Proposed guidelines for publishing ontology papers

Dear SCPE Reader, We present a selection of papers which are extensions of papers presented at the 7-th International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Computing, 1–5 July 2008, in Krakow, Poland. The motivation for publishing the selection in the SCPE Journal was, on the one hand, to present the flavour of the research reported at the conference and on the other hand to present some of the most relevant topics currently focused on the research on parallel and distributed computing in general. The selection contains only 6 papers out of about 60 presented at the conference, and thus, is far from covering all relevant topics represented at the ISPDC 2008. This is because not all of the invited authors were patient enough to accept a fairly long paper publishing process. Nevertheless, we hope that the presented papers will bring you closer to the research covered by the ISPDC conferences and will encourage you to participate in future ISPDC editions. The first paper ``The Impact of Workload Variability on Load Balancing Algorithms'' is by Marta Beltran and Antonio Guzman from King Juan Carlos University in Spain. It concerns an important topic of load balancing in cluster systems, namely adaptativity of the load balancing algorithms to changes of the workload in the system. Adequate accounting for additional load in the hosting system is of great relevance for correct optimization effects. The paper presents a thorough formal analysis of the workload variability metrics and their influence on the quality of load balancing algorithms. Four basic activities appearing in load balancing algorithms are identified, and based on them some algorithmic solutions are proposed to correctly deal with workload variability in system load balancing. The problem of dynamic load balancing algorithms robustness has been discussed. Two different robustness metrics sensitive to the applied type of opimization: local task-oriented or a global one enable selecting task remote execution or migration as load balancing operations. The proposed approach is illustrated with experiments. The second paper ``Model-Driven Engineering and Formal Validation of High-Performance Embedded Systems'' is by Abdoulaye Gamatie, Eric Rutten, Huafeng Yu, Pierre Boulet, Jean-Luc Dekeyser, from University of Lille and INRIA in France. The paper is concerned with a very advanced methodology of designing correct parallel embedded systems for intensive data-parallel computing. In their previous research, the authors of the paper designed the GASPARD embedded system design framework. It is based on the hardware/software co-design approach through model-driven engineering. The framework is based on an UML-like model specification language in which hardware and software elements are modelled using a component approach with special mechanisms for repetitive structures. This paper tries to combine the modelling framework of GASPARD with the mechanisms of synchronous languages to achieve design verifiability provided for such languages. The paper shows how GASPARD models can be translated into synchronous models based on data flow equations in order to formally check their correctness. The proposed approach is illustrated with an example of a video processing system. The third paper ``Relations Between Several Parallel Computational Models'' is by Stephan Bruda and Yuanqiao Zhang from Bishop’s University in Canada. The paper is concerned with theoretical aspects of shared memory systems described by the parallel random access machine PRAM model and aims in studying performance properties of different types of PRAM systems. The attention is focussed on analysing the computational power of two more sophisticated PRAM models (Combining CRCW and Broadcast Selective Reduction), which include data reduction in case of concurrent writes. The paper shows that these two models have equivalent computational power, which is a new result comparing the existing literature. The performance of both models applied to reconfigurable multiple bus machines was studied as a possible architectural solution for current VLSI processor implementations. It was shown that in such systems under reasonable assumptions concurrent-write does not enhance performance comparing the exclusive-write model. Another result important for the VLSI technology is that the Combining CRCW PRAM model (in which data of concurrent writes are arthmetically or logically combined before write) and the exclusive-write on directed reconfigurable busses perform in equivalent way under strong real-time requirements. The fourth paper ``Experiences with Mesh-Like Computations Using Prediction Binary Trees'' is by Gennaro Cordasco, Biagio Cosenza, Rosario de Chiara, Ugo Erra and Vittorio Scarano from the University ``degli Studi'' of Salerno and the University ``degli Studi della Biasilicata'' of Potenza in Italy. The paper concerns optimization methods for mesh-like computations in clusters of processors. The computations are perfomed assuming a phase-like program execution control using a tiling approach which reduces inter-processor communication. A temporal coherence is also assumed, which means that task sizes provide similar execution times in consecutive phases. Temporary coherent computations are structured in a Prediction Binary Tree, in which leaves represent computing tiles to be mapped to processors. A phase-by-phase semi-static load balancing is introduced to the scheduling algorithm. The scheduling algorithm is equipped with a predictor, which estimates the computation time of next phase tiles based on previous execution times and modifies the tiles to achieve balanced execution in phases. For this, two heuristics are used to leverage on data locality in processors. The proposed approach is illustrated by the example of interactive rendering with Parallel Ray Tracing algorithm. The fifth paper ``The Influence of the IBM pSeries Servers Virtualization Mechanism on Dynamic Resource Allocation in AIX 5L'' is by Maciej Mlynski from ASpartner Limited in Poland. The paper concerns a very up-to-date problem of system virtualization and presents the results of research carried on IBM pSeries servers. IBM is strongly developing the virtualization technique especially on IBM pSeries servers enabling an improved and flexible sharing of system resources between applications. The paper investigates novel facilities for dynamic resource management such as micro-partitioning and partition load manager. They enable dynamic creation of workload logical partitions of system resources and their dynamic mangement. It includes run-time resource re-alocation between logical partitions including setting of sharing specifications as well as run-time adding/removing/setting parameters of resources in the system. It remains an open question how to properly tune parameters of the operating system using the provided virtualization facilities to obtain the best efficiency for a given application program. The paper presents the results of experiments which study the effects of tuning the disk subsystem parameters under the IBM AIX 5L operating system with the use of the provided virtualization facilities on the resulting application execution performance. The results show that even small deterioration in the resource pool status requires an immediate adaptation of the operating system parameters to maintain the required performance. The sixth paper ``HeteroPBLAS: A Set of Parallel Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms Optimized for Heterogeneous Computational Clusters'' is by Ravi Reddy, Alexey Lastovetsky and Pedro Alonso from University College Dublin in Ireland and Polytechnic University of Valencia in Spain. The paper concerns the methodology for parallelization of linear algebra computations for execution in heterogeneous cluster environments. The design of the HeteroPBLAS library (Parallel Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms) for heterogeneous computational clusters is presented. The main contribution of the paper is the automation of the parallelization and optimization of the PBLAS, which is done by means of a special user interface and the underlying set of functions. An important element is here a performance model that is based on program code instrumentation, which determines parameters of the application and the executive heterogeneous platform relevant for execution performance of parallel code. The parameter values specified for or returned by execution of the performance model functions are next used for generation and optimal mapping of the parallel code of the library subroutines. The proposed approach is illustrated by experimental results of execution of optimized HeteroPBLAS programs on homogeneous and heterogeneous computing clusters. Marek Tudruj

There are an estimated eight million children residing in orphanages, or residential care institutions, globally, however it is estimated that at least four out of five of these children are not orphans. It is well documented that many children in developing States are recruited from their families into orphanages for the purpose of exploitation and profit, a process known as ‘paper orphaning’ or ‘orphanage trafficking’. Paper orphaning involves the recruitment of a child from their family by a child finder or orphanage operator; the manipulation of gatekeeping procedures to admit the child to an orphanage; the construction of fraudulent documentation to attest to the child’s orphaned status; and the maintenance of the child in ongoing institutionalisation for the purpose of profit through donor funding and orphanage tourism. Since 2005, paper orphaning has been anecdotally referred to as ‘trafficking’ but without a legal basis given for the assertion. More recently, the trafficking of children into orphanages was included in the United States Department of State Trafficking in Persons Reports of 2017 and 2018, and considered by the Australian Government as part of its Inquiry into whether Australia should have a Modern Slavery Act in 2017. This thesis provides the legal argument that underpins this recognition, establishing that the recruitment of children into orphanages for the purpose of exploitation and profit is a form of child trafficking under international law. A comprehensive analysis of paper orphaning as a form of child trafficking is presented in this thesis. It details the process of paper orphaning, and demonstrates the prevalence of paper orphaning in developing States by analysing eight representative States across four regions in the developing world where there is evidence that the rising number of children in institutional care is in part due to the presence of donor funding and orphanage tourism. The prevalence of paper orphaning globally establishes the need for a consistent international response and provides a rationale for the application of international law. Paper orphaning is facilitated by an enabling environment where the utility of the orphan child in aid and development is manipulated by governments and non-government organisations in part to profit from donor funding and orphanage tourism. Orphanage tourism, where people pay to visit or volunteer with orphans, has become an increasingly popular tourist activity over the past decade. The increasing demand for orphanage tourism has created a demand for the maintenance of an orphan population to visit and volunteer with. Paper orphaning meets this demand by recruiting children under the guise of providing an education, and forcing them to pretend to be orphans. Paper orphaning is a form of child trafficking under the definition found in the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime 2000 (‘Trafficking Protocol’). To meet the requirements of the definition of child trafficking in the Trafficking Protocol, both the act and purpose elements of that definition must be satisfied. Previously, the major point of contention for paper orphaning being regarded as child trafficking is that it did not meet the purpose element. This thesis argues that there are two ways the purpose element is satisfied in paper orphaning. The first is that paper orphans are subjected to forms of exploitation that are listed in the Trafficking Protocol. The second is that where paper orphans experience forms of exploitation that are not listed in the Trafficking Protocol, the ‘purpose element’ can be satisfied in situations where the conduct exhibits that an unfair advantage is present and a threshold of seriousness is met. Paper orphans commonly experience two forms of exploitation that meet the purpose element: ongoing institutionalisation for profit and orphanage tourism. Thus, in many, and perhaps most, cases, paper orphaning can be interpreted as a form of child trafficking under international law. To combat paper orphaning as a form of child trafficking, a comprehensive multi-sector framework focusing on both anti-trafficking and child protection mechanisms should be implemented. This framework entails the criminalisation and prosecution of paper orphaning as child trafficking; the prevention of paper orphaning through addressing vulnerability, demand, corruption and complicity; and the provision of protection and assistance for child victims of paper orphaning focusing on identification, reintegration, and access to remedies.

A study to determine the best alternative substrate paper for testing seed viability in rolled paper method was conducted with 2 experiments. The first experiment studied the physical characteristic of six substrate papers, straw, filter, stencil, CD, HVS and Samson related to seed germination. The second experiment was conducted to identify the best alternative substrate for testing germination of different seeds. High and low viability of rice, maize, peanut, yardlong bean, chick pea and leafy vegetable seeds were tested with the substrate papers arranged in a Randomized Block Design with three replications. The first experiment showed that CD and Stencil papers had good physical characters for germination substrate. Water absorption of CD and stencil papers were 28.1g and 24.4g per medium unit, lower than Straw paper (46.51 g/medium unit) but significantly higher than the international standard of filter paper (20.7g/medium unit). In rolled paper test, no significant difference of water holding ability among the papers. Water lost during the 7 day testing were less than 2 g/medium unit for all of the papers. All of the papers including stencil and CD papers were homogenous with low coefficient of variation, less than 5%. The second experiment showed that different data of germination percentages and dry weight of normal seedlings were obtained from the diferrent subtrate papers. As compared to the common substrate straw paper, the stencil paper produced the most similar data, 100% and 91.7% similarities of germination percentage and dry weight of normal seedlings, respectively, whereas the other papers performed 37.5 - 91.6% and 29.1 - 66.7%. Key words: Substrate paper, physical characteristic, seed viability testing.

This study focused on the effects of resins and adhesives on the preservation of a series of dyed handmade papers, called ”multi-colored, gold-embossed papers”. The substrates included filter paper, lab-prepared handmade papers, and commercial water-patterned handmade papers. The resins or adhesives were impregnated into the papers and then 105℃ dry heat was applied for accelerated aging treatment. Changes in the paper strengths and colors were determined afterward. The results indicated that the paper substrates exerted significant influences. Although the commercial paper upon impregnating with various gelatins could markedly increase its folding endurance, after 12 d of 105℃ dry-heat, however, the folding endurance was almost reduced to 0; tearing strength retention was merely 20%. Thus it was not durable and would not be suitable for use as a medium for artistic creations. Individual resins and adhesives exhibited differing effects; they affected the original strengths of the substrate papers, but also the aging responses and changes in coloration. For tearing strength retention, the 2 wet-strength resins, sodium alginate, alum-added gelatin, and starch showed poorer strengths after the 105℃ dry-heat treatment. Resins or adhesives added with an insolubilizer, AZC, were superior to alum, and the effects were more distinctive in filter paper than in handmade papers, mainly because there was no calcium carbonate in the filter paper to neutralize the acidity of the alum.

Background: Conference special issues are common, yet their value to journals, authors, and editors might not be clear. Goal: Use citation rates to assess the performance of papers published in special issues, while bearing in mind that citation rates are not the be-all-and-end-all indicator of scientific merit. Data: Citations from Web of Science to papers in the seven previous special issues of the International Conference on Stickleback Behaviour and Evolution – relative to: (1) citations to other papers published in the same journals in the same years, and (2) citations to stickleback papers published elsewhere in the literature in the same years. From the journal perspective: Papers published inside conference special issues have approximately the same performance as papers published outside special issues in the same journal. However, results vary among issues, with some performing worse and some better than other papers published in the same journal. From the author perspective: Papers published inside conference special issues garner fewer citations than papers on the same taxon (stickleback) published elsewhere; but the difference is often only modest. Moreover, the longevity of influence for papers published in recent (2000 onward) special issues appears better than for stickleback papers published elsewhere. Specifically, citation rates to stickleback papers published in special issues tend to increase with time since publication, relative to those stickleback papers published elsewhere. From the editor perspective: Relative to other editing contexts, the collection of papers in a special issue can be more interesting; the review process is more collegial, constructive, and efficient; editorial decisions are more enjoyable; and the opportunity to advance the field is greater.

This special issue is based on a collection of selected papers presented at the Fifth International Conference on Advanced Computing held in Chennai (Madras), India in December 97. The International Conference on Advanced Computing is organized annually in India by the Advanced Computing Society (ACS) which is a premier professional society set up in India to cater to the broad interests in the area of Advanced Computing. One of the significant activities of the Society is to organize regular Meetings/Conferences/Symposia. The Conferences are held annually in India during December. Out of the shortlisted papers presented at the Conference held in Chennai (Madras) during December 97, the following six papers were finally selected after a second round of detailed review of the papers. The first paper On designing and implementing collaborative system using Java-RMI by Rajeev R. Raje, Snehasis Mukhopadhyay, Michael Boyles and Nila Patel describe the use of Java-RMI in designing a collaborative information classifier. The principles of RMI, the details of the prototype, and some preliminary results are presented. The paper primarily concentrates on web-based computing paradigms. In the second paper A framework for performance-based program partitioning , Ram Subramanian and Santosh Pande present an efficient and accurate performance model based program-partitioning approach for parallel architectures. The interactions between computation and communication are captured through behavioral edges . The approach yields significant performance improvement. The third paper DDSCHED: a distributed dynamic real-time scheduling algorithm by Anup K. Bhattacharjee, K. Ravindranath, R. Mall and A. Pal presents a dynamic soft real-time scheduling algorithm for distributed systems. The algorithm is based on a local scheduler and a distributed scheduling scheme. The algorithm takes care of the network delays assuming that the communication protocol is CSMA/CD. In the fourth paper Generic operational decomposition for concurrent systems semantics and reflection , Annie Marcoux, Christine Maurel, Frederic Migeon and Patrick Salle discuss about the reflection in concurrent languages, particularly in actor-based languages. The main objective of the paper is to extend concurrent systems to reflection. The authors present a modular and dynamic description of entity operational management, and extend the decomposition to obtain reflective entities. The fifth paper Parallel programming using visual patterns by A. S. M. Sajeev proposes a two level approach to parallel programming within the context of a visual environment. The first level is the specification of patterns encapsulating process communation and synchronization, and the second level is the use of patterns for parallel programming. The approach encourages reuse of patterns. In the sixth paper An application framework for dynamic distributed software architectures , G. R. Ribeiro-Justo and P. R. F. Cunha present an object-oriented application framework for developing evolving (reconfigurable) software architectures for distributed systems. The application framework is called C++CL. Such a requirement is encountered in banking, industrial control and telecommunications applications. We are extremely thankful to the following reviewers who have helped us in reviewing the papers submitted for this special issue: Lawrence Jenkins N. Mohan Ram Nishit Narang Rajeev Shorey Sameer Adhikari K. Balaji K. Rajan Sumit Kasera Subhrajyothi Bhar Pankaj Sethi Ravindranath Kokku Guest Editors: L. M. Patnaik, Ravi Mittal and K. M. Mehta

is used to expressed the most important content of the paper. Paper abstract, as the ”must” of all published papers, should clearly and concisely present the important issues addressed in the paper.This work studied the 81 paper abstracts published during 2006-2008 in three Japanese Associations of Taiwan, and summarized the compositions, paragraphs, and titles used by language, Japanese education, and literature disciplines. It is noted that each abstract was comprised of two paragraphs with seven sentences. The conjunctions used in language and education papers resemble with each other, and differed from the literature papers. Language papers focused on conclusion, methodology, and objective; education papers focused on methodology, conclusion and background while the literature papers focused on background, methodology, and conclusion. The sequence of description also differs amongst disciplines. The language and education paper abstracts commonly adopted ”topic, focus, conclusion and proposal” as the opening; while the literature paper abstracts frequently used ”introducing time, place, people” as the opening.This paper should benefit the following compositions in different fields.

Objective To analyze the papers published in Journal of Chinese Behavioral Medicine and Brain Science(JCBMBS) from 2009 to 2014 so as to know well of the characteristics of published papers and the progress of the journal. Methods Based on the published magazines, Wanfang database and the Magtech system, bibliometric analysis was conducted to analyze the quantity, types, authors, cooperation, citations and the funds of all the papers published from 2009 to 2014. Results A total of 2 343 papers were published from 2009 to 2014 with the average 390.50 items per year, 32.54 items per tissue and 0.34 items per page.It was stable in columns setting and publishing types while the original papers accounted for more than 70% every year.Zero fund-supported papers decreased year by year and the funds were 1.41-1.83 per article while the ratio of national funds supported papers were 20%-31%.It had a steady author group and the high produced institutions maintained stable.The ratio of cooperation in institutions were 45%-58%.The ratio cooperation in authors were 95.45%-97.09% and it was high and steady.The citations were 12.45-18.48 per article which increased year by year. Conclusion From 2009 to 2014, the annual published articles on JCBMBS decrease, the paper density decreases and the citations increase year by year.It is relatively steady in columns setting, core authors, ratio of fund-supported papers and cooperation. Key words: Paper analysis; Ratio of fund-supported papers; Ratio of co-writing; Citation amount; Bibliometric

Objective To investigate the effect of sterilization and cost of different packaging materials and packing patterns,with a view to provide evidences for looking for packing materials with low-cost and perfect sterilization effect.Methods Five kinds of packaging materials and eight kinds of packaging methods were used to pack goods which was sent to sterilize after packing.Then examined part of packs on 14,21,30,60,90,150,180 days after sterilizing,respectively.The effect of sterilization,preservation time and cost were compared among the eight groups.Results All of the eight packing methods had reached the sterile effect.Preservation time of medical creps paper,medical nonwoven fabrics,medical three-dimensional paper bag and paper plastic package all of which had sterilized was longer than cotton package.One time packing of doubledeck cotton was compared with monolayer medical crepe paper,one time of packing of medical nonwoven fabrics,medical three-dimensional paper bag and paper plastic package for the cost,respectively.the differences were significant (t=27.9,25.3,22.7,respectively; P ＜ 0.01 ).Two times of packing of doubledeck cotton was compared with medical crepe paper,two times of packing of medical nonwoven fabrics,medical three-dimensional paper bag and paper plastic package for the cost,respectively,the differences were obvious (t=24.5,28.2,26.4,respectively;P＜0.01).Conclusions Disposable medical crepe paper type,medical non-woven type,three-dimensional medical bag type,paper and plastic packaging has good resistance bacteria sterilization effect,the packaging costs are significantly lower than the cotton packing,it has an absolute advantage as re-sterilization packaging of medical devices. Key words: Sterilization; Cost analysis; Packaging material

Footpad dermatitis (FPD) is a type of skin inflammation that causes necrotic lesions on the plantar surface of the footpads in commercial poultry, with significant animal welfare, and economic implications. To identify biomarkers for FPD development and wound healing, a battery cage trial was conducted in which a paper sheet was put on the bottom of cages to hold feces to induce FPD of broilers. Day-of-hatch Ross 308 male broiler chicks were fed a corn–soybean meal diet and assigned to 3 treatments with 8 cages per treatment and 11 birds per cage. Cages without paper sheets were used as a negative control (NEG). Cages with paper sheets during the entire growth period (d 0–30) were used as a positive control (POS) to continually induce FPD. Cages with paper sheets during d 0–13 and without paper sheets during d 14–30 were used to examine the dynamic of FPD development and lesion wound healing (LWH). Footpad lesions were scored to grade (G) 1–5 with no lesion in G1 and most severe lesion in G5. Covering with paper sheets in POS and LWH induced 99% incidence of G3 footpads on d 13. Removing paper sheets from LWH healed footpad lesions by d 30. One representative bird, with lesions most close to pen average lesion score, was chosen to collect footpad skin samples for biomarker analysis. Total collagen protein and mRNA levels of tenascin X (TNX), type I α1 collagen (COL1A1), type III α1 collagen (COL3A1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3), and integrin α1 (ITGA1) mRNA levels were decreased (P < 0.05), while mRNA levels of tenascin C (TNC), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), IL-1β, and the ratio of MMP2 to all TIMP were increased (P < 0.03) in G3 footpads in POS and LWH compared to G1 footpads in NEG on d 14. These parameters continued to worsen with development of more severe lesions in POS. After paper sheets were removed (i.e., LWH), levels of these parameters gradually or rapidly returned to levels measured in NEG. Regression analysis indicated significant quadratic changes of these parameters to footpad lesion scores. In summary, these biomarkers were interrelated with dynamic changes of footpad lesion scores, suggesting they may be used as potential biomarkers for footpad lesion development and wound healing process.

Replacement of conventional LASER films with digital paper prints as supplement to radiology reports may serve as an economical and environment friendly method. However, it is essential that such a change does not compromise patient's intended diagnostic outcome. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and acceptability of digital paper prints for the radiographic images by the treating physicians and radiologists. This observational analytical study was done at a tertiary care hospital of New Delhi, India. A total of 58 consecutively ordered wrist radiographs of paediatric patients (6 months to 12 years of age) for ruling out rickets were retrieved from the PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System). These 58 radiographs, out of which 21 (36.2%) had radiological evidence of rickets over PACS were printed on two different media i.e., LASER films and glossy photographic paper. An objective scoring for the severity of rickets was done on both LASER films and paper prints by six observers independently. Overall comfort level with paper prints was rated on a 1-5 point Likert scale. Data was analysed using STATA 14.0 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX). Intra-observer percentage agreement and value of Cohen's kappa for PACS vs. LASER films and PACS vs. paper prints was equal i.e., 98.3% and 0.97, respectively. Intra-observer agreement between LASER films and paper prints for all six observers was excellent, ranging from 0.92 to 1.00; percentage agreement ranging from 94.8% to 100%. Fracture of ulna/radius present in 4 sets of the X-rays was well demonstrated in both LASER films and paper prints. Comfort level with paper prints was rated as 5 out of 5 by all due to no requirement of any special illuminated view box and dark room. This study concludes that the use of paper prints may serve as a reliable alternative to LASER films to communicate the report of wrist radiographs for the treating physicians without any compromise over diagnostic information in cases of rickets.

The core service of most research portal sites is providing relevant research papers to various researchers that match their research interests. This kind of service may only be effective and easy to use when a user can provide correct and concrete information about a paper such as the title, authors, and keywords. However, unfortunately, most users of this service are not acquainted with concrete bibliographic information. It implies that most users inevitably experience repeated trial and error attempts of keyword-based search. Especially, retrieving a relevant research paper is more difficult when a user is novice in the research domain and does not know appropriate keywords. In this case, a user should perform iterative searches as follows : i) perform an initial search with an arbitrary keyword, ii) acquire related keywords from the retrieved papers, and iii) perform another search again with the acquired keywords. This usage pattern implies that the level of service quality and user satisfaction of a portal site are strongly affected by the level of keyword management and searching mechanism. To overcome this kind of inefficiency, some leading research portal sites adopt the association rule mining-based keyword recommendation service that is similar to the product recommendation of online shopping malls. However, keyword recommendation only based on association analysis has limitation that it can show only a simple and direct relationship between two keywords. In other words, the association analysis itself is unable to present the complex relationships among many keywords in some adjacent research areas. To overcome this limitation, we propose the hybrid approach for establishing association network among keywords used in research papers. The keyword association network can be established by the following phases : i) a set of keywords specified in a certain paper are regarded as co-purchased items, ii) perform association analysis for the keywords and extract frequent patterns of keywords that satisfy predefined thresholds of confidence, support, and lift, and iii) schematize the frequent keyword patterns as a network to show the core keywords of each research area and connecting keywords among two or more research areas. To estimate the practical application of our approach, we performed a simple experiment with 600 keywords. The keywords are extracted from 131 research papers published in five prominent Korean journals in 2009. In the experiment, we used the SAS Enterprise Miner for association analysis and the R software for social network analysis. As the final outcome, we presented a network diagram and a cluster dendrogram for the keyword association network. We summarized the results in Section 4 of this paper. The main contribution of our proposed approach can be found in the following aspects : i) the keyword network can provide an initial roadmap of a research area to researchers who are novice in the domain, ii) a researcher can grasp the distribution of many keywords neighboring to a certain keyword, and iii) researchers can get some idea for converging different research areas by observing connecting keywords in the keyword association network. Further studies should include the following. First, the current version of our approach does not implement a standard meta-dictionary. For practical use, homonyms, synonyms, and multilingual problems should be resolved with a standard meta-dictionary. Additionally, more clear guidelines for clustering research areas and defining core and connecting keywords should be provided. Finally, intensive experiments not only on Korean research papers but also on international papers should be performed in further studies.

To study the influences of cigarette material parameters on the deliveries of acidic aroma components in mainstream cigarette smoke, 21 acidic aroma components in the mainstream smoke of cigarettes prepared with cigarette material of different parameters(including the grammage and air permeability of cigarette paper, the air permeabilities of tipping paper and plug wrapper, and the pressure drop of filter) were determined by GC-MS. The influences of material parameters mentioned above on the deliveries of acidic aroma components in mainstream cigarette smoke were investigated in view of single-variate and multi-variate. The multi-variate prediction models for the deliveries of 6 acidic aroma components(tetradecanoic, hexadecanoic, linoleic, linolenic, oleic and octadecanoic acids) and the total delivery of acidic aroma components in mainstream cigarette smoke were established versus the grammage of cigarette paper, the air permeabilities of tipping paper and plug wrapper, and the pressure drop of filter. The results indicated that: 1) The deliveries of acidic aroma components were affected by the grammage of cigarette paper, the air permeabilities of tipping paper and plug wrapper, and the pressure drop of filter, while not by the air permeability of cigarette paper. 2) With the increase of the grammage of cigarette paper, the air permeabilities of tipping paper and plug wrapper, and the pressure drop of filter, the deliveries of the 6 acidic aroma components decreased, while the deliveries of the other 15 acidic aroma components(including propionic, butyric, 2-methyl butyric, 3-methyl butyric, pentanoic, 3-methyl pentanoic, 4-methyl pentanoic, lactic, hexanoic, 2-furoic, heptanoic, benzoic, octanoic, nonanoic and decanoic acids) basically unchanged. 3) The established models possessed good predictive ability.

