Red snapper fish intake improves thyroid gland activity in the hypothyroidism rat

Babies born to mothers with thyroid disease

Background: Some bacteria and viruses cause thyroid gland inflammation. Periodontal diseases lead to the production of numerous bacteria in the mouth that spread to other tissues and organs, causing infection in those sites. This investigation’s goal was to the correlation between thyroid abnormalities with periodontal disorders. Methods: The research study was carried out on 96 patients who provided blood samples from the total of 1012 applicants who enrolled to the periodontology clinic. The patients were categorized into 4 categories based on their age: (i) ages ranging 0-20, (ii) ages ranging 21-40, (iii) ages ranging 41–60, and (iv) ages over 61. In addition, they were additionally divided into three groups according to both TSH and FT4 levels: The TSHa and FT4a group included patients with below-normal values, the TSHb and FT4b group included patients with normal TSH and FT4 values, and the TSHc and FT4c group included patients with above-normal TSH and FT4 values. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 21. Frequency analysis and the Mann-Whitney U Analyses were utilized for statistical analysis., and the level of significance was set at P<0.05. Results: The median TSH and FT4 levels of the patients were 1.98±1.28 mIU/L and 1.19±0.32 mIU/L, in that order there were no significant statistical differences seen in TSH and FT4 levels between genders or age groups. According to their FT4 and TSH levels, 7.3% of the patients had subclinical hypothyroidism and 4.2% had subclinical hyperthyroidism. In total, 11.5% of the patients had thyroid dysfunction. Conclusion: The results indicated that thyroid dysfunction was present in a remarkably high proportion of patients (11.5%).

AimsWe investigated whether thyroid function could be associated with obesity phenotypes amongst euthyroid individuals.Materials and methodsA cross-sectional analysis was conducted among healthy, euthyroid subjects. The study participants were chosen from the Tehran Thyroid Study (TTS). We analyzed 2988 euthyroid adults and classified them into four obesity phenotype groups: metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW), metabolically healthy obese (MHO), metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW), and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO). The statistical differences between thyroid hormones between various obesity phenotypes according to age and sex was compared using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).ResultsIt was found that MHNW participants had higher levels of FT4 when compared with metabolically healthy or unhealthy obese subjects (P < 0.001), even after adjustment for the confounding variables. No difference was observed in the levels of TSH (P = 0.260) among obesity phenotypes. In the subgroup analysis according to the age, a significant difference was observed in the level of FT4 only in subjects with age < 55 years (P = 0.001). However, analyzing men and women separately did not show a significant difference in the FT4 level among obesity phenotypes (P > 0.05).Conclusion“Metabolically abnormality” was independently related to low normal FT4 levels in overweight/obese euthyroid individuals. There is a need for further research to understand how low FT4 levels are linked to metabolically unhealthy states in euthyroid individuals.

