Regarding the Eisagogeus (εισαγωευς) At Ptolemaic Law Courts

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the functioning of the judicial system and the peculiarities of the judicial proceedings in the rural communities of Galicia between the end of the XVIIIth century and the first half of the XIXth century. The development of legal institutions following the annexation of Galicia to the Habsburg Monarchy is examined, particularly the introduction of the Austrian judicial system, which replaced traditional forms of rural adjudication. The primary focus is on the changes in the structure of courts, the jurisdiction of judges, the process of case hearings, and the participation of peasants in judicial proceedings. The article also characterizes the influences of political, social as well economic factors on judicial procedures and decisions. Special attention is given to the role of peasant self-governance and its integration into new legal norms. The article highlights a significant contribution to understanding the evolution of judicial proceedings in the rural areas of Galicia, which will foster a deeper comprehension of the processes of legal modernization in the Austrian Empire. It describes the impact of the Austrian administration on the judicial system, including a series of reforms aimed at unifying judicial proceedings and implementing Austrian law. This led to significant changes in the structure of the courts, their jurisdiction, and the procedures for implementing their decisions, as the peasants of Galicia had their own traditional legal customs and norms, which often conflicted with Austrian legislation. The integration processes associated with the introduction of the new justice system substantially affected the unique legal culture of the peasants, as rural courts had specific characteristics compared to urban and district courts. The article analyzes legislative acts and reforms introduced by the Austrian authorities in the field of judicial proceedings, their role, and their impact on judicial practice. It identifies the specific features of courts and judicial proceedings in the villages of Galicia during the period under study. The importance of researching this issue lies in understanding the evolution of legal norms, judicial practice, and their impact on the lives of the rural population. The study of the declared problem allows for a better understanding of the legal and social processes that took place in this part of Europe during the specified period. This not only supplements the general picture of the history of law but also helps to identify the roots of contemporary legal traditions and issues.

Legal realism is a powerful jurisprudential tradition which urges attention to sodal conditions and predicts their influence in the legal process. The rela- tively recent "sodal sdence in the law" phenomenon, in which sodal research is increasingly relied on to dedde court cases is a direct result of realistic jurisprudence, which accords much significance in law to empirical reports about sodal behavior. The empirical research used by courts has not, how- ever, commonly dealt with language as an influential variable. This volume of essays, coedited by Judith N. Levi and Anne Graffam Walker, will likely change that situation. Language in the Judicial Process is a superb collection of original work which fits weIl into the realist tradition, and by focusing on language as a key variable, it establishes a new and provocative perspective on the legal process. The perspective it offers, and the data it presents, make this volume a valuable source of information both for judges and lawyers, who may be chiefly concemed with practice, and for legal scholars and sodal sdentists who do basic research about law.

Black's Theory on the Behavior of Law Revisited IV: the Behavior of Qing Law

Objectives: This study aims to explore the impact of information technology on judicial decisions, specifically focusing on the review of electronic evidence and its significance in forensic psychiatry expertise. The objectives include identifying the types of electronic evidence commonly used in legal proceedings, assessing their reliability and admissibility, and examining how these factors influence judicial outcomes in forensic psychiatry cases. Methods: A thorough literature review was performed, evaluating recent case studies, legal frameworks, and expert perspectives on the incorporation of electronic evidence within judicial processes. Additionally, a review of insights from legal professionals and forensic psychiatrists was conducted to examine the practical applications and challenges faced in the field. Results: The findings indicate that electronic evidence, such as digital communications, social media activity, and electronic records, plays a crucial role in shaping judicial decisions. The study highlights the growing acceptance of such evidence in courtrooms, while also addressing concerns regarding privacy, data integrity, and the potential for bias. Furthermore, the role of forensic psychiatrists in interpreting electronic evidence is emphasized, showcasing their expertise in understanding the psychological implications of digital interactions. Conclusions: The integration of information technology into the judicial system has transformed the landscape of evidence evaluation. Electronic evidence is increasingly recognized as a vital component in forensic psychiatry, enhancing the accuracy of assessments and contributing to more informed judicial decisions. However, ongoing training and clear guidelines are essential to ensure the effective and ethical use of electronic evidence in legal contexts.

