Pyramids and the value of generality

Manipulation of judgment aggregation procedures has first been studied by List [14] and Dietrich and List [8], and Endriss et al. [9] were the first to study it from a computational perspective. Baumeister et al. [2, 3, 6] introduced the concepts of bribery and control in judgment aggregation and studied their algorithmic and complexity-theoretic properties. However, their results are restricted to Hamming-distance-respecting preferences and their results on bribery apply to the premise-based procedure only. We extend these results to more general preference notions, including closeness-respecting and top-respecting preferences that are due to Dietrich and List and have been applied to manipulation in judgment aggregation by Baumeister et al. [4, 5]. In addition, our results apply to uniform premise-based quota rules that generalize the premise-based procedure.

In this paper, an approach to fuzzy classification rules construction within the framework of fuzzy relation equations is proposed. At the same time, the system of fuzzy trend rules serves as a carrier of expert information and generator of rules - solutions of fuzzy relation equations. The system of fuzzy classification rules can be rearranged as a set of linguistic solutions of fuzzy relation equations using the composite system of fuzzy terms, e.g. “significant rise”, “essential drop” etc., where causes and effects significance measures are described by fuzzy quantifiers. The problem of inverse logical inference, which lies in restoring the coordinates of the maximum of the fuzzy input terms membership functions for each output class is reduced to solving the system of fuzzy relation equations using a genetic algorithm.The proposed approach allows to avoid the alternative rule selection. The aim of the rule selection methods is to reduce the system complexity by removing inefficient and redundant rules and improve the system accuracy by introducing alternative rules into the final rule base. Using expert knowledge cannot guarantee the optimal cooperation activity among rules. The rule selection problem is still relevant since there is currently no single methodical standard for the optimal structural adjustment of fuzzy classification knowledge bases.Solving fuzzy relation equations using the genetic algorithm ensures the optimal number of fuzzy rules for each output term and optimal form of the membership functions of the fuzzy input terms for each linguistic solution.Consecutive solution of the optimization problems provides complexity reduction of the problem of fuzzy classification knowledge bases generation.

the Ludic dialect has practically found itself on the periphery of the revitalization processes. There are no academics dictionaries on this dialect in Russia (compared to the Livvi dialect), which affects the low rate of filling of the Ludic sub-corpus in the VepKar. The central part of our work is the developed rules for generating nominal word forms. The rationale for choosing the South Ludic dialect for creating rules is given. The prepared tables demonstrate examples of the Ludiс dialect’s nominal inflection paradigm for single-stem and double-stem words. Inflectional types of names of the South Ludiс dialect are formalized. Rules for identifying stems that are needed for the subsequent generation of nominal word forms of the dialect of Svyatozero are proposed. A program is described, which is part of the VepKar corpus, in which these rules are programmed. The program allows us to speed up the generation of word forms in dictionary entries for subsequent text markup. Objective: to illustrate the rules for the automatic generation of word forms, prepared using a list of stems of nominal parts of speech of the Ludic dialect of the Karelian language. Research materials: lemmas and word forms from the Open Corpus of the Vepsian and Karelian languages (VepKar). Results and novelty of the research: based on the studied theoretical sources, the researchers were able to identify grammatical patterns. In the course of the experiments carried out in the study, a list of the stems and pseudo-stems of the nominal inflection of the Ludic dialect of the Karelian language (Southern Ludic dialect) was formed; a system of rules for generating word forms was developed; a corresponding program was prepared and tested. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the development of a system of unified rules for the automatic generation of word forms for the Ludic dialect of the Karelian language, which is being implemented for the first time

Toward a Uniform Expense Rule

Traditional theorists concur that good legal system has been linked with well-defined property rights, reduction in transactions costs, increase in investments, and economic growth. Nevertheless, China experienced a strong economic growth in spite of a poor legal system. To explore the reasons behind, this research paper reviews the literature about the relationship between law and economic growth from global perspective. After that, this paper tries to locate the reasons on why the formal rules and regulations may not have strong correlation with China’s growth. The research concludes that while many people label Guanxi as something negative, Guanxi is an informal system of legal rules from a Western perspective, or de facto, China’s style of legal enforcement. Nevertheless, as the Chinese economy grows, transaction costs may become too high if we rely on guanxi and good legal system is needed to ensure a sustainable economic growth.

