Principles of Flight Simulation

Розглянуто основні датчики координатної інформації літака цивільної авіації, що застосовуються для вирішення задачі позиціонування у просторі, а саме супутникову та інерціальну системи; алгоритми зональної навігації у обчислювальній системі літаководіння, що функціонують за сигналами наземних далекомірних (DME) та кутомірних (VOR) радіомаяків. Проаналізовано математичні підходи до об’єднання даних на різних рівнях обробки, зокрема розглянуто поєднання координатної інформації за методом максимальної достовірності. Вперше представлено структурну схему поєднання координат літака, отриманих за результатами попарного та множинного принципів позиціонування на основі даних наземних радіомаяків. Досліджено використання ймовірнісного підходу для поєднання координатної інформації літака у випадку, коли розподіли похибок вимірювання мають Гаусівський вигляд.

The Emschergenossenschaft based in Germany is currently planning the Emscher sewer system, arguably the largest residential water management project in Europe in years to come. In 2002, the Emschergenossenschaft engaged the Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF) in Magdeburg, Germany, as the general contractor to develop automatic inspection and cleaning systems to meet the requirements imposed by legal guidelines. The systems must operate continuously in a sewer line that has diameters ranging from 1400 to 2800mm and is partially filled, 25% at minimum, all the time. To construct the Emscher sewer system, the Emschergenossenschaft favors a one-pipe line in long sections. A walk-through or inspection by personnel would be impossible in these sections. The Fraunhofer Institute IFF has developed prototypes of all systems for motion through the sewer and all sensor systems, thus achieving a new quality of inspection under these difficult conditions . This article describes significant project results and important components of inspection such as the inspection systems, pipe axis measurement, system positioning and sensor systems for damage detection. Fundamental for the development of the inspection systems are the detail of the inspection that far surpasses the video inspection common today and the capability to take comparative measurements throughout the sewer system's period of operation in order to track the development of damage.

A flight control system (FCS) in an aircraft is designed to improve the accuracy of navigation, to reduce pilot workload and to increase the overall safety of aircraft operations. The flight plan itself can be activated by the aircraft flight management system to command the FCS to engage the guidance of the vertical and lateral segments of a flight plan. Several control system design packages are available specifically for proportional, integral and derivative (PID) applications. PID control offers several advantages in developing control laws in a flight simulator. The design of an auto-throttle is particularly important in developing flight control laws for vertical and lateral modes, as airspeed is often constant for these modes. Airbus aircraft is that the pilot controls pitch rate and roll rate in an Airbus aircraft. The chapter describes the elevator and aileron positions that are computed by the algorithm used by the auto-land system.

The Emschergenossenschaft based in Germany is currently planning the Emscher sewer system, arguably the largest residential water management project in Europe in years to come. In 2002, the Emschergenossenschaft engaged the Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF) in Magdeburg, Germany as the general contractor to develop automatic inspection and cleaning systems to meet the requirements stipulated by the legal guidelines. The systems must operate continuously in a sewer line, which has diameters ranging from 1400 to 2800 mm and is partially filled, 25% at minimum, all the time. To construct the Emscher sewer system, the Emschergenossenschaft favors a one-pipe line in long sections. A walk-through or inspection by personnel is impossible in every phase. The Fraunhofer Institute IFF has completed an extensive concept study for the inspection and cleaning systems and has developed as prototypes all systems for motion along the sewer and all sensor systems, achieving a new quality of inspection under these difficult conditions. This article describes significant project results and important components of the inspection and cleaning systems such as the inspection systems, pipe axis measurement, system positioning and sensor systems for damage detection.