Background Coronovirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus was officially declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. According to a search of PubMed for the term COVID-19 on May 5, 2021, thus far, there have been more than 130,000 papers on COVID-19 published in the medical literature. Since the previous comments on thyroid function in COVID-19 in Clinical Thyroidology (1,2) the number of papers on this topic has increased from a handful to 120 (PubMed search for the term COVID-19, thyroid disease on May 5, 2021), including a systematic review (3). One of these articles, the article by Campi et al. reviewed here (4), is a prospective study of thyroid function in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection at a single center in Milan, Italy. Methods The study included 144 consecutive patients with COVID-19 infection and associated pneumonia (97 men and 47 women; mean [±SD] age, 68.1±14.67 years [range, 26–96]) admitted to a single center in intensive or subintensive care units between March and May 2020 because of respiratory insufficiency of variable severity. SARS-Cov-2 infection was confirmed in all patients by RT-PCR testing on a nasopharyngeal swab. Those with previous thyroid dysfunction or who were taking interfering drugs were excluded. There was no control group. Different from previous reports, serum concentrations of thyrotropin (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroglobulin (Tg), and anti-Tg autoantibodies (TgAbs) were measured at baseline and every 3 to 7 days thereafter. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were also assayed. The overall mortality rate was 25% (36 of 144). The mean length of hospital stay was 21 days (range, 2–108). Serum Tg and TgAb concentrations were retrospectively measured in the subset of serum with reduced/suppressed TSH levels in order to diagnose or exclude destructive thyroiditis. Results Most patients had a normal TSH concentration at admission; most of these patients also had normal FT4 and FT3 levels. Low TSH concentrations were found either at admission or during hospitalization in 39% of patients, which was associated with low FT3 levels in half of these cases. Serum FT4 and Tg levels were normal, and TgAb was negative. Serum TSH and FT3 levels were invariably restored to normal at the time of discharge in survivors, whereas they were permanently low in most deceased cases. Only serum FT3 concentrations predicted mortality. Serum cortisol, CRP, and IL-6 concentrations were higher in patients with low TSH and FT3 concentrations. Almost half of the COVID-19 patients who were not taking interfering drugs had normal thyroid function tests both at admission and during follow-up. In this series, the transient finding of low TSH with normal FT4 and low FT3 levels inversely correlated with CRP, cortisol, and IL-6 levels and were associated with normal Tg concentrations and without clinical signs of a destructive thyroiditis. Longitudinal evaluations during the hospital stay showed that TSH suppression was transient in all the survivors, with 5 days (range, 2–9) as the median time to normalization. Serum Tg concentrations were invariably normal in the absence of TgAb interference in all 39 patients with low TSH, either at admission or during follow-up (median Tg, 7.6 µg/L, range: 3–70.3 µg/L). Conclusions The study suggests that cytokine release associated with COVID-19 infection causes slight transient central and peripheral thyroid function alterations, as characterized by reduced TSH with normal FT4 and low-normal FT3 levels. Serum thyroid function assessment during acute COVID-19 infection is not recommended. Clinical and biochemical monitoring after discharge/improvement are appropriate, as subacute thyroiditis may complicate the recovery.

