Quantitative Mapping of Posterior Eye Curvature in Children Using Distortion-Corrected OCT: Insights into Temporal Region Morphology.

Aim: To find out the correlation of choroidal thickness (CHT) with refractive error (RE) & axial length (AL) in North-Indian population of age group of 18-35 years having myopia or emmetropia using A-scan and Oct imaging. Objective is to check for a relationship of CHT with AL & RE in myopic – emmetropic individuals with help of A-scan and Oct imaging. Methods this study is an observation- analysis based cross sectional study which involved 200 eyes of individuals presented at outpatient department of Eye care solution consisting 50 beings with ≥4 D Myopia & 50 other Emmetropic presenting for ailments other than refractive error taken as Control group. The criteria for selection of subjects were done on basis of selective age 18-35 years, degree of refractive error and clear ocular media. However, subjects with history of any intraocular pathology, surgery, inflammation or any associated systemic disorder such or vascular diseases were excluded another thing where in person with OCT scan less signal strength, motion artifact & focal signal loss were too excluded. A written-informed consent was taken from all subjects prior to enrolment. Results: This study investigated the structural characteristics of the eye across three groups of myopic individuals and a control group. Myopia Group I (with myopia ranging from -3.00 D to -4.75 D) showed an average axial length of 24.78 mm, macular thickness of 100.08 µm, and choroidal thickness of 309.54 µm. Myopia Group II (with myopia between -5.00 D and -6.75 D) exhibited a greater axial length of 25.83 mm, a macular thickness of 112.34 µm, and a choroidal thickness of 289.47 µm. Myopia Group III (with myopia of -7.00 D and above) had the longest axial length at 26.10 mm, a macular thickness of 110.38 µm, and the thinnest choroidal thickness at 255.38 µm. In comparison, the control group, consisting of emmetropic individuals, had an average axial length of 23.26 mm, macular thickness of 322.24 µm, and a significantly thicker choroid (242.23 µm) across both Sattler’s and Haller’s layers. These findings highlight the progressive structural changes—particularly axial elongation and choroidal thinning—associated with increasing myopia severity. Conclusion: The results of this study reveal a definite link between the degree of myopia and anatomical variations in the eye. Axial length increases in tandem with myopia, and the choroid significantly thins, especially in the deeper layers (Sattler's and Haller's). According to these results, axial elongation and choroidal thinning are progressive features of myopia, with alterations becoming more noticeable as refractive error increases. Gaining knowledge of these structural changes may help direct future treatment approaches and offer significant understanding into the pathophysiology of myopia

To evaluate choroidal thickness at five macular locations and assess the correlations between choroidal thickness at these locations with age, refractive error, and axial length. Eighty-four eyes from 42 healthy adult volunteers were included. Enhanced depth imaging by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was performed, and choroidal thickness was measured at five macular locations: subfoveal and 3 mm nasal, temporal, superior, and inferior. Correlations of choroidal thickness at each location with age, refractive error, and axial length were analyzed. Mean choroidal thicknesses at the subfoveal, superior, inferior, temporal, and nasal locations were 293, 308, 264, 263, and 174 μm, respectively. A correlation was found between choroidal thickness, age, refractive error, and axial length at all locations. Mean subfoveal choroidal thickness in healthy adults is approximately 300 μm. A correlation was found between choroidal thickness and all parameters studied.

Purpose: To study the influence of age, sex, refractive error, and axial length (AL) on choroidal thickness (CT) in normal myopic eyes, among Egyptian population, using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Patients and Methods: CT was measured by an SS-OCT in 97 eyes of 49 normal myopic volunteers. The subjects were classified according to age, degree of myopia, and AL. Correlation between CT and age, AL, and myopia was done for different groups. AL was measured using IOL Master. OCT measurements were performed using Topcon DRI-1 SS-OCT. CT was automatically calculated and shown as a colored topographic map with nine subfields defined by the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study style grid. Results: CT tends to decrease with advance of age. A negative correlation found between the central subfoveal CT (SFCT) and the age (r = −0.329, P = 0.001, R2 = 0.108). Although there was no significant correlation between CT and degree of myopia (r = 0.159, P = 0.120, R2 = 0.025), CT decreases with increase of myopia except with >−8 D group. CT tends to decrease as the AL increases. A negative correlation found between the central SFCT and AL (r = −0.340, P = 0.001, R2 = 0.115). Conclusions: AL and age have a negative correlation with CT, while the sex and spherical equivalent of refractive error in myopes do not affect CT.

