Programmable logic controller based on the Russian hardware components

The article is devoted to the development of the conceptual foundations for the formation of information and analytical support for consumers of housing and communal services based on the implementation of integrated reporting in accounting practices of housing and communal services enterprises. The subject of the study is a set of theoretical, methodological and practical aspects for the formation of information and analytical support for the economic security of consumers of housing and communal services. The aim of the article is to develop theoretical and methodological provisions and substantiation of practical recommendations on the formation of information and analytical support for the economic security of consumers of housing and communal services based on the implementation of integrated reporting into the accounting practice of housing and communal services enterprises. Objectives: to justify the feasibility of implementing integrated reporting in the accounting practice of enterprises of housing and communal services, to analyze international standards of social reporting, based on international experience, to propose a typical structure of the Annual Report for the municipality, to generalize theoretical and methodological approaches to the formation of information and analytical support for the economic security of housing consumers – communal services based on the implementation of integrated reporting in accounting practice of housing and communal services enterprises. During the research were used methods: abstract-logical analysis, theoretical generalization and systematization. The paper summarizes the theoretical and methodological approaches to the formation of social reporting according to international standards and the composition of the non-financial information provided with the definition of differences in the interpretation of the system of indicators. It is proved that in order to ensure the economic security of consumers of housing and communal services, both types of information are important: ensuring the provision of housing and communal services - Law No. 887 and conducting continuous monitoring of the quality of such services - additional information that is part of the integrated report of utilities. Conclusions. A methodological approach to the formation of information and analytical support for the economic security of consumers of housing and communal services based on the implementation of integrated reporting into the accounting practice of housing and communal services is proposed. The indicators characterizing the interaction of housing and communal enterprises by type of activity with stakeholders are systematized in four groups.

Early Programming Logic Control (PLC) were designed to replace relay logic systems. These PLCs were programmed in “Ladder Logic”, which strongly resembles a schematic diagram of relay logic. Programming logic control has several features like protection from the open area conditions such dust, heat and cold. PLC also has the ability to arrangement the inputs/outputs.It has low cost compared with microcontroller systems becaus e using PLC in different applications only required to change the software for each application but in case of using microcontroller the hardware components itself must be changed with different applications. Two important applications for programming log ic control and also an engineering solution to save the human life are explained in this paper, one application is a robot used as a toxic chemical substances spraying, and the other application is a robot used for washing the faces glasses of skyscrapers. These mobile robots used PLC as a controlled tool for its motion and liquid flow rate also.

Introduction: crimes in the sphere of housing and communal services pose a serious social danger and are of acute social nature, since they affect the interests of the state and society. Crimes in this economy sector lead to violations of the legal property rights of tens of thousands of citizens, their socio-economic security. The facts of criminal activity in the sphere of housing and communal services, less-than-prompt response to them by the law enforcement agencies, protraction or delay in the investigation of these facts form the prerequisites and contribute to the protest activity of the population, which destabilizes the sociopolitical situation. In this regard, the effective counteraction of the considered category of illegal acts requires prompt and full investigation of all facts of criminal activity committed in the sphere of housing and communal services in order to ensure the inevitability of punishment for their commission and compensation for material damage. Investigating crimes of the specified category, as a rule, is impossible without carrying out different judicial economic expertise, the commission, production and assessment of which conclusions in many respects predetermine the prospects of successful resolution of a criminal case in court. In this regard, the authors set a goal to reveal the tactical features of the commission of such an investigative action as judicial economic expertise which is so important for the investigation of most crimes committed in the field of housing and communal services. Methods: the methodological framework for this study is a set of methods of scientific knowledge, among which the main ones are the methods of information processing and logical analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction and generalization. Results: presented in the paper the author’s content of the tactical features of the commission of judicial economic expertise on the facts of crimes related to the financial and economic activity of the subjects of housing and communal services which relies on the judicial and investigative practice gives the chance to use them in practical activity of the authorized law enforcement officials during the identification and investigation of the above-mentioned facts. Conclusions: as a result of the study, the authors have determined the tactical features of the commission of judicial economic expertise on the facts of crimes related to the financial and economic activities of the subjects of housing and communal services in order to inform law students, the teaching staff of law schools, as well as practitioners to better understand the investigation features of crimes related to the financial and economic activities of the subjects of housing and communal services.

