Primary sources

The level of exposure of science undergraduate students to primary literature is varied, despite evidence that it is a useful tool to teach factual information and critical thinking skills1. Reading and interpreting primary literature is a skill that is required in many scientific careers and these skills which are developed when analyzing primary literature are transferable to many areas. In an undergraduate Human Anatomy and Physiology course we incorporated weekly discussions and presentations of primary research articles as a tool to accomplish our course goals. These course goals included exploring current research in the physiology of organ systems being studied as well as developing critical thinking on a topic. In our course students were required to read a total of five primary research articles selected by the course instructors. Students were then required to write a brief 100‐word synopsis of each article prior to class. Then each week in class, students took turns in small groups to be responsible for leading a class discussion of the article. Students were responsible for discussing articles five times during the semester and leading the article discussion once during the semester. Students perceptions of the complexity and usefulness of the exercise were surveyed at the beginning and at the end of the semester.We observed that at the start of the semester 50% of students felt confident in presenting and leading a discussion on a primary research article, compared with 67% at the end of the semester. Just 17% expected to enjoy the exercise, whereas at the end of the semester 32% reported having enjoyed it. At the start of the semester 85% of students believed that developing skills in reading primary research literature was important for their future careers. We found the level of understanding of primary literature and quality of discussion to vary greatly between students.In conclusion we propose that the development of skills in reading primary research literature in undergraduate students enrolled in a Human Anatomy and Physiology course are valuable. We found that the students felt that the skills developed during this exercise are useful for their intended future careers and they enjoyed the exercise more than they expected. Our future plans include finding ways to improve upon student satisfaction and enjoyment of the activity.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

PurposeThis paper seeks to provide instructional methods for using simulations to teach primary and secondary sources within a social studies classroom. Classroom simulations provide students with authentic opportunities to engage in meaningful learning experiences that are both hands-on in nature and promote the use of critical thinking.Design/methodology/approachThis paper opted to describe an approach to teach students about primary and secondary sources through a classroom simulation. Step-by-step instruction was provided via an included table, so that readers can recreate the lesson in their own classrooms.FindingsThis paper offers insights about how simulations can be used to provide students an authentic experience with primary and secondary sources. These experiences include opportunities to critically think about the benefits and limitations that both primary and secondary sources offer students while engaging in historical inquiry.Practical implicationsThis paper is designed for teachers to utilize and replicate in their own social studies classrooms.Originality/valueThis paper recognizes the important role that primary and secondary sources have in the social studies classroom. Through an original approach, using simulations, the authors present a unique perspective on how to teach about primary and secondary sources in a manner that supports historical inquiry.

As mentioned earlier, a LD is an electrical device that needs a source of electrical energy with the output characteristic of a CCS or CPS for power. This chapter examines the types of available sources. There are a variety of devices designed to produce and supply electricity to consumers. They transform carriers of nonelectric energy, e.g., from oil, gas, chemical reactions, water, wind, sunlight, etc., into electrical energy (the technical literature refers to them as the "primary sources of electrical energy"). This transformed energy is either direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC). Most applications of this energy use two types of primary sources: electric batteries (used in mobile objects such as vehicles and flashlights) and AC generators with an associated AC grid (in which the energy from many primary sources is combined to power stationary equipment). There are also mobile generators, which generate electricity with parameters that match an AC grid. The primary sources of electrical energy can only directly power limited types of electrical devices, such as the incandescent bulbs in flashlights powered by batteries. Some AC motors and incandescent lamps are powered directly from an AC line. Most electrical devices (electrical loads) require either AC sources with a different AC voltage and/or frequency, or DC sources with an output characteristic of a CVS, CCS, or CPS. This arrangement involves an intermediate device connected between the primary electric source and the load that converts electrical energy from the primary source into electrical energy that has the characteristics needed by the load. These devices are called "secondary sources of electrical energy." In the American technical literature, they are usually called power supplies (PSs). In relation to powering LDs, secondary sources are identified as LDDs. An understanding of the characteristics of electrical sources and electrical loads, as well as the interaction between them, is necessary for competent LDD design. One of the primary goals of this book is to present the design principles and characteristics of the secondary sources of electrical energy devoted to powering LDs. The following section considers the characteristics of primary sources.