BackgroundHigh myopia, a cause of serious visual impairment, is a significant global public health concern. We investigate longitudinal changes in macular choroidal thickness (CT) during pregnancy and 6-months postpartum in women with high myopia (HM).MethodsA prospective longitudinal study was conducted in HM-pregnant women during the course of pregnancy (n = 42 eyes, 42 patients) and 6 months postpartum (n = 40 eyes, 40 patients, two cases lost).Macular CT was measured via enhanced-depth imaging (EDI)-optical coherence tomography (OCT) (EDI-OCT). Intraocular pressure (IOP), axial length (AL), refractive error, mean arterial pressure (MAP), mean ocular perfusion pressure (MOPP), and body mass index (BMI) were also measured.ResultsMacular CTs of HM pregnant women (214.3 ± 52.3 μm) had increased significantly during the third trimester of pregnancy compared with postpartum women (192.7 ± 51.9 μm, p = 0.014). No significant differences in AL, refractive error, or MAP were found between pregnant and postpartum groups (p > 0.05 for all parameters).During pregnancy, macular CT was negatively correlated with AL (first trimester: p = 0.010; second trimester: p = 0.013; and third trimester: p = 0.008) and positively correlated with refractive error (first trimester: p = 0.038; second trimester: p = 0.024; and third trimester: p = 0.010). No correlations between macular CT and age, IOP, MOPP, MAP, or BMI were found.ConclusionsOur study revealed the presence of a significantly thicker choroid during the third trimester of pregnancy compared with 6-mo postpartum in HM women. Macular CT positively correlated with refractive error and negatively correlated with AL during pregnancy, but did not correlate with gestational age, MOPP, IOP, MAP, or BMI.

To quantitatively assess the posterior pole shape change in highly myopic eyes and to investigate the factors determining the speed of shape change. Local curvature of the Bruch's membrane on the optical coherence tomography image was measured at intervals of 1 μm, and the mean curvature and curvature variance were calculated for 1094 eyes with an axial length of ≥26 mm. Speed of shape change was calculated using two points of mean curvature and curvature variance, and compared according to age, sex, axial length, and baseline eye shape. The posterior pole shape of females changed significantly greater than males (P < 0.01). Protruding change through the mean curvature was the greatest in the eyes with an axial length of ≥28 mm and <29 mm, while undulating change through the curvature variance became greater with axial length elongation in the eyes with an axial length of <29 mm and showed similar change in the eyes with an axial length of ≥29 mm. The eyes with a flatter shape at baseline tended to show a slow shape change, whereas those with moderate shape deformation at baseline showed faster shape change. Quantitative evaluation of posterior pole eye shape clearly demonstrated significant time-dependent protruding and undulating changes in highly myopic eyes. Sex, axial length, and baseline posterior pole eye shape significantly affected speed of the posterior pole shape change. Our findings will facilitate risk assessment of staphyloma-associated complications in highly myopic eyes through measurement of speed of the posterior pole shape change.

