Quantum Meets Agile: Crypto-Agility for a Post-Quantum World

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The US trucking industry heavily relies on the diesel powertrain, and the transition towards zero-emission vehicles, such as battery electric vehicles (BEV) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV), is happening at a slow pace. This makes it difficult for truck manufacturers to meet the Phase 3 Greenhouse Gas standards, which mandate substantial emissions reductions across commercial vehicle classes beginning of 2027. This challenging situation compels manufacturers to further optimize the powertrain to meet stringent emissions requirements, which might not account for customer application specifics may not translate to a better total cost of ownership (TCO) for the customer.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This study uses a simulation-based approach to connect customer applications and regulatory categories across various sectors. The goal is to develop a methodology that helps identify the overlap between optimizing for customer applications vs optimizing to meet regulations.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">To use a data-driven approach, a real-world customer usage pattern analysis was conducted to identify key performance metrics required to optimize driveline components. Additionally, the impact of certification requirements on vehicle performance is examined to ensure compliance while maximizing the benefits of the proposed optimization strategies. The findings of this research will provide valuable insights for manufacturers, enabling the development of trucks that are not only efficient and high-performing but also compliant with environmental standards, ultimately leading to a more sustainable future in the trucking industry.</div></div>

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Several years ago some of the most prominent leaders in automotive industries cooperated to form a purely engineering group that had as its primary purpose developing a type of rigid-airship construction in which the public would have confidence. It was conceived that such an airship should be</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph"> <ol class="list nostyle"> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">(1)</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Fireproof</div> </li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">(2)</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Weatherproof</div> </li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">(3)</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Durable and permanent in structure</div> </li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">(4)</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Navigable in practically all kinds of weather</div> </li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">(5)</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Economical in the use of buoyant gas and ballast</div> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">To meet all of these requirements it was decided, after mature consideration, that a substantially all-metal construction was imperative. Development of the Metalclad airship has now reached a point where the general soundness of the design seems fully assured as</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph"> <ol class="list nostyle"> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">(1)</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The structural and aerodynamic efficiencies have been established by both analytical and experimental methods</div> </li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">(2)</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The technical problems involved in the construction have been mastered to a certainty hitherto unapproached in any new design</div> </li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">(3)</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The general design of an airship of demonstration size, 200,000 cu. ft. or one-tenth the size of the Shenandoah, has been completed</div> </li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">(4)</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Full-sized structural members of every part of the framework have been built and tested to destruction revealing that the minimum safety factor is double that of the Shenandoah. The longitudinal strength of the metal hull will be more than four times as great as that of the Shenandoah</div> </li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">(5)</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The problem of riveting the metal hull-plating has been solved through the perfection of an automatic riveting-machine</div> </li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">(6)</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The problem of making the metal hull gas-tight has been solved with surprising efficiency indicating an osmosis of about one-tenth that through gold-beaters skin and only one-hundredth that through rubberized fabric</div> </li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">(7)</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A suitable coating to prevent corrosion has been satisfactorily tested</div> </li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">(8)</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A source of supply of aluminum alloys of dependable quality is assured</div> </li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">(9)</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Shop facilities for fabrication are available in Detroit</div> </li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">(10)</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Skilled metal-workers familiar with aluminum and its alloys are at hand</div> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">These results depend upon certain fundamental principles that are described in the paper. In effect, the design is an entirely new one, but adheres to the fundamental unalterable principles underlying all sound engineering-work.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The paper states that the Metalclad airship is the last step in the development of rigid airships and most certainly must be adopted if such a means of transportation is to be made available both for the arms of National Defense and for commercial purposes.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Appendices that include extracts from studies and texts arranged to illustrate the subject matter in the main paper and furnish food for discussion supplement the paper. This material is partially elementary in form as limitations of space preclude any attempt at completeness.</div>