International Investment Law is generally recognized as a law system among the subsystems or the specialized systems of Public International Law. Regardless of this system’s nature, its norms and rules have been applied to the governments and the investors (incl. individuals and corporations) for many years. However, there is still no consensus among the scholars regarding the sources of this system; some define these sources in light of the established sources under Article 38 of the Statute of ICJ, and others draw a different set, albeit with some variations. However, the sources of this system have not yet been reasonably and scientifically explained. To achieve such an apprehension, this article attempts to answer the question “What are the sources of international investment law, and how they have contributed to the evolution of the rules of the system?”. Therefore, through a descriptive-analytical method and in qualitative research nature, this article pursues the assumption that the national legislations, treaties, international customary law, and the general principles of law are the primary sources in this field; subsidiary sources are namely judicial decisions and legal teachings. In this regard, the present article examines its assumption after providing an introduction, research background, theoretical foundations, and a brief history of the concept; Eventually, it is concluded that the national legislations are by far the most important source of international investment law, and we can safely say that other primary and subsidiary sources indeed play an important, though a supplementary role for these legislations.

Active minimization of total power output and active absorption of sound power are analyzed, using a general impedance-based approach, for an array of controllable secondary sources and an array of original primary sources. When the total power output of the two arrays is minimized, and the primary source array is all in phase, the power output of each of the secondary sources is found to be exactly zero. When the power absorption of the secondary source array is maximized, the net power output of the primary source array can be either reduced or increased, compared to that in the absence of control, depending on the properties of the transfer impedances. If the primary and secondary sources are well coupled (as is the case when they are spaced less than a quarter wavelength apart in free-space or when they are in an enclosure excited near the natural frequency of a lightly damped mode) minimizing the total power output gives worthwhile reductions in the radiated power of the primary source. Maximizing the power absorption of the secondary source under these conditions, however, can considerably increase the power output of the primary source. If the sources are well separated, compared with the wavelength, in the free-field, or are placed in a diffuse sound field in an enclosure, the coupling between the sources is weak. Under these conditions the secondary source can effect little reduction in the power output of the primary source. Although acoustic power can still be absorbed by the secondary source under such circumstances, the amount of absorbed power will always be small compared with the power output of the primary source.

In an ordinary approach to three-dimensional active noise absorption (ANA) the degree of noise cancellation will increase with the increasing number of small secondary sources used. Here, a three-dimensional ANA is formulated as an inverse source problem and acoustical holography is used to realize the secondary (absorbing) sources. The advantage is that one does not have to approximate the number of secondary sources used to obtain identical field to the primary source which is a prerequisite for ANA. The use of generalized holography is proposed. Here, the generalized hologram is constructed by recording the field and its normal derivative over a closed surface surrounding the primary noise source. This gives the Huygens' sources. The required secondary sources are obtained by the reconstruction of the generalized hologram, by allowing the recorded field and normal derivative to backpropagate into the space region containing the primary source. To test the theory, computer simulation is proposed. The three-dimensional primary noise source chosen is a transformer noise source. The required simulation algorithm is derived in terms of a deconvolution process.

International labor migration has received particular attention in destination countries due to a number of social problems that have arisen when migrants have integrated into the destination society. Social problems can also occur when migrants return from the destination country to their country of origin. Thai women have particularly faced integration problems when returning from Japan, their lack of skills and absence of any socioeconomic support prevent them from seeking other employment options and leave them only migration or entertainment work as working alternatives. The reintegration process of women with children may differ from other female migrants who have returned to their country of origin as other migrants may not have the added burden of an extra child to support. Therefore, this study attempts to explore the process of reintegration by examining cases of Thai female migrant women in Chang Rai province. The research objectives are: 1) To examine living conditions and their integration for Thai female migrants in Japan. 2) To understand the conditions of the process of return for Thai female returnees with children. 3) To analyze how the socio-economic factors can help and hinder the reintegration of Thai female returnees with children into Thai society. The research was a qualitative case-study of Chiang Rai province. The study relied on a combination of primary and secondary source, mainly primary source. The primary source is life story of Thai female returnees from Japan. The study found that the living condition of Thai female migrants in Japan was strongly influenced by the working environment in the snack bars and people that interacted with the women. Women were particularly vulnerable to exploitation because they had entered Japan with their illegal status. On the other hand, some women were integrated into Japanese society economically and socially through their marriage to Japanese men and their ability to speak Japanese language. In terms of the return process, most cases of returnees decided to come back to Thailand because of their pregnancy with Japanese partner and their illegal status made them illegible to benefit from the Japanese health care system. None of the women were able to gain secure employment after their return from Japan to Thailand, because of the types of entertainment work that the women were subjected to whilst in Japan. Although the cases differ, some of the women with children were able to use the remittance from their Japanese husband or partner to empower themselves and this empowerment helps reintegrate the women into their local community better than those who had neither remittance nor partner.