To evaluate choroidal thickness (CT) and volume in healthy pediatric individuals using enhanced depth imaging spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), as well as its association with age, sex, axial length (AL), and refractive error. Ninety-three eyes from 93 healthy pediatric individuals were examined. An Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study grid was applied to analyze CT and volume map in each of its nine sectors. The mean subfoveal CT and volume were 314.22 ± 55.48 μm and 0.25 ± 0.04 mm, respectively. The nasal CT and volume of both the inner and the outer rings were significantly lower than the temporal area of the same ring and lower than the subfoveal choroidal thickness. A significant negative correlation between the subfoveal CT and AL (r = -0.250, P = 0.015) and a significant positive correlation between the subfoveal CT and refractive error (r = 0.238, P = 0.006) were found. The estimation of the variation in the subfoveal CT in relationship to the AL was -13.55 μm per millimeter. The variation in the subfoveal CT with refractive error was 7.52 μm per diopter. The estimation of the variation in the total choroidal volume related to the AL and ametropia was, respectively, -0.2354 mm per millimeter and 0.1412 mm per diopter. Healthy pediatric subjects exhibit choroidal differences in refractive error and AL. In the study population, CT and volume show an increase with age after adjusting for AL.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate the focal relationship between choroidal thickness and retinal sensitivity in myopic eyes.MethodsParticipants underwent swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) imaging and microperimetry testing. Choroidal thicknesses were obtained by segmenting the SS-OCT scans using a deep-learning approach. Retinal sensitivity was measured at 33 locations using scotopic microperimetry, and corresponding focal choroidal thickness at these locations were computed. Focal structure-function associations between retinal sensitivity and choroidal thickness across 15 retinal eccentricities were evaluated, and adjusted for retinal thickness, signal strength, age, axial length, and gender.ResultsThe analysis included 280 eyes from 155 participants (mean age = 25.8 ± 3.0 years) with myopia with a mean axial length of 26.56 ± 0.99 mm and refractive error of −6.87 ± 2.05 diopters (D). Mean retinal sensitivity was 27.68 ± 1.28 decibels (dB). Mean choroid thickness was 217.85 ± 66.66 µm, with choroidal thickness in the nasal quadrant significantly thinner than in the other quadrants. Choroidal thicknesses were correlated with retinal sensitivity in 14 of 15 retinal regions, including the global eccentricity zone (r = 0.261, P < 0.001). Significant associations were similarly found with retinal thickness (r = 0.305, P < 0.001), age (r = 0.182, P < 0.05), and axial length (r = −0.402, P < 0.001). Focal structure-function models further substantiated these relationships, demonstrating a significant effect size (β = 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.39–1.16, P < 0.001) after adjusting for retinal thickness and other demographic factors.ConclusionsSignificant associations between choroidal thickness measurements and microperimetry were observed in a cross-sectional cohort of myopic eyes, suggesting a structure-function relationship with retinal sensitivity at the choroid. Further studies will be required to evaluate this in other cohorts and in progression.

To describe the pattern and magnitude of diurnal variation of choroidal thickness (CT), its relation to systemic and ocular factors, and to determine the intervisit reproducibility of diurnal patterns. A prospective study was conducted on 12 healthy volunteers who each underwent sequential ocular imaging on two separate days at five fixed, 2-hour time intervals. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) with enhanced depth imaging and image tracking was performed using a standardized protocol. Choroidal and retinal thicknesses were independently assessed by two masked graders. CT diurnal variation was assessed using repeated-measures ANOVA. A significant diurnal variation in CT was observed, with mean maximum CT of 372.2 μm, minimum of 340.6 μm (P < 0.001), and mean diurnal amplitude of 33.7 μm. Retinal thickness (mean, 235.0 μm) did not exhibit significant diurnal variation (P = 0.621). The amplitude of CT variation was significantly greater for subjects with thicker morning baseline CT compared with those with thin choroids (43.1 vs. 10.5 μm, P < 0.001). There were significant correlations between amplitude of CT and age (P = 0.032), axial length (P < 0.001), and spherical equivalent (P < 0.001). The change in CT also correlated with change in systolic blood pressure (P = 0.031). Comparing CT on two different days, a similar diurnal pattern was observed, with no significant difference between corresponding measurements at the same time points (P = 0.180). There is significant diurnal variation of CT, with good intervisit reproducibility of diurnal patterns on two different days. The amplitude of variation varies with morning baseline CT, and is correlated with age, axial length, refractive error, and change in systolic blood pressure.