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph"><b>Background</b>: The Indian automobile industry, including the auto component industry, is a significant part of the country’s economy and has experienced growth over the years. India is now the world’s 3<sup>rd</sup> largest passenger car market and the world’s second-largest two-wheeler market. Along with the boon, the bane of road accident fatalities is also a reality that needs urgent attention, as per a study titled ‘Estimation of Socio-Economic Loss due to Road Traffic Accidents in India’, the socio-economic loss due to road accidents is estimated to be around 0.55% to 1.35% of India’s GDP [<span class="xref">27</span>] Ministry of road transport and highways (MoRTH) accident data shows that the total number of fatalities on the road are the highest (in number terms) in the world. Though passenger car occupant fatalities have decreased over the years, the fatalities of vulnerable road users are showing an increasing trend. India has committed to reduce road fatalities by 50% by 2030. In this context, the automotive industry as well as MoRTH have been taking multiple initiatives including those related to vehicular and road engineering as well as educational measures for raising awareness in the field of road safety.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">With the intent of lowering road traffic accidents, the government and the ministry are constantly upgrading the requirements related to vehicles, infrastructures, and their implementation thereof. In this context, various future regulations are being deliberated. One such regulation in discussion pertains to requirements for the protection of the passenger car occupants in the event of a full-frontal collision with a focus on restraint systems (AIS 201). This will push manufacturers to design more sophisticated restraints that would help to reduce restraint-induced injuries. The draft version of the standard is available for public input/ discussion.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The key objective of the study documented herein is to consider various aspects of the draft standard (AIS 201) from the Indian perspective. This study investigates the research questions, enumerated below: <ol class="list nostyle"><li class="list-item"><span class="li-label">1</span><div class="htmlview paragraph">What should be the appropriate test speed for the full-frontal test based on Indian accident data?</div></li><li class="list-item"><span class="li-label">2</span><div class="htmlview paragraph">What is the suitable dummy configuration in terms of gender, seating position, and age to maximize occupant safety in full frontal accidents?</div></li><li class="list-item"><span class="li-label">3</span><div class="htmlview paragraph">Is the proposed ATD’s anthropometry (weight and height) suitable, based on the people involved in full frontal cases in India?</div></li><li class="list-item"><span class="li-label">4</span><div class="htmlview paragraph">What are occupant injury attributes in full-frontal accidents?</div></li></ol></div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><b>Key findings/ expected research findings</b>: India has a very different mix of road traffic users and road traffic fatalities compared to that in Europe (Refer to <span class="xref">Table 1</span>). Further, issues like seat belt usage are of utmost concern. The demographic for India is also very different from those of developed economies. With India being a country with a rather young population, male and female dummies for driver and front passenger positions should be looked upon. This calls for India-specific safety regulations and research work on automotive test dummies.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><b>Practical implications</b>: The study can potentially provide a suggestion for alignment of the regulatory requirements with the actual situations, thereby increasing the effectiveness of the standard.</div></div>

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Vibration testing is an essential component of automotive product development, ensuring that components such as engines, transmissions, and electronic systems perform reliably under various operating conditions. The adoption of electronics in the automotive industry, particularly during the 1950s and 1960s, marked a shift in vibration testing approaches, moving from primarily low-frequency tests to methods that could address high-frequency vibrations as well. This evolution highlights the need for effective vibration fixture designs that can simulate real-world conditions, enabling manufacturers to detect potential weaknesses before products are integrated into vehicles. A key aspect of vibration testing is the identification of resonant frequencies within components. The coupled mass-spring-damper system, for example, can exhibit multiple resonances characterized by a Bode Diagram, where the Q factor technique is utilized to assess damping levels. Accurate vibration analysis can be achieved through various methodologies, including modal analysis and frequency response calculations, which help engineers understand how components will behave under different stimulus.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Furthermore, the use of advanced analytical tools, such as Finite Element Analysis (FEA) has become increasingly important in the automotive industry. These modern approaches allow for more precise and efficient vibration analysis, providing deeper insights into potential issues and enhancing overall product reliability.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">By adhering to industry standards such as International Organization for Standardization standard i.e. (ISO) 16750-3, Society of Automotive Engineers standard i.e. (SAE) J1455, and Military standard (MIL-STD)-810G, manufacturers can ensure their products meet rigorous safety and durability requirements, ultimately leading to reduced warranty claims and increased customer satisfaction.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Utilizing FEA allows for virtual prototyping, which reduces the reliance on physical prototypes traditionally used to test and refine designs. This approach not only shortens the design-to-production cycle but also allows for comprehensive testing and optimization, ultimately resulting in a more efficient development process and lower costs associated with prototype creation.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The design process for vibration fixtures involves a cyclical approach where simulations guide modifications. By continuously analysing and adjusting designs based on performance data, engineers can refine fixtures to meet specific criteria such as cost efficiency, structural performance, and overall functionality. This iterative nature of design helps in exploring multiple configurations and ensuring that the final product achieves all desired performance targets within the constraints of the given package space.</div></div>

