Quaternionic equiangular lines

A Gelfand model for a semisimple algebra $\mathsf{A}$ over $\mathbb{C}$ is a complex linear representation that contains each irreducible representation of $\mathsf{A}$ with multiplicity exactly one. We give a method of constructing these models that works uniformly for a large class of combinatorial diagram algebras including: the partition, Brauer, rook monoid, rook-Brauer, Temperley-Lieb, Motzkin, and planar rook monoid algebras. In each case, the model representation is given by diagrams acting via ``signed conjugation" on the linear span of their vertically symmetric diagrams. This representation is a generalization of the Saxl model for the symmetric group, and, in fact, our method is to use the Jones basic construction to lift the Saxl model from the symmetric group to each diagram algebra. In the case of the planar diagram algebras, our construction exactly produces the irreducible representations of the algebra.

In the previous report, the design method of the dynamic absorbers for suppressing the vibration of multi-degree of freedom systems was established. This paper shows that resonances of Γ-shaped structures with 90°angles are reduced effectively by using dual dynamic absorbers with this design method. First, each vibration mode of this structure is analyzed in order to find a suitable setting point for each dynamic absorber for controlling each mode, and the equivalent masses at its setting points. The structure has three vibration modes which are able to suppress the frequency range of DC to 200 Hz. Thus three dual dynamic absorbers are designed against them, after preparing the complex transfer matrix representation of the dual dynamic absorbers. Next the vibration controlling effect of the structure with three dual dynamic absorbers set is confirmed theoretically by the transfer matrix method. The effectiveness of the design method is demonstrated experimentally.

A scalar field in four-dimensional deSitter spacetime (dS_4) has quasinormal modes which are singular on the past horizon of the south pole and decay exponentially towards the future. These are found to lie in two complex highest-weight representations of the dS_4 isometry group SO(4,1). The Klein-Gordon norm cannot be used for quantization of these modes because it diverges. However a modified `R-norm', which involves reflection across the equator of a spatial S^3 slice, is nonsingular. The quasinormal modes are shown to provide a complete orthogonal basis with respect to the R-norm. Adopting the associated R-adjoint effectively transforms SO(4,1) to the symmetry group SO(3,2) of a 2+1-dimensional CFT. It is further shown that the conventional Euclidean vacuum may be defined as the state annihilated by half of the quasinormal modes, and the Euclidean Green function obtained from a simple mode sum. Quasinormal quantization contrasts with some conventional approaches in that it maintains manifest dS-invariance throughout. The results are expected to generalize to other dimensions and spins.

Allene derivatives have been combinatorially enumerated under a point group D2d as well as under a permutation group S9[4], which is a subgroup of the symmetric group of degree 4 and is isomorphic to the point group D2d. These enumerations have been compared in terms of the observance and the vilolation of chirality fittingness, where two types of Young’s tableaus (point-group symmetry and permutation-group symmetry) have been used to clarify the relationship between stereochemistry and permutability of allene derivatives. The concept of chirality/achirality for stereochemistry has been compared with the concept of stereogenicity/astereogenicity for permutability. Enantiomers, which have been characterized by equivalency under point-group symmetry, have been classified into two classes according to whether or not they have been assigned to orbits (equivalence classes) under permutation-group symmetry. On the other hand, diastereomers have been related to equivalence classes (orbits) under permutation-group symmetry only. The terms enantiostereogenic and diastereogenic have been coined to discuss the behavior under permutaiton-group symmetry. The CIP (Cahn–Ingold–Prelog) system is examined in terms of stereogenicity/astereogenicity. A new combination of chirality and stereogenicity described in the present paper provides us with a tool for restructuring stereochemistry.