PurposeA multifold association relates the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis to body weight. The potential underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Further, the mild severity of obesity and the small proportion of individuals with obesity in so far published cohort studies provide little insights on metabolic correlates of thyroid function in obesity.MethodsWe retrospectively enrolled 5009 adults with obesity (F/M, 3448/1561; age range, 18-87 years; BMI range, 30.0-82.7 kg/m2), without known thyroid disease in a study on TSH and fT4 levels, lipid profile, glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance, anthropometric parameters including BIA-derived fat mass (%FM) and fat-free mass (FFM).ResultsThe overall reference interval for TSH in our obese cohort was 0.58-5.07 mIU/L. As subgroups, females and non-smokers showed higher TSH levels as compared to their counterparts (p<0.0001 for both), while fT4 values were comparable between groups. There was a significant upward trend for TSH levels across incremental BMI classes in females, while the opposite trend was seen for fT4 levels in males (p<0.0001 for both). Expectedly, TSH was associated with %FM and FFM (p<0,0001 for both). TSH and fT4 showed correlations with several metabolic variables, and both declined with aging (TSH, p<0.0001; fT4, p<0.01). In a subgroup undergoing leptin measurement, leptin levels were positively associated with TSH levels (p<0.01). At the multivariable regression analysis, in the group as a whole, smoking habit emerged as the main independent predictor of TSH (β=-0.24, p<0.0001) and fT4 (β=-0.25, p<0.0001) levels. In non-smokers, %FM (β=0.08, p<0.0001) and age (β=-0.05, p<0.001) were the main significant predictors of TSH levels. In the subset of nonsmokers having leptin measured, leptin emerged as the strongest predictor of TSH levels (β=0.17, p<0.01).ConclusionsOur study provides evidence of a gender- and smoking-dependent regulation of TSH levels in obesity.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) and dysfunction of the thyroid gland (TG) are the most common endocrine diseases, which are interrelated. However, the molecular mechanisms of thyroid dysfunction in DM1 and the role of adenylyl cyclase signaling system (ACSS) in this process remain poorly understood. Typically for studying etiology and pathogenesis of thyroid diseases in DM1 the models of acute DM1 induced by high doses of streptozotocin (STZ) are used. At the same time, a suitable model for this purpose is the model of mild DM1 initiated by moderate doses of STZ, which more closely resembles human DM1. The aim of this study was a comparative study of the functional state of the thyroid gland in rats with 30-day acute DM1 induced by injection of STZ at a dose of 65 mg/kg, and in rats with 30- and 210-day mild DM1 induced by three consecutive injections of STZ at medium doses (30–40 mg/kg). For this purpose in diabetic animals the levels of thyroid hormones and TSH and the functional activity of hormone-sensitive ACSS in membranes isolated from thyroid gland were studied. It was shown that in blood of rats with acute DM1 the levels of fT4, fT3, and tT3 were decreased by 45, 23 and 19%, respectively, while the level of TSH did not change significantly. In rats with the 30-day mild DM1 the concentration of fT4 was decreased by 32%, while the levels of tT4, tT3, and TSH were similar to that in control. In rats with prolonged mild DM1 after 150 and 210 days following the first treatment with STZ the levels of tT4, fT4, and tT3 were significantly reduced, but the concentration of TSH in rats with 210-day mild DM1 was increased by 119%. The results obtained in the study of thyroid status and TSH levels in rats with prolonged mild DM1 are in good agreement with the data obtained in the study of thyroid diseases in patients with DM1. It was found that the AC basal activity in the membranes isolated from the thyroid gland of diabetic rats did not change, except for the rats with the prolonged mild DM1 where this activity was increased by 21%. In all groups of diabetic rats the decrease of AC stimulating effects of GppNHp (10−5 M) and TSH (10−8 M) was found, and in the rats with prolonged mild DM1 the AC effect of PACAP-38 (10−6 M) was also reduced. The decrease of AC effect of TSH varied among different groups of the diabetic animals: in the rats with acute DM1 this effect was reduced by 46% and in the rats with 30- and 210-day mild DM1-by 18 and 34%. Thus, it was concluded that the key cause of the thyroid resistance to TSH under conditions of DM1 is a weakening of the signal transduction generated by TSH via the ACSS.

Introduction: Thyroid disorders have been associated with depression over many years, but the mechanisms involved in this association are difficult to define and previous published data are still conflicting. The majority of studies were performed in Europe and the United States, with a recent increase in Asia, and it is unknown if their results would replicate in the Brazilian population. Therefore, ELSA-Brasil presents the opportunity to study the association between thyroid dysfunction and depression in the Brazilian population and prospectively. Methods: TSH, free-thyroxine (FT4) and anti-TPO antibodies levels were evaluated at baseline. Depression diagnoses were performed using the Clinical Interview Schedule -Revised (CIS-R) at baseline and after the 4-year-followup. The following analysis were performed using Poisson regression models (95% confidence interval, CI95%): (1) association between thyroid dysfunction (overt and subclinical) and incident depression; (2) association between anti-TPO antibodies and incident depression; (3) association between anti-TPO antibodies together with only overt/subclinical hypothyroidism and incident depression; (4) TSH levels (3 quintile as reference) and incident depression among those with subclinical thyroid dysfunction and euthyroid individuals; (5) TSH levels (3 quintile as reference) and incident depression among euthyroid individuals; (6) TSH levels (1 quintile as reference) and incident depression among those with subclinical thyroid dysfunction and euthyroid individuals; (7) TSH levels (1 quintile as reference) and incident depression among euthyroid individuals; (8) TSH levels were stratified by sex when appropriate, and the multivariable model was adjusted for age, sex, race, education, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol consumption, use of antidepressants/benzodiazepines and comorbidities. Results: This study showed an inverse association between overt hypothyroidism and incident depression (RR=0,54; 95% CI 0,35-0,84), but no association was found for subclinical hypothyroidism, overt and subclinical hyperthyroidism. Also, there was no association between presence of anti-TPO antibodies and incident depression (even when analyzing it together with overt and/or subclinical hypothyroidism only). Regarding TSH levels, among those with subclinical thyroid dysfunction and euthyroid individuals, low TSH levels were associated with an increased risk of depression, for all participants (RR=1,36; 95% CI 1,02-1,81) and for women (RR=1,64; 95% CI 1,15-2,33). Even within the normal range, for all (RR=1,46; 95% CI 1,08-1,99) and for women (RR=1,63; 95% CI 1,12-2,38). High TSH levels were associated with a lower risk of depression, also for all participants (RR=0,71; 95% CI 0,53-0,96) and for women (RR=0,67; 95% CI 0,47-0,95). The sensibility analysis with TSH Conclusion: Overt hypothyroidism was associated with a lower risk of depression after 4 years of follow-up. The higher risk seems to be associated with low TSH levels among those with subclinical thyroid dysfunction and euthyorid individuals, even within the normal range. Specially among women. High TSH levels were associated with lower risk of depression, also for women. No association between TSH levels and incident depression was found among men.