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The increasing adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), driven by the EU's target of no internal combustion engine vehicles from 2035 onwards, is driving significant changes in the automotive industry. However, the high degree of electrification and the unique low-speed acceleration behavior of BEVs therefore lead to new challenges. Measuring the drivetrain power and efficiency in a reproducible way and obtaining meaningful results is one of the challenges.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">To address this challenge, a novel test method is developed that offers a simple and preferably modification-free approach to drivetrain power and efficiency measurements for BEVs, allowing for efficient and reproducible testing. Different paths for determining the drivetrain power with varied measurement efforts are presented and evaluated. The test method is designed to provide reliable and accurate results for BEVs.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">In this study, the effectiveness of the test method is shown by presenting the results of tests conducted with a VW e-up! on a Vehicle-in-the-Loop test bench and comparing them with data from previous studies. The results show that this approach offers a reproducible and meaningful way to measure power and efficiency in BEV’s drivetrains.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">In addition to the discussion of the results, insights into the measurement of BEV’s drivetrains are given. An outlook on future challenges and how to overcome these with the help of the presented test bench as well as the knowledge gained from the study completes the paper.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Overall, the study offers insights into the development and testing of BEVs, providing a robust and reliable test method.</div></div>

<div class="htmlview paragraph">High power laser technology has been strongly highlighted as a future welding process for the automotive industry, particularly for welding the car body structure. The main reasons are:</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph"> <ul class="list disc"> <li class="list-item"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Higher tensile and fatigue strength in the welded joint (stronger body)</div> </li> <li class="list-item"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">More stable and improved body tolerances</div> </li> <li class="list-item"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Higher finish quality</div> </li> <li class="list-item"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">New design potential</div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">To fully utilise this potential and to minimise the constraints of the laser welding process, there is a need for full-scale application tests. These must be performed within the automotive companies i.e. in the pilot plant.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Technological and production system related risks must be eliminated or minimised prior to series production and this has been done in a short period of time.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">For two years now the new Volvo 850 is the only car on the market where the roof is laser welded by using a Pressure Roller Device, PRD. The PRD is used to fix the sheets together during the welding operation. The welding process has been improved and optimised under production conditions.</div>

In 2017, Uber announced it had a “broken relationship” with its drivers. Yet what broke the relationship and what effect might it have on Uber’s organizational performance? This paper is a mixed-methods study of how conflict impacts the relationship between platforms and drivers. First, by drawing on 55 original interviews with rideshare drivers, this paper identifies conflict triggers that damage the relationship between platforms and drivers. Second, this paper uses new time diary data from 490 Uber, Lyft, Juno, and other Transportation Network Company (TNC) drivers from across the United States to empirically test if these conflict triggers are associated with key TNC performance metrics. Specifically, this paper finds that a “broken relationship” is associated with drivers withholding their working time from Uber and allocating it toward their competitor, Lyft. Additionally, this paper finds that drivers who have a broken relationship with Uber are more likely to recruit (‘steer’) passengers toward Lyft. These behaviors provide a link between organizational conflict and key performance metrics in the ‘gig economy.’

In this study, we conducted a comprehensive DC and AC analysis of Gate-All-Around (GAA) devices, focusing on the implications of increased gate capacitance both for wider and narrower device on key performance metrics. Our findings reveal that the elevated gate capacitance due to thin GaN cap layer significantly affects the transconductance (gm), Drain-Induced Barrier Lowering (DIBL), subthreshold swing (SS) and the on/off current ratio (Ion/Ioff). A new analytical linkage is formulated connecting gate capacitance ( C g ) with key DC performance metrics. The results indicated a significant enhancement in both ft and fmax, attributed to the high Ion/Ioff ratio of 1.72 × 10 13 , confirming the superior high-frequency performance of GAA structures. Our analysis underscores the critical role of gate capacitance in optimising the electrical characteristics of GAA devices, paving the way for their application in 5G wireless communication.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">A variety of methodologies to use embedded multicore controllers efficiently has been discussed in the last years. Several assumptions are usually made in the automotive domain, such as static assignment of tasks to the cores. This paper shows an approach for efficient task allocation depending on different system modes. An engine management system (EMS) is used as application example, and the performance improvement compared to static allocation is assessed.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The paper is structured as follows: First the control algorithms for the EMS will be classified according to operating modes. The classified algorithms will be allocated to the cores, depending on the operating mode. We identify mode transition points, allowing a reliable switch without neglecting timing requirements. As a next step, it will be shown that a load distribution by mode-dependent task allocation would be better balanced than a static task allocation. All EMS tasks being applied in this paper serve for a 4 cylinder gasoline torque based system including engine low level drivers. The Infineon AURIX microcontroller is used, featuring three cores. Performance evaluation is done by simulation on the chosen abstraction level.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The last section of the document will address proposals for future work to measure and reduce the behavioral differences between the simulation and the implementation on the real target.</div></div>