Preface Contributors Part I. Algebra and Geometry Point Groups and Space Groups in Geometric Algebra (D. Hestenes) The Inner Products of Geometric Algebra (L. Dorst) Unification of Grassmann's Progressive and Regressive Products using the Principle of Duality (S. Blake) From Unoriented Subspaces to Blade Operators (T.A. Bouma) Automated Theorem Proving in the Homogeneous Model with Clifford Bracket Algebra (H. Li) Rotations in n Dimensions as Spherical Vectors (W.E. Baylis/S. Hadi) Geometric and Algebraic Canonical Forms (N. Gordon) Functions of Clifford Numbers or Square Matrices (J. Snygg) Compound Matrices and Pfaffians: A Representation of Geometric Algebra (U. Prells/M.I. Friswell/S.D. Garvey) Analysis Using Abstract Vector Variables (F. Sommen) A Multivector Data Structure for Differential Forms and Equations (J.A. Chard/V. Shapiro) Jet Bundles and the Formal Theory of Partial Differential Equations (R. Baker/C. Doran) Imaginary Eigenvalues and Complex Eigenvectors Explained by Real Geometry (E.M.S. Hitzer) Symbolic Processing of Clifford Numbers in C++ (J.P. Fletcher) Clifford Numbers and their Inverses Calculated using the Matrix Representation (J.P. Fletcher) A Toy Vector Field Based on Geometric Algebra (A. Rockwood/S. Binderwala) Quadratic Transformations in the Projective Plane (G. Georgiev) Annihilators of Principal Ideals in the Grassmann Algebra (C. Koc/S. Esin) Part II. Applications to Physics Homogeneous Rigid Body Mechanics with Elastic Coupling (D. Hestenes/E.D. Fasse) Analysis of One and Two Particle Quantum Systems using Geometric Algebra (R. Parker/C. Doran) Interaction and Entanglement in the Multiparticle Spacetime Algebra (T.F. Havel/C.J.L. Doran) Laws of Reflection from Two or More Plane Mirrors in Succession (M. Derome) Exact Kinetic Energy Operators for Polyatomic Molecules (J. Pesonen) Geometry of Quantum Computing by Hamiltonian Dynamics of Spin Ensembles (T. Schulte-Herbruggen/K. Huper/U. Helmke/S.J. Glaser) Is the Brain a 'Clifford Algebra Quantum Computer'? (V. Labunets/E. Rundblad/J. Astola) A Hestenes Spacetime Algebra Approach to Light Polarization (Q.M. Sugon/D. McNamara) Quaternions, Clifford Algebra and Symmetry Groups (P.R. Girard) Part III. Computer Vision and Robotics A Generic Framework for Image Geometry (J.J. Koenderink) Color Edge Detection Using Rotors (E. Bayro-Corrochano/S. Flores) Numerical Evaluation of Versors with Clifford Algebra (C.B.U. Perwass/G. Sommer) The Role of Clifford Algebra in Structure-Preserving Transformations for Second-Order Systems (S.D. Garvey/M.I. Friswell/U. Prells) Applications of Algebra of Incidence in Visually Guided Robotics (E. Bayro-Corrochano/P. Lounesto/L.R. Lozano) Monocular Pose Estimation of Kinematic Chains (B. Rosenhahn/O. Granert/G. Sommer) Stabilization of 3D Pose Estimation (W. Neddermeyer/M. Schnell/W. Winkler/A. Lilienthal) Inferring Dynamical Information from 3D Position Data using Geometric Algebra (H. Udugama/G.S. Sajeewa/J. Lasenby) Clifford Algebra Space Singularities of Inline Planar Platforms (M.A. Baswell/R. Ablamowicz/J.N. Anderson) Part IV. Signal Processing and Other Applications Fast Quantum Fourier--Heisenberg--Weyl Transforms (V. Labunets/E. Rundblad/J. Astola) The Structure Multivector (M. Felsberg/G. Sommer) The Application of Clifford Algebra to Calculations of Multicomponent Chemical Composition (J.P. Fletcher) An Algorithm to Solve the Inverse IFS-Problem (E. Hocevar) Fast Quantum n-D Fourier and Radon Transforms (V. Labunets/E. Rundblad/J. Astola)

Quaternionic representation of snub 24-cell and its dual polytope derived from [formula omitted] root system

Chapter 4 - Molecular Symmetry

The non-compact, metrically indefinite structures in the ghost formulation of gauge theories can be related to the tangent description of the underlying symmetry group. The algebraic origin of those nilpotent degrees of freedom and their quantized formulation are discussed generally in the connection of the complex representations of a compact group with its Poincaré tangent structure.

