Reconciling Cognitive Modeling with Knowledge Forgetting: A Continuous Time-aware General Neural Network Framework

Objective: Long-term C-arm fluoroscopy exposes medical personnel to substantial radiation doses. Preventing this exposure requires protective equipment and radiation safety. This study examined anesthesia students' using fluoroscopy and preventive knowledge. Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study included 139 Vocational High School Anesthesia students. The "Healthcare Professional Knowledge of Radiation Protection" scale and a 13-question survey collected data. The scale was designed with a Likert scale and three sub-factors. If the total and sub-dimension item average score of the scale is below 5, it indicates that the level of knowledge of radiation protection among medical personnel is low, and if it is above 5, it indicates that the level of knowledge is high. Results: More than half of the students (59.8%) heard the radiation from the fluoroscopy device, the vast majority (82.7%) did not receive radiation protection training, 58.3% stayed away from the device while it was operating, and 70.5% stated that it is crucial to stay away from the device while it was operating. It was determined that there was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in the "Radiation Physics, Biology, and Radiation Usage Principles" sub-dimension of students who were male, in their second year of education, received radiation protection training, and offered reliable answers to a number of questions measuring their level of radiation knowledge. In addition, the research revealed a positive and highly significant correlation between the scale and its subdimensions. Conclusion: Although the scale scores of the students who received radiation protection training and had a high level of radiation knowledge were substantially higher than those of the other students, the average score of the students was less than 5. This indicates that students have an inadequate understanding of radiation protection. To prevent the negative biological effects of radiation on the human body, it is necessary to conduct epidemiological research, educate health care professionals and anesthesiology students about the effects and processes of this radiation on human cells, and provide frequent training. Radiation, radiation's biological effects, and radiation protection should be included in health students' curricula.

Computer science knowledge in the 8 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> grade in Hungary was analysed, in order to see the differences in informatics skills of students from different school types. The student's knowledge should be level with each other at the end of primary stage, not depending on school type, because their learning material is based on the National Curriculum: this was the starting hypothesis. Why is this important? Because teachers at grammar schools have to know the knowledge of entering students; what have they to teach for all of them, do they have to group students according to their knowledge level, is there any difference in knowledge level by school types, if so, does it require a special course to smooth differences or not? An analysis of informatics skills by schooltypes in primary stages was made with the help of a web based Informatics Test. An on-line test based on the Hungarian National Curriculum was composed, and answers were analysed how effectively could students from different grades deal with different subjects. Over 60 teachers used the test to measure the knowledge level of more than 1000 students from various towns of Hungary. This time only those answers were needed which came from the 8 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> grade. After evaluating the test results the correctness of the original presumption emerged. First the Kolmogorov-Smirnov-test was used to see if the results of the various groups showed standard normal distribution or not. The means of the correct answers by school types were examined using an Independent samples tests and the calculated Eta-squared revealed how school types influenced the differences of means. Significance level was 5% throughout the analysis. Significant divergence by school types was not found showing the original hypothesis correct. Further, some differences were found between the taught material and that of the National Curriculum.

An emerging image of the teacher as “thoughtful professional” suggests the need for researchers to study teachers’ and students’ cognitions in addition to teacher behavior, student behavior, and student achievement. This article presents an initial conceptualization of how teachers' and students' cognitions and knowledge mediate effective teaching. Subject matter content and teacher and student knowledge are focused on as important dimensions that have often been ignored by researchers on teaching. Students' “cognitional knowledge for classroom learning,” both general and content-specific, is defined as knowledge of the mental processes by which learners acquire knowledge through classroom learning. Teachers’ relevant knowledge includes both the above cognitional knowledge for classroom learning as well as “cognitional knowledge for classroom teaching.” Examples from research are provided to illustrate teachers' and students' cognitional and metacognitional knowledge for classroom learning and teaching. The conceptualization and examples may serve to stimulate reflection and research by those who study teaching.

