Privacy Preservation for Cloud-Edge-Collaborative Energy Management System Using Post-Quantum Homomorphic Encryption

The implementation of monitoring tools and energy management systems (EnMSs) supports companies in their long-term energy efficiency strategies, and they are essential to analyse the effectiveness of energy performance improvement actions (EPIAs). The first fundamental step towards increasing energy efficiency is the development of energy audits (EAs). EAs provide comprehensive information about the energy usage in a specific facility, identifying and quantifying cost-effective EPIAs. The crucial role of these tools in clean energy transition is remarked by the European Energy Efficiency Directive (EED), which promotes the implementation of EAs and EnMS programmes. The purpose of this work is to better understand the link between EnMSs (specifically ISO 50001) and EAs in the EED Article 8 implementation in two industrial and two tertiary sectors in Italy. Moreover, the impact of company size, energy monitoring systems, and EnMSs on planned and/or implemented EPIAs is analysed. Our findings show that, albeit the complexity of the variables involved in energy efficiency gap, the “energy savings/company” and “EPIA/site” ratios are higher in enterprises with an EnMS and monitoring system. Thus, a correct energy audit must always be accompanied by a specific monitoring plan if it is to be effective and useful to the company decision maker.

Energy management systems (EMSs) form an important part of many Demand-Side Management (DSM) projects implemented on South African mines. Sustained EMS performance is only possible with proper system maintenance. However, it is challenging to maintain a large number of EMSs remotely. One of the main challenges associated with sustained EMS performance is changing production strategies. Although these changes require prompt revision of the EMS control strategy, energy services companies (ESCOs) typically use the daily EMS performance to assess the need for corrective maintenance. Thus, to improve the efficiency of EMS maintenance, a supervisory system was developed to facilitate reactive maintenance of different EMS technologies. This system prompts EMS maintenance based on diagnostics of key EMS components, the specific control strategy, and overall EMS performance. Results from two case studies using the system showed an increase in the EMS operational availability from 87% to 97%. The average EMS performance also increased from 1.7 MW to 2.6 MW. Seven additional implementations also improved average EMS operational availability from 72% to 95%, resulting in a combined performance of 19.2 MW compared to the 15.5 MW target. The abovementioned results prove that the developed supervisory system is able to facilitate sustained performance of a growing number of EMSs, by increasing the efficiency of the maintenance process.

Planning of regional energy systems: An inexact mixed-integer fractional programming model

The charging infrastructure plays a key role in the healthy and rapid development of the electric vehicle industry. This paper presents an energy management and control system of an electric vehicle charging station. The charging station (CS) is integrated to a grid-connected hybrid power system having a wind turbine maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controlled subsystem, photovoltaic (PV) MPPT controlled subsystem and a controlled solid oxide fuel cell with electrolyzer subsystem which are characterized as renewable energy sources. In this article, an energy management system is designed for charging and discharging of five different plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) simultaneously to fulfil the grid-to-vehicle (G2V), vehicle-to-grid (V2G), grid-to-battery storage system (G2BSS), battery storage system-to-grid (BSS2G), battery storage system-to-vehicle (BSS2V), vehicle-to-battery storage system (V2BSS) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) charging and discharging requirements of the charging station. A simulation test-bed in Matlab/Simulink is developed to evaluate and control adaptively the AC-DC-AC converter of non-renewable energy source, DC-DC converters of the storage system, DC-AC grid side inverter and the converters of the CS using adaptive proportional-integral-derivate (AdapPID) control paradigm. The effectiveness of the AdapPID control strategy is validated through simulation results by comparing with conventional PID control scheme.

14 - Building Automation

Due to the advancements in the smart grid technologies, smart mechanisms are required within the Energy Management System (EMS) environments for microgrids. One of the functionalities of EMS is to ensure grid stability. In order to test and validate new mechanisms, appropriate simulation tools exist. Most of the existing validation strategies include modeling the target system in simulation environment and then deploying the mechanism in the real environment. When the validated mechanisms are implemented in real environment, they often do not work as intended and require modification due to the implementation difference within the EMS controller. An EMS should be able to communicate with the simulated model, inject faults in the simulated model and able to perform various control actions. In this paper, we propose a software-in-loop approach, where the grid stability mechanisms are implemented in the EMS, which is deployed in the real environment. EMS must operate exactly the way it does in the simulation environment. For such a capability, the simulation platform should be able to communicate with the EMS. In this work, we consider a 13-node radial distribution grid with one solar panel as a generation unit. The 13-node distribution grid has been modeled using Apros simulation software. SMG2.0, a software application for microgrid is used to monitor, inject electrical faults and trigger recovery mechanisms in the Apros model. A communication architecture called ICT gateway has been developed between Apros and the EMS (SMG2.0). Two fault scenarios (line-breakage and under-voltage) are considered as the fault injection scenarios to evaluate the performance of the communication architecture. When the SMG2.0 detects a line fault, it triggers network reconfiguration as the recovery strategy for the line-breakage scenario in the simulation environment. This approach not only helps in designing fault handling strategies in the electrical network but also helps in designing an effective software application targeted to control the physical entities.