Evidence for increasing concentrations of primary PM 10 in London

The enteric system is formed by cells that migrate to the bowel from the neural crest. In order to gain insight into intraenteric factors that influence this migration, the colonization of the bowel of the ls/ls mouse was investigated. The terminal 2 mm of ls/ls intestine fails to become colonized by crest cells and thus remains aganglionic. The entire bowel of control mice and ls/ls mice was explanted before the appearance in situ of recognizable neurons and grown in organotypic tissue culture. Neurons, detected by the histochemical demonstration of acetylcholinesterase activity, developed throughout the length of the control gut, but, even in vitro, were excluded from the terminal segment of the ls/ls intestine. Co-culture experiments were done, in which primary and secondary sources of crest cells were combined with recipient segments of bowel, to test the ability of the recipient tissue to become colonized by neural precursors. The primary source was murine crest cells migrating away from an explant of the neuraxis. Secondary sources included avian and murine foregut (control and ls/ls) containing migratory crest cells as well as the quail ganglion of Remak. Recipient segments of bowel included control avian and murine hindgut, explanted before the tissue had become colonized by crest cells in situ, as well as the presumptive aganglionic bowel of ls/ls mice. Both primary and secondary sources of crest cells proved to be able to contribute neurons to the control segments of recipient hindgut. Species differences were no barrier to the colonization of the bowel in vitro. Moreover, the ls/ls foregut was as good a source of neural precursors for a normal recipient bowel, as was control avian or murine foregut. In contrast, none of the sources of crest cells that were utilized contributed neurons to the presumptive aganglionic gut of ls/ls mice. Both cells and processes of enteric neurons developing in vitro (detected by demonstrating neurofilament immunoreactivity) tended to be excluded from the presumptive aganglionic tissue. On the other hand, neurites, but not cell bodies, of dorsal root ganglia co-cultured with presumptive aganglionic ls/ls bowel did enter the abnormal zone. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that nonneuronal elements of the wall of the presumptive aganglionic region of the ls/ls gut are abnormal and prevent the colonization of this segment of the gut with viable neural precursors from the neural crest.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Abstract. Elemental carbon (EC) has been widely used as a tracer to track the portion of co-emitted primary organic carbon (OC) and, by extension, to estimate secondary OC (SOC) from ambient observations of EC and OC. Key to this EC tracer method is to determine an appropriate OC / EC ratio that represents primary combustion emission sources (i.e., (OC / EC)pri) at the observation site. The conventional approaches include regressing OC against EC within a fixed percentile of the lowest (OC / EC) ratio data (usually 5–20 %) or relying on a subset of sampling days with low photochemical activity and dominated by local emissions. The drawback of these approaches is rooted in its empirical nature, i.e., a lack of clear quantitative criteria in the selection of data subsets for the (OC / EC)pri determination. We examine here a method that derives (OC / EC)pri through calculating a hypothetical set of (OC / EC)pri and SOC followed by seeking the minimum of the coefficient of correlation (R2) between SOC and EC. The hypothetical (OC / EC)pri that generates the minimum R2(SOC,EC) then represents the actual (OC / EC)pri ratio if variations of EC and SOC are independent and (OC / EC)pri is relatively constant in the study period. This Minimum R Squared (MRS) method has a clear quantitative criterion for the (OC / EC)pri calculation. This work uses numerically simulated data to evaluate the accuracy of SOC estimation by the MRS method and to compare with two commonly used methods: minimum OC / EC (OC / ECmin) and OC / EC percentile (OC / EC10 %). Log-normally distributed EC and OC concentrations with known proportion of SOC are numerically produced through a pseudorandom number generator. Three scenarios are considered, including a single primary source, two independent primary sources, and two correlated primary sources. The MRS method consistently yields the most accurate SOC estimation. Unbiased SOC estimation by OC / ECmin and OC / EC10 % only occurs when the left tail of OC / EC distribution is aligned with the peak of the (OC / EC)pri distribution, which is fortuitous rather than norm. In contrast, MRS provides an unbiased SOC estimation when measurement uncertainty is small. MRS results are sensitive to the magnitude of measurement uncertainty but the bias would not exceed 23 % if the uncertainty is within 20 %.