Learning by teaching is one of the active learning models that focus on the learner. For nursing students to have these competencies and skills, contemporary, versatile, and student-active teaching methods and techniques should be employed in nursing education. Examine the effect of learning by teaching in the skills training of nursing students on their knowledge and skill levels. A quasi-experimental design without a control group was employed. The study was conducted between November 2022 and February 2023 with 206 fourth-year nursing students. Students received training on "intravenous catheterization and drug administration through the catheter" and "intramuscular and subcutaneous drug administration" using the learning-by-teaching method through group work for 14 weeks. During this training process, they carried out their skills training using PowerPoint presentations, posters, and banners, which they prepared on certain topics, skill videos, and application models. At the beginning and three weeks after end of the education process, a questionnaire was applied to the students who completed the training on the subjects they taught, and their skill levels were evaluated with the objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). The mean age of the students was 21.8 ± 1.31 years (min.:20 and max.: 28), 68.4% (n = 141) were female, and their Grade Point Average was 3.05 ± 0.27. There was a statistically significant difference between the students' mean pre-test and post-test scores in all tests (p < 0.05). A statistically significant difference was determined between the students' mean pre-test and post-test scores from theoretical and skills measurements in all study groups (p < 0.05). It was determined that the learning-by-teaching method was effective in the knowledge and skill levels of students in nursing skills education in all learning subjects determined in the study.

A Computerized Adaptive Test proposes items according to the student's knowledge level. Therefore, the number of items, which are given to students, is reduced. Besides, the ending of such test is determined by the student's knowledge level, which allows an instructor to reduce testing time. As usual, construction of such tests is based on the Item Response Theory (IRT). This theory gives models which use statistical data about the student's knowledge level and difficulty of items. We do not have such statistics for new tests. In such cases, this paper proposes to estimate the complexity of items on the basis of the experts' conclusions. These conclusions are based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) which was modified. The modification allows experts to estimate the complexity of items with the help of the collection of the items characteristics. This modification can remove the expert's inadequate estimates of items or their characteristics. This method allows experts to classify all items in clusters according to their complexity in the first stage of the testing when statistics of items use is absent. A test constructor, on the basis of a decision tables network, realizes the algorithm of the items' selection from different clusters. In the future, tutors will have tested a sufficient number of students' groups. They record statistics of the test using. A test constructor receives such statistics, which will allow them to use the models of the Item Response Theory for estimation of the test items' complexity. The assessment of the knowledge level of students is made with the help of an adaptive test, which is based on a network of decision tables. This network determines the algorithm of using items from different clusters for the testing. The adaptive test is built on the basis of the network of decision tables as a computer system. This system is constructed on the Java platform with the help of the programming environment Android Studio. It has the interface suitable for students as well as for a constructor, which allows the constructor to change the algorithm of using items if received statistics of items use shows such necessity.

This study aims to determine how big the level of students' knowledge of football learning in the covid-19 era. With this research, it is hoped that it can be seen the extent to which students are able to capture learning during this pandemic situation. This study uses a quantitative descriptive survey method with the distribution of digital questionnaires via google form. The subjects of this study were students majoring in TKJ SMK Pasundan 1 CImahi with a total of 50 people. The entire population was sampled so that in this study using total sampling, with a Guttman true-false test. Quantitative descriptive analysis technique as outlined in the percentage chart. The results showed that the level of students' knowledge of football learning in the covid-19 era was in the "very low" category of 0% (0 students).