The relevance of implementing energy management systems (EMS) is related to the rising cost of fuel and resource consumption, as well as the large-scale destruction of national energy supply facilities during the war. Taking into account the requirements of sustainable development, rational use of natural resources and increasing social responsibility in the process of recovery contribute to the formation of EMS at Ukrainian enterprises. The article is aimed at clarifying theoretical concepts, systematising the main problems and directions of their solution in the process of implementation of the energy management system at Ukrainian enterprise. The EMS should be considered as a part of the overall enterprise management system, which has a certain organisational structure, performs managerial functions, duties and powers, procedures, processes, and uses resources to ensure the formation, implementation and achievement of energy saving policy goals. The authors characterise EMS as: 1) technology: on the basis of which energy saving is carried out; 2) energy saving strategy, which is implemented at different levels of management; 3) as a process characterised by making managerial decisions that affect the achievement of the set goals. In the article, the authors define the main tasks, principles, and functions of this system. The EMS is related to quality management (based on ISO 9001) and environmental management. The authors have identified and systematised the directions of solving practical problems in the implementation of the EMS: 1) problems faced by the company's management and specialists of an enterprise due to misunderstanding of the essence of EMS; 2) absence of clearly defined economic mechanisms for ensuring energy saving and material interest in implementation of such measures; 3) absence of data collection systems at enterprises, significant cost of equipment for measuring energy consumption. To solve the identified problems, the article proposes targeted advanced training of managers and specialists in the field of energy saving and implementation of EMS; improvement of training of qualified energy managers.The article emphasises the need to increase the role of energy managers in modern conditions - professionally trained specialists who make managerial decisions and are responsible for energy saving at enterprises.

The energy management system (EMS) of a microgrid often presents a complex structure and a large number of control functions, which must be validated to ensure a reliable and optimal operation of the microgrid. Control system validation is typically performed by using hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) architectures in which the microgrid is simulated in real time and interfaced with the actual system under test. The simulation must ensure both an accurate representation of the microgrid and a reliable replica of the field communication of the EMS with all the control devices. In this paper, an overview of the various HIL architectures proposed in the literature is firstly outlined. Then, an HIL validation facility is presented and used to validate the EMS of an industrial microgrid. Finally, some results of the validation tests are reported to give evidence of the effectiveness of the proposed facility. In the proposed architecture, the soft real-time digital simulator of the microgrid is interfaced with the actual EMS using the same communication system and protocol as on the field. The main advantages of the proposed testing facility are: (i) the use of commercial PCs and the absence of dedicated interface modules, resulting in inexpensive hardware components; (ii) the capability to validate both control and communication functions of the EMS; (iii) the applicability to microgrids of different types (industrial, commercial, residential), as well as of various dimensions, including large microgrids; (iv) the easiness in changing the microgrid and the EMS under validation by only software modifications of the simulator tasks and of the exchange interface. As drawbacks, the proposed testing facility presents the need to adapt the software interface between EMS and the field to the EMS under test and the possibility of testing only the EMS functions and not fast-acting local controllers of the microgrid such as the protection systems.

The preparation of standards in the field of energy management of both international, regional, and national status by specialists of energy efficiency and energy saving problems, which are actively discussed around the world today, is an urgent problem. In this regard, the ISO 50001 Energy Management System standard allows organizations to prepare a policy package for more efficient use of energy to determine the objectives for the implementation of this policy use available information more effectively to make decisions about energy consumption; measure and evaluate the obtained results to evaluate the effectiveness of the policy continuously improve the energy management system. The main objective of ISO 50001 is to integrate energy efficiency into the existing management practices of organizations. The application of energy management systems as one of the main tools for the implementation of energy saving policy in enterprises based on the requirements of the ISO 50001 standard is very relevant, and the reasons for the need to apply energy management systems and relevant standards are asfollows Energy management system and standards as a component of national energy efficiency and renewable energy programs serves, energy management system accelerates technology improvements and innovations. ISO 50001 helps to develop a strategy to increase energy efficiency in buildings and structures, reduce costs and improve the environmental performance of operations.

