise to three scenarios for the results (outcomes) that you expect: standard conditions (B/C); pessimistic B/(CxR); and realistic conditions (BxO)/(CxR) . The best alternative is selected that has the highest value use scenarios realistic condition. With BOCR analysis using three scenarios, i.e.: standard scenario, pessimistic, and realistic, founded that SPIN-OFF option remains the best option.

Is there really a spectrum crisis? Disentangling the regulatory, physical, and technological factors affecting spectrum license value

Exhaust gas emissions are regulated at international and national levels, but venting vapours from oil tanks is a cause of concern due to a lack of regulatory control. Oil tanker loading operations and ship bunkering operation results in a considerable amount of 'Volatile Organic Compound' (VOC) in the surrounding environment. The presence of toxic components in this VOC emission has the potential to affect the health of seafarers as well as local air quality. Numerous tankers engaged in loading operations within the same port has a solid potential to increase the toxic emission to a dangerous level locally. Loading ports near highly populated areas expose the local population to toxic VOC concentration. A few ports in Europe, the USA and South Korea have strict local environmental rules prohibiting VOC emission from oil tanker loading operations. There is a need for international and national regulations to limit or stop the release of VOCs from oil tankers and monitor VOC exposure risks at the local level. The research objective is to analyse the current status of international and national rules and regulations related to VOC emission and monitoring VOC exposure risks during loading operations in an oil tanker and ship bunkering operations. Existing international (SOLAS and MARPOL Conventions) and national regulations (EU, USA, Norway) are described and analysed regarding the contemporary tanker design and standard tanker operating practice. A critical analysis determines the effectiveness and adequacy of the current regulations and tanker industry working practices. Finally, amendments to existing international conventions are proposed to minimise or stop the VOC emission and monitor VOC exposure risks to seafarers and the surrounding population near tanker terminals and ports. Solutions are also proposed to amend the existing tanker design and operating practices to stop the VOC emission, including toxic hazard assessment in vapour vent design and prevent exposure to VOC emission.

Telecom reform: progress and prospects

The subject of the study is the concept of customs control as a public law institution and the specifics of its international legal regulation. The author examines the main objectives and levels of supranational regulation of customs control. The analysis of international acts in the field of regulation of customs control and related institutions makes it possible to assess and correlate the integration and national regulation of customs control, while distinguishing the norms governing the conduct of control measures themselves (regulation of control and supervisory activities) and the norms establishing mandatory requirements (customs rules) for controlled entities. The problems of public law regulation of customs control are considered not only from the standpoint of international standards of customs regulation, but also taking into account the modern digital agenda, as well as Russia's counteraction to sanctions pressure. When working on the topic, the following research methods were used: comparative law, methods of systematic and comparative analysis, methods of legal formalization, structuring and classification. The main conclusions of the study are : 1) international level of regulation of customs control should distinguish between universal international and regional integration levels of regulation;2) as the basic goals of supranational regulation of customs control, it is necessary to highlight the harmonization and unification of regulation, protection of the rights and legitimate interests of controlled persons; establishment of a minimum level of protection, universal standards for the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of controlled persons; ensuring regional economic integration; 3) special international treaties and agreements in the field of regulation of customs control are inexistent, but at the same time, all universal standards of customs regulation at the supranational level directly or indirectly relate to the regulation of the control activities of customs authorities; 4) the integration level certainly dominates in the international legal regulation of customs control. The author's special contribution to the research of the topic is the proposals on the relationship between national and supranational regulation of customs control. The conclusion is made about the problem of the embeddedness of national regulation in the integration mechanisms of legal regulation in which Russia participates (EAEU, BRICS).

This article is devoted to consider the legitimacy of restrictions on religious freedom during imprisonment, taking into account the nature of the sentence, the importance of religion in human life and in the life of the convict, as well as international and national regulations. The subject of the analysis is the Polish legal system, starting with the Constitution, which guarantees freedom of conscience and religion to everyone, and in particular Polish executive law, which declares respect for religious freedom in prison. It does not mean the guaranteeing unlimited access to religious practices and services, because imprisonment limits many human freedoms, also in such a sensitive area as religious freedom. In the course of the analysis, we considered the legitimacy of restrictions provided by criminal law, taking into account international standards for the protection of human rights and Polish regulations, which guarantee human rights and freedoms.

This research is a research that aims to find out the application of the principle of good investment governance in the field of waste management in the city of Parepare. Knowing the role of the government, related agencies and the community in applying that principle.So that the principle of good investment governance can be achieved in accordance with the aims and objectives of the principle.This research is based on the incorporation of normative research with legislation related to this study. Some laws and also regional regulations. The legal materials used based on the research approach are primary legal material, Secondary legal materials,and Tertiary legal materials. While data analysis is used, namely collecting data from library data and interview results using a qualitative-descriptive approach.The results of the study can be concluded, first in the city of Parepare the rules on waste are contained in the field of regulation based on national and regional tierakat regulations, these regulations include: Article 28 H paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, Law Number 32 of 2004 concerning Regional Government revoked by Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government, Law No. 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management, Law No 18 of 2008 concerning Waste Management, Regional Regulation of the Municipality of Parepare Number 11 of 2012 concerning Waste Management. Second, elements of the Elements in the principle of Good Environmental Governance can be a reference by the government and the community in waste management in efforts to enforce preventive and repressive environmental law in waste management namely community empowerment, transparency, democratic decentralization, recognition of limited power support ecosystems and sustainability, Recognition of the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities, Enforceability.

