Proper plugin protocols

Static analysis of source code security: Assessment of tools against SAMATE tests

Motivation: Certain studies use short-TE MRS to estimate metabolites such as gamma-aminobutyric acid. The findings of such studies hinge on the correlation of this technique to the gold-standard edited MRS technique. Goal(s): We investigate how the false negative rate and false positive rate of studies vary as a function of correlation between short-TE and MEGA-edited metabolite estimates. Approach: Simulated data was used to numerically estimate the false positive and false negative rates, using parameters obtained from the literature. Results: We show that these studies can have largely inflated false positive and false negative rates as compared to their nominally designed values. Impact: The false negative and false positive rate can be markedly inflated when using short-TE MRS to estimate metabolites such as gamma-aminobutyric acid. This calls for increased caution in interpreting results, and the accommodation of these effects when designing statistical analyses.

The age population structure of Olivancillaria vesica auricularia at Cassino beach, Rio Grande – RS, Brazil was studied according to the growth lines on the body whorl. The individuals were collected monthly from December 1996 to June 1998 at the washing and surfing zone. A total of 401 animals (220 males and 181 females) were collected. The shell size ranged between 15.2 mm and 57.0 mm, where 0 to 6 growth lines were distinguished. The growth lines are Orange longitudinal bands, with 1.0 to 2.0 mm width, over the external surface of the body whorl and transversally on the fascicle. The growth lines can be on the external lip (border) or approximately 5.0 mm distant from the border (middle). The number of the growth lines had strong correlation with the shell size (r = 0.86), which indicated that the number of growth lines found on the body whorl is proportional to the size of the shell. No significant differences were detected between sexes considering the number of the growth lines. Probably the formation of the growth lines could be related with seasonal environmental conditions. During the autumn and winter, animals with growth lines on the shell border were predominant, and during the spring and summer, animals with growth lines distant to the border were abundant.

به‌منظور ارزیابی آثار تنش رطوبتی بر صفات زراعی و مورفولوژیک لاین‌های اینبرد نوترکیب گندم، مطالعه‌ای با استفاده از 169‌لاین در قالب دو طرح لاتیس جداگانه (تنش رطوبتی و شاهد) اجرا شد. دو رژیم رطوبتی مشتمل بر آبیاری بر اساس 70 و 130‌میلی‌متر تبخیر از تشتک تبخیر کلاس A و همین‌طور درصد رطوبت وزنی خاک استفاده شد. نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد که تفاوت بین لاین‌ها در شرایط عادی رطوبتی برای کلیه صفات به‌جزء تعداد دانه در سنبله، وزن دانه در سنبله، طول سنبله، تعداد روز تا گرده‌افشانی و تعداد روز تا رسیدگی معنی‌دار بوده است. در شرایط تنش رطوبتی نیز تفاوت لاین‌ها برای همه صفات به‌جزء تعداد دانه در سنبله، وزن هزار‌دانه و طول سنبله معنی‌دار بود. تنش رطوبتی موجب کاهش تعداد روز تا ظهور سنبله، تعداد روز تا گرده‌افشانی، تعداد روز تا رسیدگی، تعداد سنبله در واحد سطح، طول سنبله، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد دانه در سنبله، وزن دانه در سنبله، وزن هزار‌دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک، عملکرد دانه و شاخص برداشت گردید. وراثت‌پذیری خصوصی شاخص برداشت در شرایط عدم تنش رطوبتی کمتر از شرایط اعمال تنش بود. بیش‌ترین وراثت‌‌پذیری خصوصی در شرایط معمول رطوبتی به تعداد سنبله در واحد سطح (77درصد) و در شرایط تنش رطوبتی به عملکرد دانه (84درصد) اختصاص داشت. نتایج رگرسیون مرحله‌ای در شرایط تنش رطوبتی نشان داد که تعداد سنبله در واحد سطح اولین متغیر وارد شده به مدل بوده است که به‌تنهایی 65‌درصد از تغییرات عملکرد دانه را تبیین نمود.