Background: The thyroid gland plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, development, and energy balance, and is particularly sensitive to hormonal fluctuations and the aging process. Menopause and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are two conditions that independently influence endocrine and gastrointestinal function, and their coexistence may further contribute to systemic physiological disturbances. As well as, the oxidative stress act as a potential mediator affecting both thyroid function and gastrointestinal symptoms. This study aimed to evaluates the relationship between thyroid function during menopausal lifestyle with IBS, Methodology: A total of 80 menopausal women were included: 50 patients with IBS (25 early menopause: 40–45 years and 25 late menopauses: 50–60 years) and 30 healthy women in same both menopause stages without IBS as controls (15 participants in each menopause stage). All participants provided informed consent. Serum levels of T3, T4, FT3, FT4, and TSH were measured using the automated Roche Cobas e411 immunoassay platform. Also, the human total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were determined (ELISA) method, according to the procedure provided by the manufacturer's instructions, Biont Co., Germany. A one-way ANOVA test was applied for data and used Least significant difference (LSD) to assess differences among groups. Pearson’s correlation was used to evaluate the relationship between two numerical variables. A p-value of &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant Results: Seum TSH and FT3 levels were significantly elevated and serum TT3, TT4 and FT4 were reduced in both early and late menopause in IBS women patients compared to both controls women with menopause stages without IBS respectively. Whereas, a high serum TSH concentration was observed in late menopause women with IBS compared to early menopause stage. Besides, a notable reduction (P&lt;0.0001) of both serum TT4 and FT4 levels in late menopause compared to early menopause and control among IBS women patients. The oxidant-antioxidant status TOS showed a high significant in late menopause with IBS women compared the women without IBS in same stage. while, serum TOS levels not changeable significantly during early menopause among IBS patients than in control women. In conversely, serum TAC significantly reduced in both early and late menopause respectively among IBS women patients compared to the control women without IBS. Conclusion: This study reports that hormonal dysfunction status in thyroid gland during menopausal stage associated with IBS. This observed hormonal disturbances-particularly elevated TSH with lower both serum TT4 and FT4 levels upon HPT axis may be suggest an increased risk of hypothyroidism in late menopause than early menopause by the oxidative stress among IBS patient’s women.

