Profiles of preschoolers' numerical abilities across quantity representations.

Many students still need to understand the importance of learning mathematics. In addition, students feel very bored when studying mathematics. Based on this, this research aims to analyze the application of a contextual approach assisted by project assessment on mathematics learning achievement in terms of numerical ability in Class V. This type of research is experimental research that uses only a Control Group Design research design. The research sample consisted of 180 people who were selected using the Random Sampling technique. The data collection method uses tests. The data collection instrument uses test questions. The data obtained was processed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) through the F test, followed by the Tukey test. The results found that the mathematics learning achievement of students who studied with a contextual approach assisted by project assessment was higher than those who studied with conventional learning. Second, there is an interaction effect between the learning approach and numerical ability on students' mathematics learning achievement. Third, for students with high numerical abilities, the mathematics learning achievement of students who study with a contextual approach assisted by project assessment is higher than those who study with conventional learning. It was concluded that the contextual approach assisted by project assessment affected mathematics learning achievement regarding numerical abilities in fifth-grade students.

This study is a quantitative study with an ex post facto approach aimed at knowing the effect of self-potential, study habits and numerical abilities on the mathematics learning outcomes of junior high school students. The sample in this study was 78 students of SMP class VIII who were selected using simple random sampling technique. The data collection technique used in this research is the test and questionnaire method. The instruments used are self-potential questionnaires, study habits questionnaires, numerical ability tests and mathematics learning outcomes tests. The data analysis technique used was multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that: (1) Self-potential, study habits and numerical abilities together had an effect on students' mathematics learning outcomes, (2) Self-potential had a negative but not significant effect on students' mathematics learning outcomes, (3) study habits have a significant positive effect on students' mathematics learning outcomes, (4) numeric abilities have a significant positive effect on students' mathematics learning outcomes.

Numerical ability in learning mathematics is an important thing for students to facilitate teaching and learning process. SAVI and SNAWBALLING are learning models that can facilitate the development of numerical abilities of students. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of SAVI and SNOWBALLING learning models on the numerical ability of students. This research is a type of research Quasy Experimental Design. The sampling technique used was class random technique with row and series material. The instrument used to collect data was a numerical ability test in the form of a description item. The data analysis technique of this study used the T-Test analysis technique. The results of this study are that the two models do not have the same numerical ability of students, meaning that there are differences in the impact given by the SAVI learning model and the SNOWBALLING learning model on numerical ability. The numerical ability of students using the SAVI learning model is better than using the SNOWBALLING learning model.

HOTS questions are designed as evaluation material to measure students' understanding and abilities in learning mathematics. However, the implementation of this concept is often hampered by the difficulties students face when solving these questions. The aim of this study is to examine the mistakes made by high school students in responding to HOTS questions, utilizing Watson's criteria and focusing on students' numerical abilities. The analysis of student mistakes involved utilizing Watson's error classifications, which encompass eight error indicators. This research includes qualitative descriptive research. Data was collected through written tests and interviews. The findings of the study reveal a notable association between errors and numerical proficiency in HOTS questions. A high numerical level has one of the eight Watson indicator errors, a medium numerical level has between two and four of the eight Watson criterion errors, and a low numerical level has more than 4 Watson criterion errors. The prevailing mistake made by students is the omitted conclusions, which is observed among students with high, moderate, and low numerical skills.The causes involve a lack of habit of writing conclusions, negligence, and rushing due to time constraints.

This study aims to determine the effect of verbal ability and numerical ability on the ability to solve math problems, to determine the effect of verbal ability on the ability to solve math problems, and to determine the effect of numerical abilities on the ability to solve math problems of class VIII students of SMP Negeri 3 Lingsar. This type of research is quantitative. The population of this study student of class VIII SMP Negeri 3 Lingsar. The sampling technique used cluster random sampling so that the sample was obtained by class VIII-A. The data analysis used was multiple linear regression analysis and simple linear regression analysis. From the results of the data analysis, there is a significant influence between verbal ability and numerical ability on the ability to solve math problems of class VIII students of SMP Negeri 3 Lingsar in the 2019/2020 school year and there is a significant influence between numerical abilities on students' ability to solve math problems. But there is no significant effect between verbal ability on the ability to solve math problems of class VIII students of SMP Negeri 3 Lingsar in the 2019/2020 school year.