Digital forensics is a vital part of almost every criminal investigation given the amount of information available and the opportunities offered by electronic data to investigate and evidence a crime. However, in criminal justice proceedings, these electronic pieces of evidence are often considered with the utmost suspicion and uncertainty, although, on occasions are justifiable. Presently, the use of scientifically unproven forensic techniques are highly criticized in legal proceedings. Nevertheless, the exceedingly distinct and dynamic characteristics of electronic data, in addition to the current legislation and privacy laws remain as challenging aspects for systematically attesting evidence in a court of law. This article presents a comprehensive study to examine the issues that are considered essential to discuss and resolve, for the proper acceptance of evidence based on scientific grounds. Moreover, the article explains the state of forensics in emerging sub-fields of digital technology such as, cloud computing, social media, and the Internet of Things (IoT), and reviewing the challenges which may complicate the process of systematic validation of electronic evidence. The study further explores various solutions previously proposed, by researchers and academics, regarding their appropriateness based on their experimental evaluation. Additionally, this article suggests open research areas, highlighting many of the issues and problems associated with the empirical evaluation of these solutions for immediate attention by researchers and practitioners. Notably, academics must react to these challenges with appropriate emphasis on methodical verification. Therefore, for this purpose, the issues in the experiential validation of practices currently available are reviewed in this study. The review also discusses the struggle involved in demonstrating the reliability and validity of these approaches with contemporary evaluation methods. Furthermore, the development of best practices, reliable tools and the formulation of formal testing methods for digital forensic techniques are highlighted which could be extremely useful and of immense value to improve the trustworthiness of electronic evidence in legal proceedings.

The symbolism of fair justice is associated with Themis holding the scales and weighing values and interests, facts and evidence, arguments and positions. The intellectual position of a lawyer and a judge is seen as a way to obtain a fair decision. The author substantiates the content of the principle of mutual respect of an attorney and a judge in a trial. The author emphasizes certain deontological principles of mutual cooperation in the process of legal proceedings between an attorney and a judge. It is proved that this principle is primarily based on the provisions of the natural law doctrine. The primary task of this principle is to establish human rights. At the same time, it is endowed with a number of characteristic features which are due to the very status of the professions of both attorneys and judges. In addition, it is worth noting that the administration of justice should be based on an appropriate level of cooperation between the lawyer and the judge, adhering to the principles and ethical values in the judicial process. This approach is a prerequisite for the proper administration of justice. It is found that there are many differences and similarities in the relationship between an attorney and a judge, but they are united by one thing - real defense and fair resolution of a case. At the same time, when it comes to joint cooperation, the following principles can be attributed to such principles (the principle of respect for honor and dignity, mutual respect, the rule of law, etc.) By focusing on this principle, the author is well aware that there is no unity in its understanding in our country. However, this does not mean that there are no unified ideas about the essence of this principle. The content of the rule of law principle is disclosed in many international legal acts, where respect for human rights, and hence respect for each other in the judicial process, is a component of this principle. Analyzing the practice of European approaches and standards and the practice of domestic norms regarding the cooperation of a lawyer and a judge, a number of features and discrepancies have been identified. Instead, the interaction between them in court proceedings determines the observance of common legal principles and values in the administration of justice. It is argued that the source of the problems is obvious: few people are able to assess the conduct of a case in court without professional assistance. And since the court process is extremely labor-intensive, since even a simple court case usually requires more hours of work than the longest surgical operation, the costs are known to be high. Does this problem exist with regard to legal aid for those who are unable to conduct their own case due to lack of funds or skills? In fact, in such a situation, free legal aid should be provided. This is a service that a modern state is obliged to provide to its citizens for reasons of principle. This is part of the protection of the person of a citizen, which, according to our understanding of the relationship between a citizen and the state, can be relied upon by those citizens who are unable to protect themselves. In fact, ensuring such protection is more important than any other form of protection. However, the state is responsible for the provisions of law. Moreover, they are established to protect all citizens, both poor and wealthy. Accordingly, it is the duty of the state to work in the interests of its citizens. The problem of interaction between lawyers and judges has become particularly acute since the beginning of Russia's full-scale aggression in Ukraine. The fairness of Ukrainian justice, the principles and foundations of the rule of law have to be defended in the new conditions, when Ukrainian society has suffered so much pain and suffering due to the war. And here it is important to ensure proper protection of the principles of legal proceedings and guarantees of the practice of law. Keywords: attorney-at-law, court, trial, legal proceedings, principle of respect, ethical principles.