The disappearing right to navigational freedom in the exclusive economic zone

Overview The protection of the marine environment has become one of the most important ecological issues of modern times. Indeed, it forms part of that general emergence of environmental consciousness which has captured world attention in the past five decades or so and which figures so prominently in the politics of international discourse today. The sources of human-induced marine pollution are numerous – these include discharges from land-based sources, ships, atmospheric deposition, ocean dumping and offshore oil and gas installations. This work is concerned with the regulation of vessel-source marine pollution, i.e. pollution of the sea emanating from both deliberate as well as accidental discharges by ocean-going ships. In the past few decades, international, regional and national regulation over shipping matters such as navigational safety, vessel-source pollution and maritime security have grown to such an extent that the global shipping industry today faces a litany of costly regulatory rules. Consequently, the shipowner's traditional right of free navigation is presently qualified by important imperatives such as the protection of the marine environment and the promotion of maritime safety. In particular, the emphasis on marine pollution control by concerned coastal and port states has come to substantially erode the traditional right of free navigation accruing to maritime states and their shipping interests. Despite the proliferation of regulations over shipping, many international instruments which prescribe pollution control measures are still not effectively enforced and adhered to.

In this study a tool for the calculation of costs of different wastewater treatment and reuse scenarios has been developed. This tool, called Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Option (E-WA-TRO), was designed to have as end-users public administrators, water management authorities, and professionals that, in a direct and immediate manner, can automatically obtain, for a particular reuse alternative, the fundamental information for a feasibility study. In order to develop E-WA-TRO an overview was conducted of the international, national and regional regulations on water reuse and a synopsis of the possible reuse alternatives and of the appropriate treatment processes was prepared. Moreover, costs were obtained using national and international published data for the different treatment processes that might be required for the various reuse alternatives. The system has been created as a web site, in order to guarantee the highest availability and a wide diffusion and the possibility of an easy implementations of future updates and upgrades. Specifically, even non-expert user can easily navigate trough the site and use the tool to evaluate, within the national and international legal frameworks, various reuse alternatives as well as the appropriate treatment technologies and related costs.

Telecommunication law is a broad complex of legal rules, the aim of which is to regulate telecommunication services—the conveyance of signals by means of telecommunication networks; it also covers satellite and space research services. The utmost purpose of these norms is to enable an interference-free transmission of signals, both on a domestic and an international scale. Telecommunication law is composed of three levels of regulations: international, regional, and domestic. The international regulation is performed traditionally by states organized in the International Telecommunication Union on the basis of the ITU Constitution, Convention, and Radio Regulations; trade aspects of telecommunications are regulated by the World Trade Organization. There are several regional cooperation structures dealing with telecommunications; the telecommunication framework of the European Union can serve as an example of a highly harmonized regional regulation based on the Electronic Communication Code. Domestic telecommunication laws are adopted by sovereign states; however, the international rules and regional regulations influence their content and structure. These legal mechanisms are very useful regulatory frameworks that guarantee that telecommunication signals are conveyed to their consumers without administrative and factual obstacles. They have functioned for decades on a pragmatic basis driven mostly by technical and economic needs.

The disease management strategy represents an important contribution to the sustainability of the farming systems. Plant disease management attempts to maintain disease levels below economic thresholds because complete elimination of disease is unnecessary and may result in unacceptable costs, labour and environmental impacts. Integrated disease management intends to manage plant diseases by assembling complementary approaches, depending on the pathosystem involved, the geographical location and the pedoclimatic conditions. The current chapter provides several examples of sustainable disease management, with particular reference to the control of soilborne diseases of vegetable and ornamentals crops. Healthy soils are fundamental to sustainable disease management. Most practices designed to improve soil health, such as organic matter supplementation also help to suppress the disease development. The use of healthy or treated propagation material is an effective tool to prevent native or alien pathogens. Chemical control with fumigants and fungicides should be considered when other approaches do not achieve the required pathogen control. Rapid and reliable diagnostic methods allow a rational and efficient choice of the management options. Decision support systems should be developed through forecasting models. The choice of the appropriate plant disease management strategy should not only integrate the impact on the soil and crop health, but also on the agricultural and non-agricultural environments, the natural resources, and human health. Economic, social, legislative and political issues should be considered together with regional, national and international regulations.

Novel or functional foods may provide health and nutritional benefits due to non‐nutritice components such as fiber, flavonoids, and phenols. National, regional and international regulations are discussed as a means to control label claims, composition and uses.