Brazil is in the global top ten in terms of the percentage of individuals who live alone in relation to the rest of the population; they make up some 10% of the country’s total population. This study, based on micro data from the demographic censuses of 1970, 1980, 1991, and 2000 and aims to characterize the groups into which this segment is divided and uncover general trends. In the eight largest Brazilian capitals, this segment ranges widely in gender, age, income, literacy, and home ownership, whether in the same city over a period of time, or among different cities at the same instant of time. Although diversity is the general rule in the composition of this segment, this study identifies and presents a few broad tendencies: this segment grows at a faster pace than the increase in population in general; there is an increase in the average age of the peoplecomposing it (aging); women predominate; and there are more low and high incomes than median incomes. It is important to consider the number of people that live alone and their socio-demographic characterization when addressing issues related to the consumption and production of goods and services and their ramifications.

The article discusses the world experience in the development of non-standard forms of employment (NZF) on the example of volunteering and volunteerism, namely: in the UK, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Canada, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Germany, Norway, South Korea, Poland, Portugal , Romania, the USA, Hungary, France, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Sweden, Japan, etc., which are inherent in the general laws of economic development, uniform rules and patterns of activity, and features related to the specifics of providing volunteer and volunteer services. Under the influence of the latter, the regularities of the development of the NZF volunteering and volunteerism acquire specific features that allow them to be determined by both the expansion of employment of the population, and tourism activities. Volunteering and volunteerism arose in the process of transformation of employment in modern conditions and are a symbiosis of innovative forms of social and labor relations and forms of precarious work.

The article explores volunteer and voluntourismer activities as a form of employment in modern conditions. Volunteering and voluntourism in the world are regarded as a special sphere of activity, which is characterized by general laws of economic development and uniform rules and patterns of activity, and features related to the specifics of providing volunteer and voluntourismer services. Under the influence of the latest patterns of development of volunteer and voluntourismer acquire specific features (in tourism in particular), which allow to determine them and the expansion of social and labor relations, and tourism activities as employment in modern conditions. The process of transformation of social and labor relations intersects with volunteer and voluntourismer activities at the level of its tasks, because it is volunteer and voluntourism that are activities that are designed to solve tasks related to skill, education and vocational training, the system of human interests and their development, but the solution These tasks in volunteering, especially in voluntourism, are determined with considerable specificity. Volunteering and voluntourism arose in the process of transforming employment in modern conditions and is a symbiosis of innovative forms of social and labor relations and forms of precarious work.

ABSTRACTThe accelerated retreat of glaciers and the reduction of glacier ice reserves caused by climate change can significantly affect regional water resources and hydrological cycles. Changes in glacier thickness are among the key indicators that reflect this process. We analyzed changes observed in the elevation of glacier surfaces in the Gongga Mountains (GGM) using multi-temporal Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) derived from topographic maps, SRTM, ICESat and ZY-3 data. The results showed that the mean rate of change in glacier surface altitude in the GGM was ~−26.7 ± 2.03 m (0.54 ± 0.04 m a−1) between 1966 and 2015. The mean melt rates differed over different time periods, latterly showing an accelerating trend. As a general rule, glaciers appear to be losing more volume at lower than at higher elevations. Further analysis of these results suggests that supraglacial debris coverage in the GGM promotes higher rates of mass loss.

The article explores the latest legal acts in the field of legal relations regulation using digital innovations. The concept of the term “digital innovation” is analyzed, it is emphasized that its scope is practically unlimited. Attention is drawn to the objective need and statutory possibility of introducing a pilot legal regime and applying special regulation for a certain group of persons and in a certain territory for a particular period of time, due to the absence of general binding rules, requirements and standards. The author relates the concept and basic rules of establishing an experimental legal regime and a legal experiment, and identifies different goals, grounds and procedure for establishing.KeywordsAssessment of the risks of damageDigital innovationExperimental legal regimeInitiative proposal to establish an ELRRegulatory/regulation sandboxes

This paper presents a novel approach to the construction of reliable diagnostic rules from the available cases with known diagnoses. It proposes a simple and general framework based on the generation of the so-called confirmation rules. A property of a system of confirmation rules is that it allows for indecisive answers, which, as a consequence, enables that all decisive answers proposed by the system are reliable. Moreover, the consensus of two or more confirmation rules additionally increases the reliability of diagnostic answers. Experimental results in the problem of coronary artery disease diagnosis illustrate the approach.