Introduction: In recent years, CBCT imaging has found many applications in dentistry due to its advantages such as 3D images, ease of imaging and the possibility of data reconstruction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of dental residents and students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences towards the need to prescribe CBCT in 2022-2023.&#x0D; Methods: the current study is a cross-sectional and descriptive study.146 general dentistry students and 24 dental residents participated in this study. 23 questions in the field of knowledge and attitude about the use of CBCT were used. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by using sources, valid scientific articles and by presenting and consulting radiology specialists. To determine the reliability, retest and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used. Finally, the results were statistically analyzed by SPSS software version16 using chi-square, t-test and correlation tests.&#x0D; Results: The level of knowledge and attitude of general students was higher than dental residents. Moreover, there was a significant difference between the level of knowledge and attitude of students with their duration of study at the university, so the higher the academic year, the lower the knowledge and attitude.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that dental students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences have a relatively moderate knowledge and attitude about the use of CBCT.&#x0D;

Introduction. Today territorial ecological state evaluation is still the actual problem for objects of manufacturing waste storage and accumulation. The problem complexity is linked to information uncertainty of purified liquid waste components influence consequences in environment ecosystems.This ecological problem complex solution is proposed and is based on cognitive modeling of research system object «liquid wastes state – danger factors – environment ecosystems», determining synergetic realization conditions of ecological equilibrium of «cleaned liquid wastes – environment ecosystems safety» according to computer modeling experiment results in liquid wastes storage and utilization safety control software.This will allow to avoid dangerous situations at natural anthropogenic territories by foreseeing essential negative influence factors upon the environment and prompt determining danger factors for decision making.Purpose. Complex problem-solving development for the territories with chemical liquid waste accumulation objects based on computer forecast of the situation with the cognitive model of the object «liquid waste state – danger factors – environment ecosystems» for worst-case situations prevention on the example of by-product coke plant functioning.Methods. Cognitive imitation modeling allows to deal with weakly structured systems, natural anthropogenic objects ambiguous conditions, and implement concepts that neutralize dangerous liquid waste components and influence the environment. Information software capabilities were used to implement analytical and forecast cognitive model advantages for complex system object monitoring.Results. A system of comprehensive research on the environmental situation at liquid waste management facilities has been developed, making it possible to identify important factors of stabilization processes and the danger of ecological balance in the environment. So it was proposed to take into account not only controlled systems but also their state changes and consider as the control object the complex system «wastes ® wastes and ecosystems components interaction ® ecosystem state». Acquired results of propositions' practical capabilities were implemented in example modeling and forecast of liquid waste states from phenol plant Toretsk city according to SPF Inkor and Co project.Conclusion. The complex safety evaluation system is proposed for the situation «liquid wastes state – environment ecosystems» for current and forecast control at cleaned liquid waste storage objects based on state cognitive maps for complex weakly structured systems. It will allow in time reaction at high danger objects and neutralize danger factors according to detected ecological misbalance processes in the environment. A complex control system for handling liquid waste storage and ecological systems states was developed due to software for complex monitoring.

A Study for Determining the Elemantary School Students' Environmental Knowledge and Environmental Attitude Level

BackgroundEpilepsy is a chronic neurological disease that could indirectly affect oral health, and it is necessary for dentists to be familiar with the specific needs of patients with epilepsy. Therefore, aim of the present study was to assess the factors associated with the level of knowledge about management of epileptic patients in Peruvian dental students.MethodsThis analytical, observational, cross-sectional and prospective study assessed 312 dental students from a Peruvian university during February to April 2022. A validated questionnaire of 20 closed multiple-choice questions was used to measure the level of knowledge about dental management in epileptic patients. A logit model was used to assess the influence of variables: gender, age, year of study, marital status, place of origin and area of residence, with the level of knowledge in dental students considering a significance level of p < 0.05.ResultsOf the total, 28.8%, 36.2% and 34.9% had a poor, fair and good level of knowledge, respectively, about the dental treatment of epileptic patients. On the other hand, it was observed that being a woman (OR = 0.44, CI 0.26–0.75) and being a third year student (OR = 0.39, CI 0.21–0.74) and fourth year student (OR = 0.43, CI 0.23–0.89) constituted a protective factor against poor knowledge about the dental management of epileptic patients, while being from the capital city constituted a risk factor. Finally, age, marital status and the students' area of residence were not considered influential factors (p > 0.05).ConclusionMost of the students showed a poor and fair level of knowledge about the dental management of epileptic patients, with gender, academic year and place of origin being influential factors. It is advisable that authorities and teachers in the dental profession organize recurrent training programs on the care of patients with chronic diseases requiring special attention, since knowing general concepts, pharmacological management and dental care of epileptic patients will allow future dentists to develop competencies to improve and implement good quality care protocols for this group of patients.