Ranaviruses have been identified as the etiologic agent in many amphibian die-offs across the globe. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is commonly used to detect ranavirus infection in amphibian hosts, but the test results may vary between tissue samples obtained by lethal and non-lethal procedures. Testing liver samples for infection is a common lethal sampling technique to estimate ranavirus prevalence because the pathogen often targets this organ and the liver is easy to identify and collect. However, tail clips or swabs may be more practicable for ranavirus surveillance programs compared with collecting and euthanizing animals, especially for uncommon species. Using PCR results from liver samples for comparison, we defined false-positive test results as occurrences when a non-lethal technique indicated positive but the liver sample was negative. Similarly, we defined false-negative test results as occurrences when a non-lethal technique was negative but the liver sample was positive. Using these decision rules, we estimated false-negative and false-positive rates for tail clips and swabs. Our study was conducted in a controlled facility using American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles; false-positive and false-negative rates were estimated after different periods of time following exposure to ranavirus. False-negative and false-positive rates were 20 and 6%, respectively, for tail samples, and 22 and 12%, respectively, for swabs. False-negative rates were constant over time, but false-positive rates decreased with post-exposure duration. Our results suggest that non-lethal sampling techniques can be useful for ranavirus surveillance, although the prevalence of infection may be underestimated when compared to results obtained with liver samples.

The Effect of Testing Reliability on Visual Field Sensitivity in Normal Eyes: The Singapore Chinese Eye Study

To evaluate the false-negative and false-positive error rates both in a screening and a non-screening population. A total of 4192 prostatic biopsies were reported in a 6-year period by 15 consultant histopathologists, two of whom had an interest in uropathology and were deemed to be specialists (J.O. and C.S.). All biopsies were reviewed prior to the multidisciplinary team (MDT) meeting. The overall false-negative rate was 1.7% (screening 2.1%, non-screening 1.5%). The overall false-positive rate was 0.5% (screening 0.9%, non-screening 0.4%). These error rates varied among pathologists, with the false-negative rate ranging from 0% to 9.3%, and the false-positive rate ranging from 0% to 3.8%. The false-negative rate was three times greater than the false-positive rate, showing that detection of significant pathology is far greater in the negative biopsies. More errors occurred in the screening population than in the non-screening population. The consultants making the most errors were non-specialists, but the specialists also made false-negative errors, suggesting that just using specialist reporting alone would not have eradicated errors.

An Evaluation of Conventional Culture, invA PCR, and the Real-Time PCR iQ-Check Kit as Detection Tools for Salmonella in Naturally Contaminated Premarket and Retail Turkey

The influence of fatigue and related factors on automated perimetric testing was evaluated in both eyes of sixteen normal observers and sixteen patients with early-to-moderate visual field loss using a Digilab 750 automated perimeter and a customized test procedure. False positive rate, false negative rate, and detection sensitivity at 5,10,15, and 20 degrees eccentricity were measured in 1.5-rain intervals throughout a 21-min visual field examination. Half of the normal observers and patients with visual field loss were given a briefrest(1.5-min) midway through each visual field exam to determine whether this would reduce fatigue effects. Our findings revealed that patients displayed considerably higher average false positive and false negative rates than normal observers. However, neither the patients nor normal observers demonstrated any consistent changes in false positive rate or false negative rate as a function of testing duration. In contrast, both normal observers and patients showed an average decrease in sensitivity as a function of increasing test duration with the magnitude of the time-dependent sensitivity loss becoming greater with increasing stimulus eccentricity. Patients demonstrated a larger time-dependent sensitivity loss than normal observers, averaging ~4dB at 20 degrees eccentricity. The introduction of a brief pause midway through the test procedure appeared to reduce the time-dependent sensitivity loss for the second half of the test procedure, especially for greater eccentricities.