 Reviews and careful close readings, strategies which all require reliably edited and accurately contextualized sources. is new edition provides these to an impeccable standard. Whereas the accuracy and richness of its historical apparatus certainly owe a lot to the recent rediscovery of the Du Châtelet family archives, the profound historical indexing of each letter could not have been achieved without the evaluation of a vast array of contemporary literary sources. e editors’ work results in a lively and multifaceted picture of the colliding political, social, and intellectual realities in early eighteenth-century France, against which Du Châtelet’s œuvre can be contextualized and judged. is allows readers to assess her intellectual achievements as well as their socio-historical limitations. e edition is completed by a historical introduction, concordances, a timeline, brief biographies of all correspondents, alphabetical and chronological lists, and a name index. e editors’ choice to provide both texts and tools in a user-friendly way will certainly be welcomed by readers. However, unlike Besterman, the editors of these volumes have made the questionable decision to exclude all uncatalogued letters, even in cases where, as in the inferred letters of the Besterman edition (all of them from or to Voltaire), their existence was testified by mentions or even quotations from Du Châtelet herself. However, notional sources are a problem in any historical discipline. Perhaps a more appropriate place for them would be a digital catalogue. As the digitization of cultural archives progresses rapidly, we hope that Du Châtelet’s work may soon benefit from such a project, as a companion piece to these two fine volumes. B S E Dramatic Justice: Trial by eater in the Age of the French Revolution. By Y R. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. . viii+ pp. $.; £. ISBN ––––. Yann Robert offers original perspectives on French revolutionary justice and the significant transformation in the relation between representations of justice in the theatre and actual legal proceedings that occurred in the latter half of the eighteenth century. Current scholarship’s interpretations regarding theatre and law, as Robert summarizes them, take the view that theatre of the period moved increasingly towards an illusionism that vacated its efficacious and interventionist relationship to current events. Judicial processes, on the other hand, rejected the appearance of theatricality by moving away from the spectacularized royal figure and towards disembodied legal text. rough his incisive history of the intellectual, symbolic, and practical exercise of justice in the years before and during the Revolution, Robert offers an alternative to the political lens that informs these prevailing narratives. rough the clarity of a tripartite structure, he illuminates (a) the dramatization of justice or ‘judicial theater’; (b) the theatricalization of justice or ‘justice as theater’; and (c) the Revolution’s fraught position regarding the need for transparency in justice and the fear of theatricality. Diderot’s Le Fils naturel () demonstrates a mode of judicial theatre in which MLR, .,   genuine and spontaneous re-enactment prevails over the rehearsed fabrication of representation. In Robert’s analysis, Diderot models the proper conduct of legal proceedings as a process that is ‘unpredictable, collective, more cathartic than punitive ’ (p. ). Le Fils naturel, Robert writes, ‘allows its participants to interact with a transgression, judge and even revise it according to present values and beliefs (not eternal laws), and in doing so move beyond it’ (p. ). Tracing the argument for judicial theatre, Robert draws on Aristophanes, Palissot, Mercier, Rousseau, and Rétif de La Bretonne to explore how the era grappled with the troubling implications of theatre as tribunal, showing that the idea ‘proved to be highly malleable and prone to reflect the ideological worldviews of its advocates’ (p. ). Turning from judicial theatre to theatricalized justice, Robert explores how changes in judicial practices provoked fears that ‘crystalized around, challenged, and transformed three central characters in legal proceedings: lawyers, judges, and spectators’ (p. ). Reforms in legal counsel and hearings revived the classical figure of the ‘lawyer-actor’ and recast judges as spectators. From the anxiety provoked by such theatricalizations was reborn the nostalgic notion of a private, domestic form of justice, one that could be presided over by fathers and rendered without public...