With the astronomical growth in online presence vis-a-vis the IT industry across the globe, there is an urgent need to evolve cloud based DataCenter architectures that can rapidly accommodate web application integrations which can serve the energy industries, educational sector, finance sector, manufacturing sector, etc. Previous works in DataCenter domain have not investigated on cloud based DataCenter Servercentric characteristics for evaluation studies. This paper then proposed a Reengineered DataCenter (R-DCN) architecture for efficient web application integration. In this regard, attempt was made to address network scalability, efficient and distributed routing, packets traffic control, and network security using analytical formulations and behavioural algorithms having considered some selected architectures. In this work a simulation experiment was carried out to study six key performance metrics for all the architectures. It was observed that the network throughput, fault-tolerance/network capacity, utilization, latency, service availability, scalability and clustering effects of R-DCN responses with respect to above Key Performance (KPIs) metrics were satisfactory when compared with BCube and DCell architectures. Future work will show a detailed validation using a cloud testbed and CloudSim Simulator.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The objective of this study was to investigate which of the artificial aging cycles available in the automotive industry that causes major deactivation of three-way catalysts (TWCs) and can be used to obtain an aged catalyst similar to the road aged converter (160 000km).</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Standard bench cycle (SBC) aging with secondary air injection (SAI) covered aging with various mass flows - a flow from three cylinders into one catalyst system and a flow from three cylinders into two parallel connected catalysts. For rapid catalyst bench aging, secondary air injection is a very efficient tool to create exotherms. Furthermore, the effect on catalytic activity of SAI aging with poisons from oil and fuel dopants (P, Ca, Zn) was investigated.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The catalysts were thoroughly characterized in light-off and oxygen storage capacity measurements, emission conversion as a function of lambda and load variation was determined. These catalysts were then compared to three-way catalysts aged on an engine bench comparing two fuel-cut (FC) strategies, i.e. fuel-cut retardation (FCR) and fuel-cut acceleration (FCA) [<span class="xref">1</span>].</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">For 40-hour aged samples, SAI aged had the highest total deactivation of the catalytic system. The fuel-cut aging also showed significant deactivation but not to the same extent as the SAI aging cycle. This result can be explained by the different pattern of exotherms and the magnitude of the temperature excursions. The total temperature rise in fuel-cut aging cycles was lower than for SAI aged and which resulted in less sintering of the catalytic washcoat. For the fuel-cut ageing systems the exotherms were growing with the ageing time. This was verified by resulting light-off and oxygen storage capacity (OSC) results.</div></div>

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The car manufacturing process benefits from a competition between different materials that have to fulfil such demands as lightweight, comfort and safety. For ecological and economical reasons low vehicle weights minimise the energy consumption necessary for transportation.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">High strength steels enable to lower body weight by reducing sheet thickness and increase car safety by excellent crash behaviour. A very important contribution to vehicle safety and value maintenance during the whole life cycle is the use of galvanised steel sheets to prevent corrosion and premature failure of crash relevant body components.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Up to date the high standards in corrosion protection and appearance of the exposed car body in the automotive industry are verified by extensive surface coating processes, applied to the body in white by batch processes. Continuous coil coating of galvanised sheet steel is an extremely efficient alternative to the currently used surface finishing processes. The range of possible coil-coating systems expands from spot weldable thin film coatings over EDP-replacements to complete body paints.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Thin film precoated, galvanised steel sheets are comparably or easier to process in terms of formability and weldability as well as adhesive joining than their uncoated counterparts. Furthermore they yield better application properties like enhanced corrosion protection, especially in cavities. This results in a possible elimination of secondary corrosion protection measures and leaner production processes. Thus, by avoiding, or shifting environmentally sensitive processes to the steel supplier it is possible to slim down the production efforts for high quality automotive vehicles.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Precoated steel sheets offer a high potential to optimise car production in terms of environmental aspects and economical benefits.</div>