The unsatisfactory condition of the housing stock, high level of depreciation of engineering networks and equipment, inefficient management structure determine the need to modernize the sector and improve the quality of housing and communal services in Ukraine. Objective of the article is to conduct a study of the need to improve the quality of housing and communal services in Ukraine and to develop a methodological basis for the study of the quality of housing and communal services. Research Methods: application of the methodological approach to measuring the quality of housing and communal services in Ukraine using the analytical method. It was found that the housing stock and functioning communal infrastructure have significant physical and moral deterioration. Its presence has a negative impact on the quality of housing and communal services provided to the population for consumption. The most significant factors are identified and the degree of their impact on the development potential of the sphere of housing and communal services is determined. The necessity of accounting of the indicated factors at development of economical and mathematical models allowing institutional agents of housing and communal services sphere to take optimal decisions in conditions of uncertainty and stimulating them for improvement of quality of produced housing and communal services has been grounded.

Crimes in the housing and communal sphere cause considerable economic damage to the individual, society and the state. This problem is constantly addressed at all levels of government. The purpose of the study is to examine statistical indicators and to identify trends and patterns of crime in the field of housing and communal services.
 The article provides a criminological analysis of crime in the field of housing and communal services, its concept, structure, state and dynamics are considered, on the basis of general and special methods of scientific knowledge. The scientific study is based on statistical and analytical data of the Prosecutor’s Office Russia. It is based on the number and structure of registered crimes in the field of housing and communal services in the period from 2014 to 2020.
 The structure and dynamics of corruption and economic crime in the sphere of housing and communal services are presented. The author concludes that (44–52 %) of all crimes committed in the sphere of housing and communal services are corruptive. The author in a certain period observed an increase in crimes in the sphere of housing and communal services. In her opinion, this is due to changes in regulatory framework in the housing and utilities sector and an increased attention paid to the problems inherent to this sector by all the agents involved: state bodies, the country’s leadership and society. As a result of the analysis, the author concludes about the unstable dynamics, characterized by jumps of both positive and negative nature, increased latency and a high crime rates in the housing and communal services sector.

The article considers digitalization as a key aspect of the development of social infrastructure in rural areas. The main role is defined by one of the most promising sectors of social infrastructure in rural areas - housing and communal services. Digitalization in the sphere of housing and communal services allows solving many pressing problems of the industry, as well as pressing socio-economic problems, simplifying communication between numerous subjects and objects of the housing and communal services industry, improving the quality of social housing and communal services, and increasing the productivity of the industry. The article defines the main directions of digitalization of housing and communal services. The tasks and problems of digitalization of housing and communal services are highlighted, and ways to solve these problems are proposed.

The Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller, already known for its stability, is widely used in industrial applications and integrated into many Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). However, most PLCs do not support the self-tuning mechanism for PID controller parameters. Therefore, users must manually adjust several times to achieve the desired outcomes. This manual adjustment is time-consuming and must be repeated as control object parameters change over time. This study proposed a fine-tuning mechanism for the PID controller’s parameters based on a fuzzy-PD controller. The mechanism was designed and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink on an identified plant, then converted into a Structured Control Language (SCL) code for implementation on the PLC programs.Experimental results on the Siemens S7-1200 PLC demonstrated the proposed mechanism’s effectiveness in stabilizing the thermal plant by adjusting the initial parameters of the integrated PID controller. The system response was more stable, and the overshoot was minimized in comparison with the built-in auto-tuning feature on the S7-1200. Specifically, overshoot decreased to 0.79% from 0.94%, and the setting error declined to 0.1 °C from 0.45 °C. The above results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed self-tuning mechanism when used to improve the quality of PID controllers in PLCs. In addition, due to its ability to self-tuning parameters, it helps users reduce the time required to design PID controllers.