Mining frequent itemsets from large spatiotemporal databases is a hard task due to the existence of hidden spatiotemporal relationships. The aim of our proposal is to look for spatiotemporal association rules that relate properties of reference objects like large towns with properties of other spatial task-relevant objects. The extracted patterns are different relationships relating the spatial objects during time periods. We propose a four-step approach; the core step is to extract the spatiotemporal relationships. The second and third steps are devoted respectively to frequent spatiotemporal itemsets generation and spatiotemporal association rules extraction. The fourth step is the refinement of the extracted rules. To prove the applicability of our method, we conduct experimentation on a spatiotemporal database describing the city of Tunis in the dates 1987 and 2001. On the basis of our proposed measures namely the spatial closeness relevance and the time subsequence, only interesting spatiotemporal association rules are retained.

Have Recent Modifications of Operating Room Attire Policies Decreased Surgical Site Infections? An American College of Surgeons NSQIP Review of 6,517 Patients

The author’s modification of a multidimensional fuzzy controller with a block for optimizing mode parameters and a block for predicting terms is considered. A block diagram of the controller, fuzzification and defuzzification schemes for continuous quantities are presented. The mechanism of operation of the logical inference block, which forms the identification number of the general composite production rule from the serial numbers of the terms of input and output variables with feedback, is described. The identification number is used as a key to retrieve information from the database about how to obtain specific numerical values of control actions, which is then transmitted to the controller defuzzification block. The general purpose of the term prediction block and the optimization block is shown. The prediction block is designed to transmit to the controller fuzzification block recommendations for a set of terms with which to begin processing the values of input variables in each scanning cycle. The optimization block is used to develop recommendations for optimizing operating parameters in accordance with specified criteria. The optimization block implements the author’s optimization algorithms, based on the use of evolutionary modeling methods and evolutionary algorithms adapted to a specific technological process. The formulation of the problem of optimal control of a dynamic process and an algorithm for its solution are presented. As an example, the problem of searching the optimal temperature regime in a batch ideal mixing reactor for the catalytic dimerization reaction of α-methylstyrene in the presence of a NaHY zeolite catalyst is considered. As a result of calculations using a genetic algorithm with real coding, where the genome is a real number, the suboptimal temperature of the refrigerant for the dimerization process of α-methylstyrene lasting 2 and 3 hours, and the corresponding concentrations of reagents, were calculated. The conducted computational experiment demonstrates the process of obtaining and issuing recommendations by a remote module for changing mode parameters and/or the system of production rules

The new allocation policy of the United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) based on the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) gives candidates with stage T1 or stage T2 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) a priority MELD score beyond their degree of hepatic decompensation. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the new allocation policy on HCC candidates before and after the institution of MELD. The UNOS database was reviewed for all HCC candidates listed between July 1999 and July 2002. The candidates were grouped by two time periods, based on the date of implementation of new allocation policy of February 27, 2002. Pre-MELD candidates were listed for deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) before February 27,2002, and post-MELD candidates were listed after February 27, 2002. Candidates were compared by incidence of DDLT, time to DDLT, and dropout rate from the waiting list because of clinical deterioration or death, and survival while waiting and after DDLT. Incidence rates calculated for pre-MELD and post-MELD periods were expressed in person years. During the study, 2,074 HCC candidates were listed for DDLT in the UNOS database. The DDLT incidence rate was 0.439 transplant/person years pre-MELD and 1.454 transplant/person years post-MELD (P < 0.001). The time to DDLT was 2.28 years pre-MELD and 0.69 years post-MELD (P < 0.001). The 5-month dropout rate was 16.5% pre-MELD and 8.5% post-MELD (P < 0.001). The 5-month waiting-list survival was 90.3% pre-MELD and 95.7% post-MELD (P < 0.001). The 5-month survival after DDLT was similar for both time periods. The new allocation policy has led to an increased incidence rate of DDLT in HCC candidates. Furthermore, the 5-month dropout rate has decreased significantly. In addition, 5-month survival while waiting has increased in the post-MELD period. Thus, the new MELD-based allocation policy has benefited HCC candidates.