Globally, economies are embracing alternative sources of financial intermediation that will reduce the liquidity gap in the financial sector thereby increasing savings mobilization. One such intermediation in Nigeria is the provision of Islamic financial products and services which have followed a gradual process. Jaiz bank is the only full fledge non-interest bank but still the bank faces numerous impediments in terms of regulation, people’s patronage and competition with the fully established conventional banks in the country. Therefore, this study aims to identify the likely challenges and prospects faced by Islamic bank (Jaiz bank) operating in a secular economy like Nigeria. Both primary and secondary sources of data are used. The primary source is an open-ended questionnaire issued to 150 respondents and the secondary data used relate to materials and information from others in the field of studies. The descriptive approach was presented in tables and percentages while the inferential approach was conducted through the use of chi-square statistics. The chi-square coefficients of religion, manpower and moral hazards are significant based on their asymptotic probability values. Thus, we reject the null hypotheses that religion, manpower and moral hazards are significant impediments to the operations of Jaiz International Bank ltd. The logit regression model supports the chi square results. Based on the findings, the study recommended for an increase in enlightenment campaigns to create more awareness on the objectives and modalities of the Jaiz Bank and that there should be intensive manpower training and development in the area of Islamic banking and finance in the country.

Lithium recovery from various primary sources, such as brine, ores, seawater, and clay, or secondary resources that include lithium-ion batteries (LIB) and lithium-ion metal oxide batteries (LIMOB) poses a challenge due to the complexity of the extraction processes. This review aims to examine recent advancements in lithium extraction and recovery from both primary and secondary sources. It provides an overview of the established recovery and separation techniques for primary sources, including precipitation, chromatography, ion exchange, and membrane technologies, alongside the chemical agents used in these processes. Additionally, lithium recovery from secondary sources through methods such as hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, and bioleaching, highlighting the use of various organic and inorganic sorbents, is also addressed. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of the recovery techniques, as well as economic, environmental, and technical data analysis, are also discussed. While the recovery of lithium from primary sources has been extensively studied, secondary sources—particularly spent LIBs and LIMOBs—have received relatively less attention, mainly due to challenges such as the hazardous nature of recycling processes, stringent environmental regulations, high operational costs, and significant energy requirements. Nevertheless, the emergence of bioleaching technologies offers a promising alternative technique for lithium recovery from secondary sources, owing to their potential for environmentally sustainable operations, cost-effectiveness, and lower energy consumption, availability of materials and bio-organisms, despite the new emergence for lithium recovery from secondary resources. The major highlight of this review paper is the comparison of each recovery technique. Among the primary resources -brine, ore, clay- recovery techniques, precipitation techniques were found to recover ~ 99.5% of lithium in the form of lithium chloride (LiCL), while membrane and chromatography managed to recover ~ 98%, and lastly, 78% using liquid–liquid extraction techniques. However, by implementing the hydrometallurgy technique to recover lithium from secondary resources in the form of lithium fluoride (LiF), lithium phosphate (Li3PO4, and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), only ~ 88% of lithium salts were recovered, while in pyrometallurgy similar recovery percentage was noticed, 87%. Additionally, a 70 ~ 96% recovery rate is reached using bioleaching and microorganisms. Graphical Abstract Lithium recovery sources and its extraction processes graphical abstract.