Introduction. In applying symmetry considerations to quantum mechanics, one is often forced to consider representations T of a symmetry group G by means of Hilbert space operators which may be either unitary or conjugate-unitary. Indeed, in some situations there is a well-determined subgroup N of G (necessarily normal and of index 2 in G) such that T, must be unitary for x E N and conjugate-unitary for x E G N. Such a representation T will be called a conjugating representation of G (relative to N). More generally one can consider projective conjugating representations T, in which the homomorphism relation TT, = T, is replaced by Tj, = A(x, y)Txy (the A(x, y) being complex scalars). These also are required in the applications to quantum mechanics. In ?1, by a small modification of Mackey's analysis, we shall classify the equivalence classes of irreducible projective conjugating representations of G in terms of the irreducible projective representations of N (provided N is of Type I). As an immediate application of this, we obtain in ?2 a classification of all the irreducible unitary representations of any Type I group acting in real or quaternionic Hilbert space, in terms of those acting in complex Hilbert space. In working out this classification for a given group G, the essential step is to subdivide the self-conjugate irreducible complex representations T of G into two classes-those of real type and those of quaternionic type-according as the conjugate-linear map setting up the equivalence of T with its conjugate has positive or negative square. Exactly the same results are obtained if, instead of unitary (not necessarily finite-dimensional) representations, we consider finite-dimensional (not necessarily unitary) representations. The remaining sections of this paper concern finite-dimensional representations of semisimple groups. Fix a connected semisimple Lie group G. The family G of all finite-dimensional (not necessarily unitary) irreducible complex representations of G is parametrized by the well-known Cartan-Weyl method of dominant weights. Which of the self-conjugate elements of Gi are of real type and which are of quaternionic type? In ??3 and 4 this question is answered in two steps: First, Theorem 5 reduces the general case to the case that G is compact. It turns out that, if G is not compact, each self-conjugate element T of G gives rise to a self-conjugate element

This chapter describes the following fundamental topics whose knowledge will form the basis to understand the contents of the subsequent chapters. They are: (i)Fundamental aspects of molecular and crystal symmetries. (ii)Types and properties of matrices. (iii)Matrix representation of symmetry operations. (iv)Molecular and crystallographic point groups. (v)A new method to understand the distribution of symmetry operations among the crystallographic point groups from the least symmetric system to the most symmetric system. (vi)Two important point group notations, Schoenflies and International.

By means of Kronecker map and complex representation of a quaternion matrix, some explicit solutions to the quaternion matrix equations XF−AX=C and \(XF-A\widetilde{X}=C\) are established. One of the solutions is neatly expressed by a symmetric matrix, a controllability matrix and an observability matrix. In addition, two practical algorithms for these two equations are given.

A Gel'fand model for a Weyl group of type [formula omitted] and the branching rules [formula omitted

We prove an explicit formula for the tensor product with itself of an irreducible complex representation of the symmetric group defined by a rectangle of height two. We also describe part of the decomposition for the tensor product of representations defined by rectangles of heights two and four. Our results are deduced, through Schur-Weyl duality, from the observation that certain actions on triple tensor products of vector spaces, are multiplicity free.

The set of $n$–dimensional complex representations of a finitely generated group $\Gamma$ form a complex affine variety $R_{n}(\Gamma )$. Suppose that $\rho$ is such a representation and consider the associated representation $Ad \circ \rho$ on $n \times n$ complex matrices obtained by following $\rho$ with conjugation of matrices. Then it is shown that the dimension of $R_{n}(\Gamma )$ at $\rho$ is at least the difference of the complex dimensions of $Z^{1}(\Gamma , Ad \circ \rho )$ and $H^{2}(\Gamma , Ad \circ \rho )$. It is further shown that in the latter cohomology $\Gamma$ may be replaced by various proalgebraic groups associated to $\Gamma$ and $\rho$.

This article aims to studying how to solve dynamic Sylvester quaternion matrix equation (DSQME) using the neural dynamic method. In order to solve the DSQME, the complex representation method is first adopted to derive the equivalent dynamic Sylvester complex matrix equation (DSCME) from the DSQME. It is proven that the solution to the DSCME is the same as that of the DSQME in essence. Then, a state-of-the-art neural dynamic method is presented to generate a general dynamic-varying parameter zeroing neural network (DVPZNN) model with its global stability being guaranteed by the Lyapunov theory. Specifically, when the linear activation function is utilized in the DVPZNN model, the corresponding model [termed linear DVPZNN (LDVPZNN)] achieves finite-time convergence, and a time range is theoretically calculated. When the nonlinear power-sigmoid activation function is utilized in the DVPZNN model, the corresponding model [termed power-sigmoid DVPZNN (PSDVPZNN)] achieves the better convergence compared with the LDVPZNN model, which is proven in detail. Finally, three examples are presented to compare the solution performance of different neural models for the DSQME and the equivalent DSCME, and the results verify the correctness of the theories and the superiority of the proposed two DVPZNN models.