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In recent years the automotive industry has been using an increasing number of high powered engines with fewer cylinders, with the goal to reduce weight and fuel consumption and hence to achieve lower CO2 emissions. In the following paper, an overview about the currently existing methods and products within the exhaust development is given which follow automotive lightweight trend.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Continuous innovations in new materials, structural design and manufacturing process as well as mastering the integration of the components and modules within the system with a thorough understanding and optimization of the system behavior is enabling the reduction of weight in exhaust system.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Another possibility to reduce the weight is the use of additional components such as valves. In the following, a discussion about the different types of valves is presented. These valves can be implemented within the exhaust system in order to bring a constraint in the system and consequently additional acoustic damping.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Due to engine downsizing, many premium vehicles lost their class-representing sound signature. An active system can be used in order to enhance the sound according to the customer demands. In addition to that, an active system can help reducing muffler volume.</div></div>

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Over the past few decades, there has been a notable increase in stakeholder’s attention on Earth's climate. The automotive industry, being a major contributor to this phenomenon, has been endeavoring to mitigate its impact through various measures. These efforts include reducing emissions in existing internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and promoting electric vehicles (EVs) as a feasible alternative for consumers. Despite these initiatives, there remains a persistent challenge in improving the fuel economy and driving range of vehicles.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">India, located along the Tropic of Cancer, experiences both tropical and subtropical climates. As a result, a substantial portion of the total heat absorbed is from solar radiation. The higher heat load necessitates extensive use of air conditioning (AC) systems, which significantly contributes to the overall power consumption of vehicles. Various measures are being implemented to mitigate this heat load and enhance the efficiency of AC operations. This study aims to investigate the properties of different types of photochromatic glass and their effects on cabin heat load. Various proposals involving solar-coated glass, including absorptive and reflective types as well as combinations of these types are examined. Digital simulations are conducted to identify the most suitable alternatives for glass and their combinations.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">In this study, a combination of the Lattice-Boltzmann (LBM) based Power FLOW solver and the Finite Element based solver is utilized to simulate long transient soak and cool down processes. Furthermore, human thermal physiology is incorporated into the model to account for subjective evaluations of the in-cabin thermal environment. The Berkeley Comfort Model library, available in software, is employed for this purpose. This model addresses vasodilation and vasoconstriction effects based on external ambient conditions, as well as the influence of clothing and passenger metabolic rate. Digital simulations indicate that solar-coated reflecting-type glasses exhibit promising results.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The mentioned glass is installed in vehicles, and various trials are conducted under different conditions, including highway cycles, city cycles, and range trials, in both moderate and severe ambient conditions. Temperatures inside the cabin, at the grill level, and at most of touch points including glass surface are recorded for trials. The rate of rise of temperature during soaking reduced by ~15-18 % at cabin level and by ~32-35 % on touchpoints. In the vehicle-level test results, it is observed that touch point temperatures decrease by ~11-12°C, and air conditioning power consumption reduced by ~9-13%.</div></div>

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Aluminum alloy wheels are being widely used in the automotive industry since the last decade due to its superior styling and performance. Alloy wheel rim is one of the critical components and plays an important role in a frontal crash scenario. The wheel rim failure prediction in safety simulation is essential to ensure robust safety performance. Determining failure characteristics of an alloy wheel poses many difficulties considering its brittle nature, porosity and inhomogeneity in material properties across different regions of wheel rim due to mold design, cooling rate and other process parameters of the low-pressure die casting process.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper describes the modelling and simulation methodology developed to predict accurate wheel behavior. The methodology addresses two distinct areas of challenges such as alloy wheel rim failure prediction and associated tire blow out.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Alloy wheel rim material is characterized considering the inhomogeneity of material properties at different regions such as the rim, spokes and hub. The material model is developed, considering strain rate sensitivity, anisotropy due to the state of loading, ductile normal and shear fracture aspects. Scatter function is developed to simulate material property variations.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Radial tire characterization is carried out with detailed modelling of constituents such as rubber, steel beads, body plies and steel belts. Various physical tests and digital correlation studies are carried out at coupon and tire assembly level to represent the stiffness and deformation of the tire accurately. A novel approach was developed using sensors in digital models to detect the alloy wheel rim failure in real-time. This triggers rapid air leakage in the tire to simulate the blowout scenario during the crash event. The methodology has been validated at the subsystem and full vehicle level by carrying out multiple physical tests. This approach can be used for digital development and validation of alloy wheel rim design to ensure robust crash safety performance.</div></div>