We examined the intrascleral and retrobulbar blood vessels in highly myopic eyes by swept-source optical coherence tomography (swept-source OCT). We included in the study 662 of 357 patients with pathologic myopia (spherical equivalent of myopic refractive error ≥ 8.00 diopters or axial length > 26.5 mm). A swept-source OCT system that uses a wavelength sweeping laser with A-scan repetition rate of 100,000 Hz and 1 μm wavelength was used. Radial scans along 12 meridians of 12 mm scan length centered on the fovea were made. Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) also was performed to identify the intrascleral and retrobulbar vessels that were observed by swept-source OCT. Intrascleral and retrobulbar blood vessels were observed in the macular area of the highly myopic eyes. Linear hyporeflective structures running in the sclera were observed in 474 of the 662 myopic eyes, and ICGA confirmed that these structures were the long posterior ciliary arteries (LPCAs) or the short posterior ciliary arteries (SPCAs) whose entry sites into the eye were displaced toward the temporal edge of the posterior staphyloma in 50 eyes. In 36 of the 662 eyes (5.4%), cross sections of the blood vessels were seen coursing through the scleral layer. In 177 of these 443 eyes, the retrobulbar posterior ciliary arteries (PCAs) also were observed as a cluster of circular or curved hyporeflectant structures just posterior to the sclera. Swept-source OCT is a high-quality method to detect intrascleral and retroscleral blood vessels in the eyes with pathologic myopia. These findings and longitudinal studies of these vessels will help in investigating how they are altered in pathologic myopia, and how such alterations are related to the complications in the retina-choroid and optic nerve.

To investigate the effect of acute diabetic control on choroidal thickness in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Seventeen eyes of 17 patients with Type 2 diabetes were included in this prospective observational study. The patients with Type 2 diabetes who were scheduled to undergo a program of intensive diabetic control underwent prototype high-penetration optical coherence tomography before and 2 weeks after the start of treatment. The choroidal thickness changes 2 weeks after the protocol of intensive diabetic control were assessed, and associated ophthalmologic and general parameters were explored. Seventeen eyes of 17 healthy volunteers were included to compare diabetic patients. The choroidal thickness also was measured in this group at baseline and after 2 weeks. And the intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility were verified using this control group. The intraobserver (intraclass coefficient, 0.992) and interobserver reproducibility (0.982) in our subfoveal choroidal thickness measurement were high. The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness after 2 weeks (226 ± 56 μm) was significantly greater than at baseline (215 ± 52 μm, P < 0.05); there was no difference between the baseline and 2-week values in the control group (baseline, 312 ± 113 vs. 2-week value, 307 ± 103 μm; P = 0.17). The changes in refractive error (P < 0.001), axial length (P < 0.01), and diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.01) were associated significantly with changes in choroidal thickness 2 weeks after the intensive control. The pretreatment body mass index (P < 0.05) and hemoglobin A1c (P < 0.005) also were associated significantly with increased choroidal thickness. Diabetic patients showed a significant increase of choroidal thickness after the intensive control. Various ophthalmologic and systemic parameters seem to affect the choroidal thickness changes. This may be related to the progression of retinopathy after acute glycemic control.

To assess choroidal thickness in patients with lipoid proteinosis versus healthy subjects using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. Twenty eyes of 20 patients and the same number of age and sex-matched healthy individuals were enrolled. Comprehensive ocular examinations including measurement of best-corrected visual acuity, spherical equivalent values of refractive errors, and axial length were performed. Choroidal thickness at three points (subfoveal, 500µm nasal and temporal regions) were measured automatically using MATLAB software. The mean age was 15.68 ± 5.98years in the patient group and 16.48 ± 5.69years in the control group. Mean choroidal thickness was statistically significantly thicker at each point in patients with lipoid proteinosis compared to the healthy controls: subfoveal, temporal and nasal choroidal thickness measurements were 425.65 ± 51.42, 380.20 ± 69.66, 334.05 ± 49.98µm in the study group; 346.15 ± 47.76, 330.15 ± 44.35, 298.95 ± 44.21µm in the control group, respectively (P < 0.05). Patients with lipoid proteinosis have thicker choroid compared to control eyes. Hyalin deposition and ensuing potential inflammation in the disease process may explain this finding.

BackgroundSubfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in highly myopic eyes was found to be correlated with increasing age, refractive error (spherical equivalent), and axial length. Which factor is the most significant predictor of SFCT remains controversial.MethodsA hospital-based cohort of highly myopic eyes (with spherical equivalent equal to or over 6.00 diopter) were retrospectively screened. Data from only right eye in those bilateral high myopia, and unilateral high myopia in any eye, were used for analysis. Correlations among the four biometric factors were analyzed. Linear correlation was performed to analyze the predictors of SFCT.ResultsA cohort of 312 eyes from 312 adults (98 men) was enrolled. Statistical analysis showed that axial length (R = − 0.592), spherical equivalent (R = − 0.471), and age (R = − 0.296) were significantly correlated with SFCT (P < 0.001). No significant correlation was found between age and axial length, or age and spherical equivalent. Partial correlation with controlled age confirmed that axial length (R = − 0.628) was a more significant predictor of SFCT than spherical equivalent (R = − 0.507).ConclusionsSFCT was inversely correlated with increasing age, spherical equivalent and axial length, with axial length as the most significant predictor of SFCT, in adult highly myopic eyes.

PurposeTo study choroidal thickness and its topographic profile in normal eyes using 3D OCT-1000 spectral domain optical coherence tomography and the correlation with age and refractive error.MethodsFifty-seven eyes (45 individuals) with no visual complaints or ocular disease underwent horizontal and vertical line scanning using 3D OCT-1000. The definition of choroidal thickness was the vertical distance between the posterior edge of the hyper-reflective retinal pigment epithelium and the choroid/sclera junction. Choroidal thickness was measured in the subfoveal area at 500 µm intervals from the fovea to 2,500 µm in the nasal, temporal, superior, and inferior regions. The spherical equivalent refractive error was measured by autorefractometry. Statistical analysis was used to confirm the correlations of choroidal thickness with age and refraction error.ResultsThe mean age of the 45 participants (57 eyes) was 45.28 years. Detailed visualization of the choroid for measuring its thickness was possible in 63.3% of eyes. The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was found to be 270.8 µm (standard deviation [SD], ±51 µm), in horizontal scanning and 275.0 µm (SD, ±49 µm) in vertical scanning. The temporal choroidal thickness was greater than any 500 µm interval in corresponding locations, and there was no significant difference between the superior and inferior choroid as far as 2,000 µm from the fovea. Age and refractive error were associated with subfoveal choroidal thickness in terms of regression (p < 0.05).ConclusionsChoroidal thickness in normal Korean eyes can be measured using 3D OCT-1000 with high resolution line scanning. The topographical profile of choroidal thickness varies depending on its location. Age and refractive error are essential factors for interpretation of choroidal thickness.

Background/aimsWe studied the change in choroidal thickness (CT) and axial length (AL) after intraocular (IOP) changes produced by trabeculectomy.MethodsTwenty-one eyes of 20 patients were studied preoperatively, and then postoperatively at...

The clinical course of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is related to choroidal conditions, and can be determined by the evaluation of the central choroidal thickness (CCT). The aim of this study was to determine the association between the axial length (AL) and choroidal thickness in AMD by measuring these parameters in patients with and without AMD. Seventy eyes of 70 patients (34 men and 36 women; age, 64–88 years; mean age, 77.0 ± 6.5 years) who underwent cataract surgery from February 2015 to March 2020 at the Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine were retrospectively analyzed. The AMD group (29 patients, 29 eyes) included eyes with early AMD, whereas the control group (41 patients, 41 eyes) included those without ocular diseases other than cataract. Optical coherence tomography images were used to measure the CCT and the choroidal vessel diameter (CVD). The IOL Master was used to measure the AL. The results revealed that mean CCT was greater in the AMD group (238.3 ± 108.3 μm) compared with the age-matched control group (187.2 ± 66.8 μm) (p = 0.03). The CCT was negatively correlated with AL in the overall sample (r = -0.42, p = 0.001), the AMD group (r = -0.42, p = 0.02), and the control group (r = -0.42, p = 0.006). Note that all eyes with CCT > 350 μm were included in the AMD group. CCT and CVD were positively correlated in the overall sample (r = 0.76, p < 0.001) as well as in the individual groups (AMD: r = 0.82, p < 0.001; control: r = 0.76, p = 0.004). Given that CCT is an important parameter for predicting the prognosis of subfoveal diseases, routine evaluation of AL may be valuable for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of AMD.