Objective To investigate the cumulative incidence of persistent hypothyroidism in patients who were diagnosed as postpartum thyroiditis ( PPT),and to determine the factors associated with the development of persistent hypothyroidism in those patients.Methods The present study was performed as the continuous study followed by the former epidemiological survey on PPT,in which 58 patients with PPT (35 overt PPT and 23 subclinical PPT) were diagnosed.The 58 patients were followed up at 12th month postpartum,and then for every 6 months until 24 months postpartum.Fasting blood samples were taken for testing serum TSH,thyroid peroxidase antibody ( TPOAb),and thyroglobulin antibody ( TgAb ).Free T3 ( FT3 ),free T4 ( FT4 ),and TSH receptor antibody ( TRAh ) were detected if TSH was abnormal.50 healthy postpartum women were used as control group.Results Of the total 58 PPT patients,91,4％ ( n =53 ) were successfully followed.Five patients with overt PPT and 6 patients with subclinical PPT developed persistent hypothyroidism,and the cumulative incidence of persistent hypothyroidism in the studied PPT patients was 20.8％.Among 15 PPT patients who had a classical biphasic course (a thyrotoxic phase followed by a hypothyroid phase),persistent hypothyroidism was seen in 26.7％ (n =4 ).Among 11 PPT patients with hypothyroidism only,persistent hypothyroidism was seen in 63.6％ ( n =7).On the contrary,none of the patients with thyrotoxicosis only had persistent hypothyroidism.All of the patients who developed persistent hypothyrodism had a higher TSH levels than 4.8 mU/L at 6th month postpartum.Before delivery,TSH levels of the patients developed persistent hypothyroidism were significantly higher than those of the patients with transient hypothyroidism,and this was the case at the 12th month postpartum ( all P＜0.01 ).PPT patients maintained a relatively higher rate of thyroid autoantibodies.The positive rate of TPOAb at the 12th,18th,and 24th month postpartum was 56.6％,50.9％,and 52.8％,respectively; and the positive rate of TgAb being 35.8％,30.2％,and 30.2％,respectively.Both the positive rate and titer of TPOAb in patients with overt PPT were higher than those in patients with subclinical PPT at the 18th and 24th month postpartum (P＜0.05).Conclusions 20.8％ patients with PPT developed persistent hypothyroidism at the 24th month postpartum.Whether a patient with PPT would develop persistent hypothyroidism depends on his clinical feature and TSH level. Key words: Postpartum thyroiditis; Persistent hypothyroidism; Transient hypothyroidism; Thyroid autoantibodies

The functional maturation of an independent foetal thyroid activity was investigated in the present study. Serum concentrations of total T4, free T4, TSH and TBG were measured in 23 foetuses between 18 and 31 weeks' gestational age. Foetal samples were collected by transabdominal needling from the placental cord insertion. TT4, FT4, TBG and TSH levels significantly increased with gestational age. FT4 levels were comparable with the adult range by 28 weeks' gestation; TBG levels reached adult values at approximately 30 weeks, while TT4 was lower than adult levels throughout the whole period studied. TSH values were, in all cases, higher than the normal adult range. A significant positive correlation was present between TT4 and TBG, TT4 and TSH, and TBG and TSH levels; on the contrary, no correlation was demonstrated between FT4 and TSH levels. The TSH/TT4 ratio significantly decreased with gestational age. The results suggest an incomplete responsiveness of the foetal thyroid gland to TSH, while the feedback control system between pituitary and thyroid is operating at a different set point from that in post-natal life. The normal range of thyroid parameters established is of clinical relevance for the antenatal diagnosis, and eventual treatment of thyroid disorders that may seriously damage foetal development and maturation.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the related hormone levels and predicted effects in postoperative patients with thyroid cancer. Methods From March 2011 to March 2015, 78 patients with thyroid cancer were selected as the research objects. According to the treatment methods, the patients were randomly divided into the total thyroid resection group (n=39) and unilateral glandular lobe and isthmus resection group (n=39). The levels of thyroid hormones were detected. If the TSH was more than two times above 2 mU/L, the patients had thyroid related hormone secretion disorder, then the patients were given thyroid hormone inhibitors. Results The thyroid hormone related hormone levels changed after thyroid cancer operation in both groups. In the total thyroid resection group, the levels of T3, FT3 showed a gradual decline trend after operation; the levels of T4 and FT4 had a high peak after operation, then gradually decreased; TSH level in the beginning after operation was high, then gradually reduced and maintained a balance. In the lateral lobes and isthmic resection group, postoperative serum T3 and FT3 levels had a decline in a short period of time, and then slowly backed up; T4 and FT4 levels had a peak and maintained for a short time, then gradually decreased; TSH level in the beginning after operation decreased, then gradually recovered to normal levels. Conclusions The related hormone showed dynamic changes in patients with thyroid cancer after the surgery, according to the dynamic changes can determine the different type of operation is the best time for the injection of an inhibitor to the TSH, in the course of treatment medication flexibly according to the individual difference of the patient, in order to avoid accidents. Key words: Thyroid cancer; Postoperative; Hormone levels; Effect