Early numerical abilities and cognitive skills in kindergarten children

Math anxiety is a negative emotional response arising in mathematical contexts that hinders mathematical performance. It not only impacts students' math achievements but also exerts a profound influence on their mental health and life choices. To clarify the correlation characteristics between different representation forms of high school mathematics knowledge and math anxiety, and to provide empirical evidence for alleviating students' math anxiety through optimizing knowledge representation strategies in teaching, this study selected 300 high school students from an ordinary high school in a city in China, covering three grades (Grade 10 to Grade 12), including 116 male students and 174 female students. Based on the theory of mathematical multiple representations, this study classified the representation forms of high school mathematics knowledge into four types: symbolic representation, verbal representation, graphical representation, and situational representation. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey, and empirical research was conducted using methods such as descriptive statistical analysis, partial correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The results show that all different knowledge representation forms are positively correlated with math anxiety, among which graphical representation and verbal representation have a strongly positive correlation with math anxiety, indicating that these two forms are more likely to induce students' math anxiety. Meanwhile, the overall level of math anxiety can be effectively predicted based on students' anxiety levels under different knowledge representation forms, with a good prediction effect. This study can provide precise intervention strategies for high school mathematics teaching.

Adaptive educational games provide new opportunities to train early numerical skills. However, empirical evidence for the effectiveness of adaptive educational games is scarce. This study investigated the effectiveness of an adaptive game compared to a nonadaptive game in terms of cognitive, noncognitive and efficiency outcomes. In total, 84 children were randomly assigned to a condition in which children trained early numerical skills with an adaptive version of the Number Sense Game (NSG), or to a condition in which they trained with a nonadaptive version. Early numeracy was evaluated before the training, immediately after the training and 3 weeks after the training. Math anxiety (MA) was assessed before and 3 weeks after the training. The time children practiced with the NSG was used to assess efficiency. Results revealed that children in both conditions improved on early numerical ability, with sustained effects 3 weeks after the training. In both conditions, children’s MA scores were lower after the training. Children in the adaptive condition learned more efficiently compared to the nonadaptive condition, and the interaction between prior knowledge and condition has shown that children with low prior knowledge benefited more from a nonadaptive training while children with high prior knowledge benefited more from an adaptive training in terms of learning efficiency. These results confirm that adaptive educational games can offer solace in terms of the need for differentiation.

Executive functioning profiles and mathematical and reading achievement in Grades 2, 6, and 10

A longitudinal examination of the relations between motivation, math achievement, and STEM career aspirations among Black students

Extant research has typically examined neighborhood characteristics in isolation using variable-centered approaches; however, there is reason to believe that perceptions of the neighborhood environment influence each other, requiring the use of person-centered approaches to study these relationships. The present study sought to determine profiles of youth that differ in their perceptions of their neighborhoods and objective neighborhood characteristics, and whether these profiles are associated with youth coping. Participants were low-income, African American youth (N= 733; 51.0% female, M age = 18.76 years, SD = 1.71) from a metropolitan city who were originally recruited for the Youth Opportunity program in Baltimore, Maryland. A latent profile analysis was conducted which included self-reported neighborhood social cohesion, collective efficacy, disorder, violence, and disadvantage derived from census data. Coping behaviors, specifically positive cognitive restructuring, problem-focused coping, distraction strategies, and avoidant behaviors were assessed via self-reported questionnaires. Four neighborhood profiles were identified: highest disorder (20.0%); highest violence/highest disadvantage (5.2%); high violence (26.6%); and highest cohesion/lowest disorder (48.2%). Individuals in the highest violence/highest disadvantage profile reported higher positive cognitive restructuring and problem-focused coping than the other profiles. These findings warrant an investigation into the individual assets and contextual resources that may contribute to more positive coping behaviors among youth in more violent and disadvantaged neighborhoods, which has the potential to improve resilient outcomes among youth in similar at-risk settings.

