Radical Theory for Granded Rings

To the Abstract Theory of Radicals: A Contribution from Near-Rings

Conditions are given on a radical (semisimple) property to ensure the existence of a construction for the smallest radical (semisimple) class with the property, containing a given class of rings. This generalizes earlier results on smallest hereditary or strongly hereditary radical classes, and hereditary semisimple classes. In the last section certain classes of rings are shown to admit a construction for the largest radical (semisimple) class contained in the given class. This leads to theorems on largest radical (semisimple) classes dual to the already established smallest theorems.

Olson and Jenkins defined E(M) to be the class of all rings each nonzero homomorphic image of which contains either a nonzero M-ideal or an essential ideal where M, is any class of rings. E(M) was proven to be a radical class and various classes M were considered. Here the class E(M) is partitioned into two classes: H the class of all rings each nonzero homomorphic image of which has a proper essential ideal and the class H(M) of all rings each nonzero homomorphic image of which contains an M-ideal. It is shown that H is a radical class and under certain conditions H(M) is also a radical class. Various properties placed on M yield several well-known radical classes and an infinite number of supernilpotent nonspecial radical classes is constructed.

Some conjectures related to the radical theory of rings are still open. Hence, the research on the radical theory of rings is still being investigated by some prominent authors. On the other hand, some results on the radical theory of rings can be implemented in another branch or structure. In radical theory, it is interesting to bring some radical classes into graded versions. In this chance, we implement a qualitative method to conduct the research to bring the Brown-McCoy radical class to the restricted graded Brown-McCoy radical class as research objective. We start from some known facts on the Brown-McCoy radical class and furthermore, let G be a group, we explain the Brown-McCoy radical restricted with respect to the group G. The result of this paper, we describe the Brown-McCoy radical in restricted graded version and it is denoted by G^G. Furthermore, we also give the fact by explaining G^G (A)=(〖G(A))〗_G, for any ring A, as the final outcome of this paper.

Some Subidempotent Radicals

If R is a ring and n is an integer weMaydefine a ring Tn (R) on the same underlying additive abelian group by using the formula a * b = nab to define a new multiplication. Tn , is a functor on the category of associative rings. If C is a class of rings then, for each n, the class Cn , is defined to consist of all rings R such that Tn (R) is in C. If C is a radical class then each class Cn , is also a radical class. We consider the properties of the radical class C which are inherited by Cn , and relationships between these classes C n as n varies.

Let A be a class of rings, and let L(A) denote the lower radical class determined by A. In [3] Yu-Lee Lee showed that L(A) may b constructed in the following manner: Let H(A) be the class of all homomorphic images of rings in A.

Not all the good properties of the Kurosh-Amitsur radical theory in the variety of associative rings are preserved in the bigger variety of near-rings. In the smaller and better behaved variety of O-symmetric near-rings the theory is much more satisfactory. In this note we show that many of the results of the 0-symmetric near-ring case can be extended to a much bigger variety of near-rings which, amongst others, includes all the O-symmetric as well as the constant near-rings. The varieties we shall consider are varieties of near-rings, called Fuchs varieties, in which the constants form an ideal. The good arithmetic of such varieties makes it possible to derive more explicit conditions. (i) for the subvariety of constant near-rings to be a semisimple class (or equivalently, to have attainable identities), (ii) for semisimple classes to be hereditary. We shall prove that the subvariety of 0-symmetric near-rings has attainable identities in a Fuchs variety, and extend the theory of overnilpotent radicals of...

The fundamental theorem of abelian groups states that any finitely generated abelian group is a direct sum of cyclic groups. This theorem plays a fundamental role in the structure theory of abelian groups. It has fascinated many algebraists to look at this theorem from different points of view:- (a) To find suitable generalizations of this theorem for modules over certain classes of rings, e.g. Dedekind domain, hereditary noetherian prime rings, valuation rings etc. (b) To create suitable versions of this theorem in some module categories and use such versions to develop the structure theory of such module categories. For example, torsion abelian group-like modules, modules with finitely generated submodules direct sums of multiplication modules. (c) To find those rings for which certain versions of the fundamental theorem of abelian groups hold. For example rings over which all finitely generated modules are direct sums of cyclic modules. (d) To examine the structure of certain classes of abelian groups and to try to find modules with similar structures. (e) To find roles of answers to some of above types of questions in the general theory of modules.

Some Pathology for Radicals in Non-Associative Near-Rings

In part I we introduce vertex rings , which bear the same relation to vertex algebras (or VOAs) as commutative, associative rings do to commutative, associative algebras over C \mathbf {C} . We show that vertex rings are characterized by Goddard axioms . These include a generalization of the translation-covariance axiom of VOA theory that involves a canonical Hasse-Schmidt derivation naturally associated to any vertex ring. We give several illustrative applications of these axioms, including the construction of vertex rings associated with the Virasoro algebra. We consider some categories of vertex rings, and the rôle played by the center of a vertex ring. In part II we extend the theory of Pierce bundles associated to a commutative ring to the setting of vertex rings. This amounts to the construction of certain reduced étale bundles of vertex rings functorially associated to a vertex ring. We introduce von Neumann regular vertex rings as a generalization of von Neumann regular commutative rings; we obtain a characterization of this class of vertex rings as those whose Pierce bundles are bundles of simple vertex rings.

Nonlocalness of a class of lattice-orderable associative algebras and rings

In 1996, the first author defined analogs of the concepts of complete (divisible), reduced, and periodic abelian groups, well-known in the theory of abelian groups, for arbitrary varieties of algebras. In 2021, the first author proposed a modification of the concepts of completeness and reducibility, which is more natural in the case of associative rings. The paper studies the modification of these concepts for associative rings. Artinian \(\mathbf{M}\)-complete, \(\mathbf{M}\)-reduced rings, and minimally \(\mathbf{M}\)-complete associative nilpotent rings, simple rings with unity, and finite rings are characterized.

It is shown that a variety of associative rings which has attainable identities in the class of all associatives ring has attainable identities in the class of all near—rings. We also give examples of varieties of near-rings which are, contrary to the ring case, closed under extensions but do not have attainable identities and varieties which are closed under extensions but not closed under essential extensions, respectively.

It is easy to see (cf. Theorem 1 below) that the centrality of all the nilpotent elements of a given associative ring implies the centrality of every idempotent element; and (Theorem 7) these two properties are in fact equivalent in any regular ring. We establish in this note various conditions, some necessary and some sufficient, for the centrality of nilpotent or idempotent elements in the wider class of π-regular rings (in Theorems 1, 2, 3 and 4 the rings in question are not even required to be π-regular).