The article presents the results of evaluating the economic efficiency of four investment projects for the modernization of housing and communal services. To get the results presented, the authors have previously collected a large database of investment projects for the modernization of housing and utilities. The projects have been prepared for various regions and cities of Kazakhstan, on the basis of which business plans have been developed for more than 30 projects aimed at using innovative technologies in heating, electricity, water and other utilities provided to apartment buildings. The economic evaluation of investment projects was carried out in the framework of digitalization, construction of "smart homes", construction of new non-traditional sources of electricity, introduction of green economy in housing and utilities, expansion of solid waste disposal, application of innovative materials in the construction of residential buildings, use of mechanisms for financing investment projects through public-private partnership. "Catalog of industrial and innovative projects for the modernization of housing and communal services" and "Methods of economic evaluation of investment projects of housing and communal services" were published based on the research results. Individual results of scientific research carried out within the framework of the grant project are presented mainly in tables.

The object of the study are the processes of incorporation of digital technologies in the activities of subjects of the housing and communal services market. The information and telecommunication technologies have been analysed in the paper, the use of which allows us to expand the range of services provided to residents of apartment buildings by management organizations in the field of housing and communal services. Factors and conditions of diversification of services of management companies due to introduction of “Uber-technologies” have been considered. One of the tools of digitalization of housing and communal services is the so-called “uberization”. “Uberization” of housing services in large cities has significant economic potential. As of the end of 2019, commercial projects of “uberization” of housing services in Russia are at the stage of pilot testing. At the same time, Russia has a rather unique situation – there is a “goal – setting” on the part of the state, institutionalized by regulations, state national and Federal programs, and most importantly-there is a request from the society, since such services are technologically little different from buying food on the Internet or ordering a taxi. The development of “Uber-technologies” is impossible without a comprehensive solution to the problems of modern digital society, which can really have an impact on the work of a mass digital platform. These issues include: ensuring human rights in the digital world, including the identification and preservation of the user’s digital data, as well as the problem of ensuring the trust of citizens in the digital environment; threats to the individual, business and the state associated with the trends of building complex hierarchical information and telecommunications systems that widely use virtualization, remote (cloud) data storage, as well as heterogeneous communication technologies and terminal devices.; expansion of opportunities for external information and technical impact on the information infrastructure, including critical information infrastructure; growth of computer crime scales.

Traditional programmable logic controllers (PLCs) remain central to industrial automation but are often expensive due to stringent compliance requirements. To address this challenge, this work proposes a low-cost and customizable framework for automation systems built upon open-source hardware and software components. The proposed solution integrates Linux-capable boards with an intermediate hardware module for input/output (I/O) management. A graphical user interface (GUI) based on the function block diagram (FBD) paradigm enables intuitive, visual logic programming, making the system accessible to users with different levels of expertise. Control logic is executed dynamically using a directed acyclic graph approach, which facilitates flexible processing and supports real-time updates without interrupting operation. The open-source design promotes flexibility and customization, positioning the framework as a versatile alternative to traditional PLCs. It is particularly suited for research laboratories, educational environments, small-scale industrial automation, and other cost-sensitive applications. Two case studies demonstrate its effectiveness in real-time control tasks, highlighting its practicality and ease of use. Given its open and modular nature, the framework is intended for educational use, research laboratories, and non-critical automation scenarios.

In recent years, more and more researchers were contributed to the research for the security of ICS (Industrial Control System) with the emphasis on the safety of ICS. As a lure for attackers, honeypots provide the researchers with great assistance of industrial security research, and also plays a certain role in the protection of industrial system security. Honeypot is designed to a vulnerable system with the purpose of luring attackers to compromise it. Simultaneously, it also collects valuable data from attackers under the ground, then researchers will extract useful information from the data and then convert it to threat intelligence, which can be used to found attackers' behaviors or strategies and protect realistic systems. The honeypot for ICS need not only meet the needs of traditional information control technology, such as cost and maintainability, but also meet the needs of ICSs, such as timing and decision strategies. The research focuses on the design and implementation of high interactive honeypot for ICSs. It puts forward a method, which improves the interaction of the ICSs' honeypot from two aspects-HMI (Human Machine Interface) and industrial protocols' simulation. At the same time, we designed and implemented a virtual and high interactive honeypot and deployed it which is based on the improved conpot project to simulate SIEMENS S7-400 series' PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers).