TSH, blood pressure, and lipid levels

Thyroid axis abnormalities are common in obese patients. Their contribution in the development of metabolic obesity complications remains unclear. To assess the influence of thyroid axis dysfunction on the occurrence of metabolic obesity complications. A cross-sectional review of the thyroid function in 100 obese patients (59 girls and 41 boys, mean age 13.5 years) with alimentary obe-sity (mean standardised body mass index [BMI SDS] in boys 4.175 and girls 4.723) complicated by metabolic syndrome (MS) diag-nosed on the basis of the IDF 2006 criteria (MS, 25 patients) and uncomplicated (75 patients). TSH, fT4, fT3 thyroid peroxidase anti-bodies (TPOAb), and thyroglobulin antibodies (TGAb) were assessed in a single fasting blood sample. There was no case of overt thyroid disease within the whole analysed group. There were no significant differences in mean TSH, fT4, and fT3 levels in patients with and without MS (2.7 µIU/ml vs. 3.0 µIU/ml, 14.5 vs. 14.0 pmol/l, and 5.6 vs. 6.2, respectively; p > 0.05). In the MS group only two patients (8%) presented with a TSH level above the upper limit of the normal range; in the group without MS elevated TSH was noticed in 18 (24%) patients. The maximal value of TSH (10.44 µIU/ml) was noticed in one boy without MS. Positive TPOAb and/or TGAb were present in 11% of all patients: two patients (8%) with MS and nine (12%) without MS. Isolated increased TSH level is common in obese adolescents, although there is no correlation between TSH, fT3, and fT4 levels and BMI SDS value. Isolated increased TSH level is not associated with the occurrence of MS in obese adolescents. The occurrence of asymptomatic autoimmune thyroiditis (AITD) in obese adolescents is more common than in the general population.

Definición de los rangos de referencia de T4 libre, TSH y tiroglobulina en sujetos sanos del Distrito Sanitario de Jaén

The Synthesis of hydroxyapatite from Red Snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) fish bone carried out. Hydroxyapatite is utilized for Cd(II) sorption from solution using a fixed-bed column. Hydroxyapatite was characterized using Xray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infra-Red, Scanning Electron Microscope-Electron Dispersive, and Thermogravimetric. In fixed-bed column, the influence of bed height (5, 10, 15 cm) and flow rate (6, 8 and 10 mL/min) were studied. The highest adsorption capacity is obtained at a bed height of 15 cm, and a flow rate of 6 mL/min with adsorption capacity is 47.027 mg/g. The predicted by Bed Depth Service Time (BDST) model obtained that value of R2 in the range 0.9964-0.9997. The adsorption capacity per unit volume (𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜) is in the range 141.12-222.89 mg/L while 𝑘𝑘𝑎𝑎 is in the range 0.0136-0.022 L/mg h. This indicates that BDST can be used to explain the performance of Cd(II) sorption onto hydroxyapatite by fix bed column