Several different types of detectors, software, and hardware designs are employed in instruments used to monitor radioactive content of freight shipments in order to detect illicit trafficking of nuclear materials. The instruments can be container monitors, hand-held radiation detectors, mobile analysis systems, or fixed radiation portal monitors. However, within the various groupings (e.g., portal monitors), all instruments are expected to solve the same problem, that is, to detect and identify any radioactive material present according to the prescribed investigative procedure or CONOPS. The best way to compare the performance of different instruments is with a numerical score or Figure of Merit (FOM). The FOM must quantify the performance of the instrument with respect to true positives (TP), false positives (FP), and false negatives (FN). The minimization of FN for certain radionuclides (e.g., uranium and plutonium or other Special Nuclear Material (SNM)) is more important than the minimization of FN for non-threat nuclides (e.g., low level NORM). In a similar way, the minimization of FP for SNM is more important than falsely reporting the common NORM nuclides which represent no threat. System performance depends on the measurement detail (e.g., transit speed through a portal, measurement time in general, amount and distribution of NORM), therefore the test conditions should also be included in the statement of the FOM. The FOM is expected to vary significantly with the above measurement details. A FOM has been developed based on the number of true positives (TP), the number of false important positives (FIP), the number of FP, the number of true positives for SNM (TPSNM), and the number of false positives for SNM (FPSNM). This formula rates the overall performance with extra weight given to FP and FN for SNM. Examples will be shown for testing of portal monitors.

Drivers of Departure and Prospecting in Dispersing Juvenile Red Kites (Milvus milvus)

This paper aims to explore the application of deep learning in smart contract vulnerabilities detection. Smart contracts are an essential part of blockchain technology and are crucial for developing decentralized applications. However, smart contract vulnerabilities can cause financial losses and system crashes. Static analysis tools are frequently used to detect vulnerabilities in smart contracts, but they often result in false positives and false negatives because of their high reliance on predefined rules and lack of semantic analysis capabilities. Furthermore, these predefined rules quickly become obsolete and fail to adapt or generalize to new data. In contrast, deep learning methods do not require predefined detection rules and can learn the features of vulnerabilities during the training process. In this paper, we introduce a solution called Lightning Cat which is based on deep learning techniques. We train three deep learning models for detecting vulnerabilities in smart contract: Optimized-CodeBERT, Optimized-LSTM, and Optimized-CNN. Experimental results show that, in the Lightning Cat we propose, Optimized-CodeBERT model surpasses other methods, achieving an f1-score of 93.53%. To precisely extract vulnerability features, we acquire segments of vulnerable code functions to retain critical vulnerability features. Using the CodeBERT pre-training model for data preprocessing, we could capture the syntax and semantics of the code more accurately. To demonstrate the feasibility of our proposed solution, we evaluate its performance using the SolidiFI-benchmark dataset, which consists of 9369 vulnerable contracts injected with vulnerabilities from seven different types.

Relationships between age and visual field (VF) reliability indices were investigated using a large real-world dataset (42,421 VF data points from 11,525 eyes of 5930 subjects). All VFs tested and stored at Shimane University Hospital between 1988 and 2019 were exported. Correlations between age, mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD), and reliability indices including fixation losses (FLs), false negatives (FNs), and false positives (FPs) were analyzed. The mean ± standard deviation age was 65.0 ± 15.1 years; MD—−6.9 ± 8.1 decibels (dB); PSD—6.3 ± 4.6 dB; FL—8.6 ± 11.7%; FN—5.3 ± 8.3%; and FP—2.6 ± 5.0%. Univariate analyses showed strong associations between age and FNs (correlation coefficient, ρ = 0.20, p < 0.0001) and MD (ρ = −0.21, p < 0.0001). All FLs, FNs, and FPs were lowest during the third decade (20–29 years) of life. FLs were elevated consistently after that decade, and FNs were elevated sharply after the seventh decade. FPs were relatively stable after the fourth decade (30–39 years). Mixed-effect regression analyses in subjects 40 years and older showed that older age was associated with worse FLs (p < 0.0001) and FNs (p < 0.0001) but not FPs (p = 0.4126). Aging affects FLs and FNs with different modes but had minimal effects on FPs. Decreased VF sensitivity, deteriorated macular function, and technical difficulties with testing may be mechanisms of age-related changes in FLs and FNs.

MP32-18 EVALUATING THE DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF BIPARAMETRIC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN MUSCLE-INVASIVE BLADDER CANCER

How do we make the best choice in assays used to monitor HLA antibodies in renal recipients awaiting transplant? A comparison of flowpra beads with luminex single-antigen beads