Raudhatul Azka, NIM 088162574, Moral Education in the Qur'an (Anticipation of the Development of Hoax News in the Community), Thesis, Islamic Education Study Program, Postgraduate Program UIN Imam Bonjol Padang, 2018. This research is motivated by the rise of hoax news spread in various media. Both print and online media, and most of the people are less concerned about this. Hoax news is fake news that is fabricated or distorted from real reality. Many hoax news spread in various media. Starting from broadcast messages, print media, and online media. In fact, some mainstream online media also have a lot of hoax news to be used as information for the public. Based on these problems, the formulation of the problem in the research is how the form of moral education in the Qur'an (anticipation of the development of hoax news in the community) ?. The aim to be achieved in this thesis is to find out: a) the purpose of moral education in the Qur'an (anticipating the development of hoax news in the community), b) the method used in the Qur'an to anticipate the development of hoax news in middle society, c) moral education material in the Qur'an (anticipation of the development of hoax news in the community), d) the purpose of moral education in the Qur'an (anticipation of the development of hoax news in the community), e) values of moral education in the Qur'an (anticipation of the development of hoax news in the community). To answer these problems, the method of tahlili or content analysis is used in this literature research, both on primary sources and secondary sources. The data from the primary and secondary sources are then classified carefully and thoroughly based on the topics that have been determined and then analyzed and interpreted qualitatively. Based on the research conducted, it was concluded that the goal of moral education anticipation of hoax news is to realize an inner attitude capable of spontaneously encouraging all good-value actions or fostering the formation of noble habits, then to give lessons and advice to those who spread hoax news, then foster an attitude of patience towards something that is denied, because God will always give help, the next goal is to always be vigilant in receiving a message, also remind each other among fellow humans, and to foster love for the faith. While the method of moral education is tabayyun or clarification, reading, reminding each other then giving a picture of the consequences of lying, then distancing themselves from people who used to lie, and bringing four witnesses to examine the news.

Southern Chile placer gold deposits have been known and exploited since Spanish colonial times. Despite this, precise knowledge about their origin is scarce. This work aims to identify possible primary sources of the gold in the Pureo placers by studying the morphological and chemical characteristics of gold particles according to their spatial distribution. The former was determined by measurements and classification under a binocular microscope, allowing us to acquire a set of parameters related to the amount of transport that had affected the samples. The microchemical characteristics were determined by studying gold particles using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron microprobe (EMPA), where the native gold composition (in terms of major and minor elements) and the suite of mineral inclusions were obtained. The results regarding morphological characteristics suggest a low amount of transport from a primary source (<15 km). Microchemical data from gold particles indicate two compositional sub-populations, distinguished in both native gold composition (<15 Ag wt% with up to 4 Hg wt% and >15 Ag wt% with Hg bellow 1 wt%) and mineral inclusions (pyrite-galena rich and arsenopyrite rich, respectively), indicating two different primary gold sources. These results suggest a local origin of gold in the Coastal Cordillera, where the possible primary sources are associated with (i) massive sulfide deposits present in Paleozoic–Triassic metamorphic rocks and (ii) hydrothermal deposits associated with more recent Cenozoic intrusive activity. These conclusions have implications for the exploration of new placer deposits and of gold-bearing hypogene deposits (e.g., metamorphosed VMS deposits) in unexplored zones of southern Chile Coastal Cordillera.

THERE IS LITTLE DOUBT that primary sources can be of real value in the classroom. Primary sources give students a connection with the past, bridging the gap between often seemingly distant historical phenomena and the present. They train students to recognize historiographic bias, interpret evidence, and read and digest intellectually and syntactically difficult material. Moreover, primary sources present students with the materials from which to shape informed opinions of their own, relatively free of the pedagogical interference of textbook authors and editors. Textbook publishers have not been unmindful of the demand for primary source materials. New textbooks teem with maps, paintings, illustrations, and excerpts from primary source texts. Sadly, the primary source materials found in textbooks tend to be more decorative than informative. The primary sources found in textbooks also tend to be rather limited in scope. The limited subject matter of primary source material reproduced in textbooks also does not help the situation. Because primary sources reproduced in textbooks are a relatively new addition to textbooks, the primary sources chosen for inclusion in textbooks have, by-and-large, been used to complement new subjects that have been tacked on to textbooks. Thus, new subjects such as the history of minority groups, the working poor, and women have been accompanied by an abundance of primary source materials, while more traditional