Existing studies conducted on education have aimed to contribute to educational reforms by focusing mostly on students. Both in Turkey and throughout the world, further studies are required to analyze teachers in addition to students, particularly teachers' knowledge base needs further investigation. Educational research should not necessarily be associated only with those conducted by collecting data in the field. Meta-synthesis studies that offer general outlooks on previous studies are also required in the field of education. To address this gap in the literature, this article aims to analyze studies in Turkey that have investigated pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) in the field of mathematics education.The concept of pedagogical content knowledge was first introduced by Lee S. Shulman at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association in 1985. Shulman (1986) argued that there was an imbalance between content knowledge and general pedagogical knowledge and that no relation had been established between these two types of knowledge; he described this deficiency as the missing paradigm. With an effort to eliminate this deficiency, Shulman (1987) defined PCK as the special combination of content knowledge and pedagogy. Shulman conceptualized PCK in two categories. The first category is the knowledge of teaching strategies and representations that suggest how to organize, represent, and adapt the subjects that are taught. The second category is the knowledge of students' subject understanding at different levels. These two components are the unique professional expertise of teachers who act as the bridge connecting content and pedagogical knowledge.Despite the fact that Shulman's conceptualization of PCK is considered a cornerstone in the literature, he was later criticized by scholars working in this field. Depaepe, Verschaffel, and Kelchtermans (2013) collected the criticisms directed at Shulman's PCK model under five categories. The first was the lack of a theoretical and empirical basis for the presence of PCK as a separate category in the knowledge base of teachers. The second was related to his static view of PCK as a type of factual knowledge that could be acquired and applied independently from the classroom context. The third criticism arose from the concern of researchers about the possibility of theoretically and empirically distinguishing PCK from content knowledge. The fourth was that Shulman conceptualized PCK in a very narrow framework under two categories. The fifth one relied on the argument that PCK cannot be normative, as it can vary according to culture.In accordance with the criticisms in the literature, several scholars from different subject areas restructured Shulman's PCK model in different ways in an attempt to clarify the borders between PCK and other types of knowledge. In this context, the first studies on PCK were conducted by Shulman's colleagues (Grossman, 1990; Marks, 1990). Grossman, one colleague of Shulman, expressed PCK, which Shulman had framed too narrowly, by widening it. Grossman (1990) divided PCK into four components: (a) knowledge of students' understanding, (b) knowledge of teaching strategies, (c) knowledge of teaching purposes, and (d) knowledge of curriculum. Grossman expanded Shulman's PCK model by adding knowledge of teaching strategies and knowledge of curriculum as separate components in PCK.Marks (1990), another colleague of Shulman, divided PCK into four components in light of his empirical study's findings: (a) knowledge of subject matter, (b) knowledge of students' understanding, (d) knowledge of teaching media, such as materials, books, and so on, and (d) knowledge of teaching processes. Marks argued that these four components were not independent from each other but that they intensively interacted with each other. He advocated his argument, expressing that a mathematics teacher, when deciding whether or not the examples of mathematical operations in a course book are sufficient, reflects to a certain extent his/her knowledge of media for content education, knowledge of teaching processes, and knowledge of students' content comprehension. …

Current study intended to identify teachers’ level of knowledge and ICT use into pedagogy at secondary level. It was a mixed method study. Quantitative data were collected from 100 teachers of secondary schools Rawalpindi. Descriptive statistics was applied and results were found out through percentage, mean, frequency and standard deviation. Interviews were also conducted with the secondary school teachers. Quantitative data revealed that teachers use only those ICT tools in which they have adequate level of knowledge. Qualitative data also backed these results and highlighted that teachers’ lack knowledge in ICT tools therefore they don't utilize them. They demand administrative support and need-based training in the development of ICT skills and knowledge. It is recommended that ICT integration in the field of education needs greater consideration than it is receiving. Teachers’ fewer knowledge in area of ICT depicted the need of enhancing their level of knowledge regarding advanced ICT tools.