The coronavirus/COVID-19 pandemic has brought about significant changes in the lifestyle of students. However, despite an extensive study of students’ life stress using a non-comprehensive scale and variable-centered approach, it has been little studied with a comprehensive scale and person-centered approach. Using the Student-Life Stress Inventory-revised (SSI-R), we analyzed students’ latent stress profiles and examined differences in psychological resilience and emotional intelligence by comparing stress profiles from a sample of 418 undergraduate and graduate students (aged 18–36) in various departments of eight universities in Turkey. We identified five distinct stress profiles, defined as an extremely low stress group (ELSG), a low stress group (LSG), a medium stress group (MSG), a high stress group (HSG), and an extremely high stress group (EHSG). We found that (1) MSG and HSG were similar in terms of emotional intelligence, resilience, and possession of high standards, and they reported higher levels of physiological, emotional, and behavioral reactions than ELSG and LSG; (2) MSG felt more pressure than HSG; (3) ELSG reported higher levels of emotional intelligence (wellbeing, self-control, and emotionality) than others. Also, EHSG reported lower levels of emotional intelligence (specifically self-control) than others; (4) whereas resilience was highly positively correlated to wellbeing, resilience and wellbeing were moderately negatively correlated to stress. Extremely low stress group and LSG reported higher levels of resilience than others. Medium stress group, HSG, and EHSG did not differ with regard to resilience and wellbeing. Our results suggest that, university students are able to maintain their functionality by coping up with stress in some ways, no matter how stressful they are. These findings are discussed in relation to the relevant literature.

Cognitive abilities and interests both play an important role in guiding knowledge acquisition, but most previous studies have examined them separately. The current study used a large and representative dataset to integrate interests and abilities using a person-centered approach that examines how distinct profiles of interests and abilities relate to individual strengths and weaknesses in knowledge. Two key findings emerged. First, eight interest–ability profiles were generated from Latent Profile Analysis (LPA), which replicated and extended the interrelations of interests and abilities found in previous studies using variable-centered approaches. Second, each profile’s strongest knowledge scores corresponded to their strongest abilities and interests, highlighting the importance of interest–ability profiles for guiding the development of knowledge. Importantly, in some domains, the lower ability profiles were actually more knowledgeable than higher ability profiles. Overall, these findings suggest that people learn best when given opportunities to acquire knowledge relevant to both their interests and abilities. We discuss how interest–ability profiles inform integrative theories of psychological development and present implications for education and career development.

This study examined several alternative methods to measure cumulative risk (CR) based on multiple risk indicators. Several methods for measuring CR are presented and their conceptual and methodological assumptions are assessed. More specifically, at the individual risk level, we examined the implications of various measurement approaches (i.e., dichotomous, proportion- and z-scores). At the composite level, we measured CR as an observed score, and compared this approach with two variable-centered approaches (consisting of reflective and formative indicators) and two person-centered approaches (consisting of latent class analysis and latent profile analysis). A decision tree was proposed to aid researchers in comparing and choosing the alternative methods. Using a sample of 169 low-income families (children approximately 5 years old, 51% girls; 74% African American, and their primary caregiver), we specified models to represent each of the alternative methods. Across models, the multiple risk composite was based on a set of 12 individual risk indicators including low maternal education, hunger, meal and money unpredictability, maternal psychopathology, maternal substance use, harsh parenting, family stress, and family violence. For each model, we estimated the effect size of the composite CR variable on children’s externalizing problems. Results indicated that the variable-centered CR composites had larger effects than the observed summary score CR indices and the person-centered methods.

This 5-year longitudinal study examined whether high mathematics achievers in primary school had cognitive advantages before entering formal education. High mathematics achievement was defined as performing above Pc 90 in Grades 1 and 3. The predominantly White sample (M age in preschool: 64 months) included 31 high achievers (12 girls) and 114 average achievers (63 girls). We measured children's early numerical abilities, complex mathematical abilities, and general cognitive abilities in preschool (2017). High mathematics achievers had advantages on most tasks in preschool (ds > 0.62). Number order, numeral recognition, and proportional reasoning were unique predictors of belonging to the high-achieving group in primary school. This study shows that the cognitive advantages of high mathematics achievement are already observed in preschool.