Power systems worldwide are complex and challenging environments. The increasing necessity for an adequate integration of renewable energy sources is resulting in a rising complexity in power systems operation. Multi-agent based simulation platforms have proven to be a good option to study the several issues related to these systems. In a smaller scale, a home energy management system would be effective for the both sides of the network. It can reduce the electricity costs of the demand side, and it can assist to relieve the grid congestion in peak times. This paper represents a domestic energy management system as part of a multi-agent system that models the smart home energy system. Our proposed system consists of energy management and predictor systems. This way, homes are able to transact with the local electricity market according to the energy flexibility that is provided by the electric vehicle, and it can manage produced electrical energy of the photovoltaic system inside of the home.

While the market for energy management systems (EMS) has been exploding, there are many indications that the pendulum of high expectations may have swung too far. A simple seven-day time clock can usually provide 80-95 percent of the potential savings of many EMS features. For several hundred additional dollars, a small microprocessor based time clock with features such as automatic holiday and daylight savings adjustments, optimal start, and four separate load stop/start schedules (ventilation, heating, and air conditioning, indoor lights, and outdoor lights) can be purchased which can increase the savings an additional 5-20 percent on most buildings. Owners of multiple building systems or large commercial and industrial buildings can often justify a complex EMS with increased load scheduling capability. However, EMS features such as duty-cycling and demand limiting are usually overrated in their energy savings capability, not only because slowing down the fans can save more energy than cycling them, but also because duty cycling can cause personnel discomfort and equipment maintenance problems. Moreover, any temperature control modifications which save energy can usually be installed without an EMS for less initial cost and with an equivalent energy savings. Additional expenses for EMS features such as temperature monitoring and remote set point adjustment are not usually of value if a building's heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is operating properly. EMS features such as metering and report logs can be useful diagnostic tools in the hands of a qualified individual, but often they provide data diarrhea.

Worldwide, the current energy system increasingly shows economic, social and environmental drawbacks and it does not appear to be sustainable. Among the most pressing problems are climate change due to CO2 emissions, the depletion of fossil resources, the security of energy supply, and threats to economic development. These problems can be addressed by moving towards energy systems that increasingly rely on renewable and sustainable energy sources. At the same time, the rapid progress in renewable energy harvesting and information and telecommunication technologies offer unprecedented opportunities for energy generation, distribution and management, and to more strongly involve people in the process of energy generation and management, which is needed to further enhance the sustainable energy systems. Indeed, renewable and sustainable energy sources are likely to be produced and distributed in a decentralised manner, and require energy management systems that differ greatly from the current centralised system. Hence, the integration of renewable sources has major implications for the design and management of energy systems, relying on innovative ICT solutions and stronger user involvement that facilitate supply and demand matching. Effective energy management requires the active participation and support of end users, who should accept the energy management systems, and adapt their energy use to the available demand as to enhance the efficiency and stability of the energy system. Hence, the design of future smart grids should be based on sound behavioural models, which should be integrated in ICT centred solutions that facilitate supply and demand matching. More specifically, we need to understand how truly complex information on energy production, use and storage can be effectively communicated among relevant actors, and what type of information and incentives should be provided to realise effective supply and demand matching. In addition, we need to understand how to take into account cultural specifics in the design of energy management systems, to enhance effective energy management across the world. The active and aware involvement of the end-user can only be achieved if a scalable and reliable ICT infrastructure is in place, which naturally interfaces the energy flows with the decision autonomy of the people. Hence, the design of effective energy management systems should be take into account key behavioural as well as ICT requirements in an integrated way. Our proposal is thus to investigate (1) ICT based solutions for monitoring and controlling the power grid focusing on the distribution networks (medium-low voltage) and buildings (offices and residential complexes) specific to the Qatar context; (2) behavioural models on effective and acceptable incentives to match energy supply and demand; (3) cultural specificities in the design of energy management systems by comparing results from research in Qatar to similar research in other parts of the world, in particular Europe. Together, these will provide important insights in how to promote efficient and stable renewable energy systems that meet Qatar's sustainability goals.

Energy and maintenance management systems in the context of industry 4.0. Implementation in a real case

Along with the increasing distributed generation systems, the improvement of information technologies, the development of the power market and the shock of serious blackouts, microgrids will play an important role during electric utility deregulation and restructuring efforts. Therefore, traditional energy management systems (EMS) face many opportunities and challenges. A new generation of EMS is being developed to meet these challenges. Based on current state of the research on distributed generation systems and a review of the development of EMS, this paper summarizes aspects to be considered for development of a new generation of EMS. Besides, the objectives and development of relevant EMS software are presented, which will apply to a laboratorial microgrid containing a photovoltaic generation subsystem, a wind energy generation subsystem, fuel cells, batteries and ultracapacitors. And the proposed EMS software will be developed by using advanced computing technologies to conform with the IEC61970 standards.

Bi-LSTM predictive control-based efficient energy management system for a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle