Pseudodifferential Analysis and Modular Forms

If R(ω,q) denotes Dyson’s partition rank generating function, due to work of Bringmann and Ono, it is known that for roots of unity ω≠1, R(ω,q) is the “holomorphic part” of a harmonic weak Maass form. Dating back to Ramanujan, it is also known that \(\widehat{R}(\omega,q):=R(\omega,q^{-1})\) is given by Eichler integrals and modular forms. In analogy to these results, more recently Monks and Ono have shown that modular forms arise in a natural way from G(ω,q), the generating function for ranks of partitions into distinct parts. Moreover, Monks and Ono pose the following problem: determine whether the function \(\widehat{G}(\omega,q):=G(\omega,q^{-1})\) appears naturally in the theory of modular forms. Here we answer this question of Monks and Ono, and show that \(\widehat{G}(\omega,q)\) , when combined with \(\widehat{G}(\omega^{-1},q)\) and a twisted third-order mock theta of Ramanujan, form a weight 1 modular form. We provide a more general result on the modularity of certain expressions involving basic hypergeometric series and then show that our result on \(\widehat {G}(\omega,q)\) may be deduced from this as a special case.

Modular cocycles and cup product

We complete several generating functions to non-holomorphic modular forms in two variables. For instance, we consider the generating function of a natural family of meromorphic modular forms of weight two. We then show that this generating series can be completed to a smooth, non-holomorphic modular form of weights $\frac 32$ and two. Moreover, it turns out that the same function is also a modular completion of the generating function of weakly holomorphic modular forms of weight $\frac 32$, which prominently appear in work of Zagier [27] on traces of singular moduli.

Ahlgren and Samart relate three cusp forms with complex multiplication to certain weakly holomorphic modular forms using p-adic bounds related to their Fourier coefficients. In these three examples, their result strengthens a theorem of Guerzhoy, Kent, and Ono which pairs certain CM forms with weakly holomorphic modular forms via p-adic limits. Ahlgren and Samart use only the theory of modular forms and Hecke operators, whereas Guerzhoy, Kent, and Ono use the theory of harmonic Maass forms. Here we extend Ahlgren and Samart's work to all cases where the cusp form space is one-dimensional and has trivial Nebentypus. Along the way, we obtain a duality result relating two families of weakly holomorphic modular forms that arise naturally in each case.

In 1973, Drinfeld introduced the notion of elliptic modules, which is now known as Drinfeld modules. After that the analogies between number fields and function fields have many interesting new aspects. Drinfeld modular function theory is one of these. Drinfeld modular functions were studied by several mathematicians and known to have many properties analogous to those of classical elliptic functions, such as the generators of modular function fields, Galois groups between them. ([5],[8],[9]). In the first part of this note, we establish some more properties of Drinfeld modular functions in analogy with those obtained by Shimura. In [12], Shimura proved his exact-sequence and his reciprocity law. Lang proved the exact-sequence another way in [11] using the isogeny theory. Shimura's proof of the reciprocity law is not easy. For example he used the parametrizations of the models of a modular function field over Q. In [11], Lang avoided Shimura's method using the decomposition gorups which is well-known in algebraic number theory. In this article, we will follow Shimura's method to prove the exact-sequence, and Lang's method to prove the reciprocity law in the function field case. In the second part, we go on to study two variable Drinfeld modular functions in analogy with two variable elliptic functions studied by Berndt. ([!]). In [2], he also gerneralized Shimura's exact-sequence and his reciprocity law corresponding to this extended modular function fields. We discuss the analogies of these in the Drinfeld setting. 1. Definitions and basic facts Let Λ=/yT], k=Fq(T k^ be the completion of k at 00= (£), and C the completion of the algebraic closure of k^. Then C has an absolute value extending that of k^. By an ^-lattice in C, we mean a projective Λ-submodule A of C which is discrete in the topology of C. A meromorphic function /on C is said to be even if/(μz)=/(z) for every μeF*. A meromorphic function /on C is

Vafa-Witten (VW) theory is a topologically twisted version of N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. S-duality suggests that the partition function of VW theory with gauge group SU(N) transforms as a modular form under duality transformations. Interestingly, Vafa and Witten demonstrated the presence of a modular anomaly, when the theory has gauge group SU(2) and is considered on the complex projective plane P2. This modular anomaly could be expressed as an integral of a modular form, and also be traded for a holomorphic anomaly. We demonstrate that the modular anomaly for gauge group SU(3) involves an iterated integral of modular forms. Moreover, the modular anomaly for SU(3) can be traded for a holomorphic anomaly, which is shown to factor into a product of the partition functions for lower rank gauge groups. The SU(3) partition function is mathematically an example of a mock modular form of depth two.

We study the modular symmetry in heterotic string theory on Calabi-Yau threefolds. In particular, we examine whether moduli-dependent holomorphic Yukawa couplings are described by modular forms in the context of heterotic string theory with standard embedding. We find that SL(2, ℤ) modular symmetry emerges in asymptotic regions of the Calabi-Yau moduli space. The instanton-corrected holomorphic Yukawa couplings are then given by modular forms under SL(2, ℤ) or its congruence subgroups such as Γ0(3) and Γ0(4). In addition to the modular symmetry, it turns out that another coupling selection rule controls the structure of holomorphic Yukawa couplings. Furthermore, the coexistence of both the positive and negative modular weights for matter fields leads to a hierarchical structure of matter field Kähler metric. Thus, these holomorphic modular forms and the matter field Kähler metric play an important role in realizing a hierarchical structure of physical Yukawa couplings.

In this paper, we show that affine extensions of non-crystallographic Coxeter groups can be derived via Coxeter-Dynkin diagram foldings and projections of affine extended versions of the root systems E8, D6, and A4. We show that the induced affine extensions of the non-crystallographic groups H4, H3, and H2 correspond to a distinguished subset of those considered in [P.-P. Dechant, C. Bœhm, and R. Twarock, J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 45, 285202 (2012)]. This class of extensions was motivated by physical applications in icosahedral systems in biology (viruses), physics (quasicrystals), and chemistry (fullerenes). By connecting these here to extensions of E8, D6, and A4, we place them into the broader context of crystallographic lattices such as E8, suggesting their potential for applications in high energy physics, integrable systems, and modular form theory. By inverting the projection, we make the case for admitting different number fields in the Cartan matrix, which could open up enticing possibilities in hyperbolic geometry and rational conformal field theory.

We prove that Ramanujan-type congruences for integral weight modular forms away from the level and the congruence prime are equivalent to specific congruences for Hecke eigenvalues. In particular, we show that Ramanujan-type congruences are preserved by the action of the shallow Hecke algebra. More generally, we show for weakly holomorphic modular forms of integral weight, that Ramanujan-type congruences naturally occur for shifts in the union of two square-classes as opposed to single square-classes that appear in the literature on the partition function. We also rule out the possibility of square-free periods, whose scarcity in the case of the partition function was investigated recently. We complement our obstructions on maximal Ramanujan-type congruences with several existence statements. Our results are based on a framework that leverages classical results on integral models of modular curves via modular representation theory, and applies to congruences of all weakly holomorphic modular forms. Steinberg representations govern all maximal Ramanujan-type congruences for integral weights. We discern the scope of our framework in the case of half-integral weights through example calculations.

The theme of this paper is the correspondence between classical modular forms and pseudodifferential operators (ΨDO’s) which have some kind of automorphic behaviour. In the simplest case, this correspondence is as follows. Let Γ be a discrete subgroup of PSL 2(ℝ) acting on the complex upper half-plane H in the usual way, and f(z) a modular form of even weight k on Γ. Then there is a unique lifting from f to a Γ-invariant ΨDO with leading term f(z)∂-k/2, where ∂ is the differential operator \( \frac{d}{{dz}} \). This lifting and the fact that the product of two invariant ΨDO’s is again an invariant ΨDO imply a non-commutative multiplicative structure on the space of all modular forms whose components are scalar multiples of the so-called Rankin-Cohen brackets (canonical bilinear maps on the space of modular forms on Γ defined by certain bilinear combinations of derivatives; the definition will be recalled later). This was already discussed briefly in the earlier paper [Z], where it was given as one of several “raisons d’etre” for the Rankin-Cohen brackets.

We give a new construction of overconvergent modular forms of arbitrary weights, defining them in terms of functions on certain affinoid subsets of Scholze's infinite-level modular curve. These affinoid subsets, and a certain canonical coordinate on them, play a role in our construction which is strongly analogous with the role of the upper half-plane and its coordinate `$z$' in the classical analytic theory of modular forms. As one application of these ideas, we define and study an overconvergent Eichler-Shimura map in the context of compact Shimura curves over $\mb{Q}$, proving stronger analogues of results of Andreatta-Iovita-Stevens.

Taking advantage of methods originating with quantization theory, we try to get some better hold - if not an actual construction - of Maass (non-holomorphic) cusp-forms. We work backwards, from the rather simple results to the mostly devious road used to prove them.

In this thesis, we introduce an SL(2,R)-action on the chiral de Rham complex on the upper half plane, and study the vertex subalgebra Ω<sup>ch</sup>(H,Γ) of Γ-invariant global sections which are holomorphic at all the cusps, for any congruence subgroup Γ. The thesis can be divided into three parts. The first part includes a recollection on the theory of vertex algebras and modular forms. The second part consists of a brief review of the construction of chiral de Rham complex by Malikov, Schechtman and Vaintrob, which will be applied to the upper half plane. We consider the vertex algebra Ω<sup>ch</sup>(H,Γ) associated to an arbitrary congruence subgroup Γ, and compute its character formula. We also give an explicit formula for the lifting of modular forms to Ω<sup>ch</sup>(H, Γ), and the lifting formula is essentially unique and universal. The last part discusses the relations between the modified Rankin-Cohen bracket and the elements in Ω<sup>ch</sup>(H,Γ), and some further properties about Ω<sup>ch</sup>(H,Γ).

We study the meromorphic modular forms defined as sums of -k (k>1) powers of integral quadratic polynomials with negative discriminant. These functions can be viewed as meromorphic analogues of the holomorphic modular forms defined in the same way with positive discriminant, first investigated by Zagier in connection with the Doi-Naganuma map and then by Kohnen and Zagier in connection with the Shimura-Shintani lifts. We compute the Fourier coefficients of these meromorphic modular forms and we show that they split into the sum of a meromorphic modular form with computable algebraic Fourier coefficients and a holomorphic cusp form.

Let N⊂ℝr be a lattice, and let deg:N→ℂ be a piecewise-linear function that is linear on the cones of a complete rational polyhedral fan. Under certain conditions on deg, the data (N,deg) determines a function f:ℌ→ℂ that is a holomorphic modular form of weight r for the congruence subgroup Γ1(l). Moreover, by considering all possible pairs (N ,deg), we obtain a natural subring ? (l) of modular forms with respect to Γ1 (l). We construct an explicit set of generators for ? (l), and show that ? (l) is stable under the action of the Hecke operators. Finally, we relate ? (l) to the Hirzebruch elliptic genera that are modular with respect to Γ1 (l).