The article considers the main directions for the formation of digital maturity in the sphere of housing and communal services (HUS), analysis of the readiness of the housing and communal services system to use digital technologies in the construction and development of "Smart Cities". The importance of the housing and communal services sector and its contribution to the development of the economy of the territories is shown. The necessity of a systemic transformation in the field of housing and communal services of a metropolis in the direction of the transition from the development of individual information technologies in operational and analytical tasks and current business processes to the stage of artificial intelligence management algorithms is proved. The principles and approaches to the tool for accelerating and making managerial decisions when creating an automated information system (AIS) are formulated as the basis for the functioning of a large infrastructure project of the Management Center for the Municipal Economy Complex (MC CH) in Moscow to implement approaches and mechanisms for justifying and supporting adoption at the city level decisions to coordinate and ensure the process of sustainable functioning of the housing and communal services based on monitoring the state of facilities, organizational, managerial and economic diagnostics of the production assets of the urban economy, operational regulation and ensuring standard modes of functioning of the communal infrastructure.

The aim of the work is to propose a set of measures for improving the electronic system of state procurement in the provision of housing and communal services. The relevance of the topic is connected with the great importance of the sphere of housing and communal services in our country. More than 70% of the population of Russia live in urban areas, so they use housing and communal services (Khmelchenko and Svetnik 2019). Coordinated and efficient operation of public utilities is the key to social stability. Since 1991, with the start of reforms in the housing and utilities sector, the government has been striving to create a profitable industry. At this point, the industry has many application points for reforms, but changing the procurement system is an unconditional leader in terms of cost-benefit ratio. Increased efficiency in the procurement process can improve profitability throughout the industry.

Energy is an important factor in today's industrial environment. Pump systems account for about 20% of the total industrial electrical energy consumption. Several studies show that with proper monitoring, control and maintenance, the efficiency of pump systems can be increased. Controlling pump systems with intelligent systems can help to reduce a pump's energy consumption by up to one third of its original consumption. The research in this paper was carried out in the scope of a research project which involves modelling and simulation of pump systems. This paper focuses on the future implementation of modelling capabilities in PLCs (programmable logic controllers). The whole project aims to use a pump itself as the sensor rather than introducing external sensors into the system, which would increase the cost considerably. One promising approach for an economic and robust industrial implementation of this intelligence is the use of PLCs. PLCs can be simulated in multiple ways; in this project, Codesys was chosen for several reasons which are explained in this paper. The first part of this paper explains the modelling of a pump itself, the process load of the asynchronous motor with a control system, and the simulation possibilities of the motor in Codesys. The second part describes the simulation and testing of a system realized. The third part elaborates the Codesys system structure and interfacing of the system with external files. The final part consists of comparing the result with an earlier Matlab/SIMULINK model and original test data.

The relevance of the study is determined by the implementation of housing reforms in Volgograd region and the need to assess their effectiveness. The object of the study is the public opinion about the current state of housing and communal services in Volgograd region. The purpose of the work is to identify the degree of satisfaction of citizens with tariffs and quality of services provided by property management companies. The methodology includes structural and statistical analysis as well as the synthesis of the results obtained from the formation of an objective and unambiguous assessment of the quality and tariffs of housing services in the region. The results obtained indicate a low level of satisfaction with the services of property management companies, herewith citizens are more dissatisfied with the level of price tariffs, while the level of satisfaction with the quality of housing and communal services is at a slightly higher level. According to the results of the study, possible directions for the improvement of the quality of services provided have been identified. The ways to reduce price tariffs by means of the optimization of funding sources by means of an effective mechanism development for public and private partnership have been suggested. In addition, the authors have determined that the control of the efficiency of residential and utilities services organizations should be transferred to the company presented by members of housing owners’ associations and other socially oriented non-profit organizations. The results of the study can be used to identify the priority areas for the improvement of housing and communal services in Volgograd region.