The advent of the Internet and other modern ICTs has culminated in a “global village,” where people can interact with others across the globe as if they were living next door. This ICT-enabled connectedness has brought opportunities for the creation of new forms of exchange. Companies like YouTube, Alibaba or BlaBlaCar have successfully adopted a novel way of structuring their businesses – a platform model - by shifting organizational design away from selling products towards the facilitation of exchanges between two or more (related) user groups (e.g., content creators and audience in case of Youtube, sellers and buyers for Alibaba, riders and drivers in case of BlaBlaCar). This thesis focuses on two main areas that are affected by the transformation engendered by the ICT-enabled connectedness – business and communication. First, it discusses the sharing economy as a new economic paradigm that disrupted the traditional ownership model by leveraging peer-to-peer technological platforms to facilitate the exchange of resources. While many practitioners have presaged the sharing economy to open significant opportunities for a more sustainable and open society, some experts questioned the potentially devastating future of such peer-to-peer deals, drawing particular attention to the amplified information asymmetries. Prior research has explored uncertainty as a significant source of information asymmetry, mainly in e-commerce (e.g., eBay). Focusing on the unique contextual characteristics of sharing transactions (e.g., absence of ownership transfer, service orientation and intense interaction among parties), seven papers respond to an apparent urgency for systematic and thorough scrutiny of the sources and consequences of uncertainty in this particular domain. Paper A conceptualizes uncertainty in sharing arrangements by building on information asymmetry theory and extends it from supplier and resource to collaboration. We construct and validate a theoretical model that includes the antecedents, nature, and consequences of uncertainty. Building on the fact that ambiguity can be reduced with information, Paper B investigates the effectiveness and monetary value of the information cues commonly used by sharing platforms via a discrete choice experiment methodology. Acknowledging the potentially adverse effect of such cues as negative reviews, peer-to-peer sharing platforms have readily embraced the “response” option, empowering providers with the opportunity to challenge, deny or at least apologize for the subject of critique. Leaning on communication theory, Paper C explores the impact of different response strategies and review negativity on trusting beliefs towards the provider in accommodation sharing settings. Extending this line of research, Paper D, as a practice-oriented article, highlights the implications of negative reviews on the host’s image and willingness to rent a room. Lastly, Paper E reverses the perspective and affirms the receptivity of suppliers to the cues sent from the consumer’s side. As such, it uncovers the impact of different self-presentation strategies of an applicant on the host’s decision to accept a request from a stranger on a peer-to-peer sharing platform. Second, this thesis debates the implications of the ICT-enabled connectedness in the interpersonal communication context. The pervasive use of ICTs (especially smartphones) makes a difference in the ways we maintain and develop relationships, disclose things to each other, and exchange information. Users’ attachment to their smartphones, which often serve to engage with social media, evidenced detrimental intra- and interpersonal consequences, including negative emotions like envy, anger, depression and conflicts among conversational partners. To this end, two papers of the dissertation challenge the frequently promoted euphoria regarding the permanent “connectedness.” Specifically, the phenomenon of snubbing an interlocutor when using the smartphone in his or her company, coined as “phubbing,” motivations behind this behavior and the effect on communicational outcomes in education and relationship contexts have been investigated. Paper F focuses on the academic environment and demonstrates how interruptions through ICT undermine two key learning modalities – visual and auditory attention. Paper G investigates excessive smartphone use in a romantic context. We construct and validate a conceptual model that posits ignoring a partner with the smartphone as a predictor of adverse relationship outcomes through triggering feelings of jealousy. Implications for future research and practitioners are extensively discussed for each article and recapped in the final chapter.

Clinical paper searching is a major task for clinical researchers to collect authoritative and up-to-date evidences to support their research works and clinical practices. Currently, this task needs huge amount of labor work. Researchers usually spend a lot of time searching on the online repository and iterating many times to get the final paper list. Systematic review is a special case, in which the paper searching process is a critical step. To address this challenge, this paper introduces a method to streamline the iterative paper searching process. It automatically selects the most probably matched papers, and then generates new search strategy. All the intermediate results are visualized based on the paper citation graph. It assembles technologies such as PageRank and Topic-based clustering to accelerate the paper searching tasks. The precision, recall, and execution time of the proposed method are then evaluated by comparing with published systematic reviews.