21st-century education demands adaptive, critical, and innovative students, in line with the Independent Curriculum, which emphasizes essential competencies and the Pancasila Student Profile. However, preliminary learning at SMAN 1 2X11 Enam Lingkung revealed several obstacles in physics learning. The use of information and communication technology (ICT) in electronic Student Worksheets (E-SWS) is still low, students have difficulty understanding measurement material, low interest in reading discourse questions, and students' creative thinking skills are relatively low. This study uses descriptive statistical analysis to describe, summarize, and present data without generalization. The focus of the analysis includes frequency distribution, measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), and measures of dispersion (range, standard deviation). The results of the analysis show that the current SWS is less attractive, is still in printed form, and does not facilitate the development of students' knowledge and creative thinking. Teacher questionnaires also indicate that they have not used electronic SWS and have not integrated ethnoscience and fun learning. Furthermore, the problem regarding the analysis of the context of SWS in real conditions with ideal conditions with an average score of 40% which is still in the low category, students' understanding of the measurement material is very low, with an average score of only 34.16%. Analysis of 31 students shows an average score of the knowledge aspect of 66.1% (mode 55, median 70, distance 100), and the creative thinking ability aspect of 55.6% (mode 50, median 55, distance 35). These data indicate that the level of knowledge and creative thinking ability of students is still low. This finding emphasizes the urgency of learning innovation to achieve the goals of the Independent Curriculum.

The purpose of this study was to find the level of knowledge and skills of Beauty Education study program students in the PRIGEL program in meeting the needs of the salon industry.PRIGEL is an implementation program of the Merdeka Learning Campus Merdeka curriculum at Semarang State University in the form of an internship conducted in the industry for 1 semester.The research was conducted on students of the Beauty Styling Education Study Program who became apprentices at "Lie Kuang" Education in 2022.The results showed that the level of knowledge and skills of PRIGEL students in meeting the needs of the beauty industry was in the good category.The application of procedures carried out includes consultation, preparation of tools, determination of cosmetics, carrying out the treatment process needs to be done properly so that the end result can satisfy the client, and good communication after treatment will have a good impact and reduce hair damage, in addition to training skills this study proves that by participating in the PRIGEl program the soft skills of students increase.

Introduction: Declaration of human monkeypox(HMPX) virus as Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by World Health Organisation (WHO) has raised concerns among the public andlack of knowledge is a prominent challenge in curbing this outbreak. Therefore, assessment ofknowledge level on this outbreak among the medical students is also necessary due to the fact that they are the future healthcare practitioners who will be directly involved in the disease management as well as a major source of knowledge dissemination to the public.Aim: The main objective of this study is to assess the knowledge level of medical students at Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA) regarding the emergence of HMPX. Additionally, the study aims to investigate potential associations between socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge levels, while also identifying factors that predict a high level of knowledge in this context..Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among UniSZA undergraduatemedical students from Year 1 to Year 5. A validated questionnaire comprising six socio-demographic variables and 27 knowledge items was shared online. Descriptive statistics, non-parametric tests and multivariate logistic regression were performed using SPSS software.Results: A total of 138 medical students out of 300 participated in this study. Overall, the average knowledge score was 73.95% ±4.43, which indicates that the medical students have moderate knowledge level. Nearly half of them had good knowledge level (n= 68; 49.3%), 43 of them had moderate knowledge level (31.2%), and 27 of them had poor knowledge level (19.6%). There was a significant association between knowledge level and two factors: receiving information on HMPX during their education and seniority (P-value < 0.01 and P-value < 0.05, respectively). Besides, received information on HMPX during their education was a significant predicting factor of good knowledge level (P-value = 0.002).Conclusion: The knowledge level among the medical students was relatively inadequate.