в статье предпринята попытка упорядочить дискуссии в отношении административного процесса. Деятельность субъекта права в социуме характеризуется как совокупность процессов, подчиненных правилам. Рассмотрены такие формы, как: обряды, ритуалы, церемонии, обычаи, этикет, наука, просвещение, пропаганда, обучение мастерству, игры-состязания, игры-постановки, операции био-социального управления, деконфликтинг, войны, бои без правил, юридический процесс, арбитраж, медиация в их иерархии. Утверждается урегулирование всех форм деятельности правилами различной природы и уровня. Правила характеризуются как прототип процессуальной правовой нормы, отвечающей на вопрос «что и как делать?». Юридический процесс выступает как совокупность правовых операций в правоотношениях, детерминирующихся наличием правового регулирования в конкретной сфере общественной жизни. Порядок ( Алабр – русск.,Ordnung – нем., Оrder – англ. ) деятельности утверждается как процедура. Юридический процесс систематизируется по критериям разрешаемых юридических дел (юридических составов) и по ветви власти как источнику и носителю процессуальной деятельности. На данной платформе выделяются законодательный, исполнительный (административный) и судебный процессы. Эти процессы представлены совокупностями соответствующих производств. В свете приведенных тезисов формулируются элементы интеграционной концепции административного процесса и систематизируются производства административного характера. В интеграционной концепции административного процесса ставятся в один логический ряд административные производства сервисного характера, юрисдикционные производства, включая административно-деликтное производство, а также судопроизводства административного характера – административно-деликтное и административно-конфликтное. the article attempts to organize the discussions regarding the administrative process. The activity of the subject of law in society is characterized as a set of processes subject to rules. Such forms as: rites, rituals, ceremonies, customs, etiquette, science, enlightenment, to learn craftsmanship, propaganda, jousting games, staging games, operations of the Bio-Social-Management, deconfliction, wars, fights without rules, legal process, arbitration, mediation are considered in the hierarchy. The regulation of all forms of activity by rules of various natures and levels is asserted. Rules are characterized as a prototype of a procedural legal norm answering the question "what and how to do?". Legal process acts as a set of legal operations in legal relations, determined by the presence of legal regulation in a particular sphere of public life. The order (Alabr - Russian, Ordnung - German, Onder - English) of activity is approved as a procedure. Legal process is systematized according to the criteria of resolved legal cases (legal compositions) and according to the branch of power as a source and carrier of procedural activity. This platform distinguishes legislative, executive (administrative) and judicial processes. These processes are represented by aggregates of relevant proceedings. In the light of the above theses, the elements of the integrative concept of administrative process are formulated and the proceedings of administrative nature are systematized. The integrative concept of administrative process puts in one logical row administrative proceedings of service nature, jurisdictional proceedings, including administrative-tort proceedings, as well as legal proceedings of administrative nature – administrative-tort and administrative-conflict.

Chapter 4 - Legal and ethical aspects of health care

Many individual elements comprise a typical forensics process. Collecting evidence, analyzing it, and using results to draw conclusions are all mutually distinct endeavors. Different physical locations and personnel are involved, juxtaposed against an acute need for security and data integrity. Using digital technologies and the Internet's ubiquity, these diverse elements can be conjoined using digital data as the common element. This result is a new data management process that can be applied to serve all elements of the community. The first step is recognition of a forensics lifecycle. Evidence gathering, analysis, storage, and use in legal proceedings are actually just distinct parts of a single end-to-end process, and thus, it is hypothesized that a single data system that can also accommodate each constituent phase using common network and security protocols. This paper introduces the idea of web-based Central Data Repository. Its cornerstone is anywhere, anytime Internet upload, viewing, and report distribution. Archives exist indefinitely after being created, and high-strength security and encryption protect data and ensure subsequent case file additions do not violate chain-of-custody or other handling provisions. Several legal precedents have been established for using digital information in courts of law, and in fact, effective prosecution of cyber crimes absolutely relies on its use. An example is a US Department of Agriculture division's use of digital images to back up its inspection process, with pictures and information retained on secure servers to enforce the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act. Forensics is a cumulative process. Secure, web-based data management solutions, such as the Central Data Repository postulated here, can support each process step. Logically marrying digital technologies with Internet accessibility should help nurture a thought process to explore alternatives that make forensics data accessible to authorized individuals, whenever and wherever they need it.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Digital Forensic Investigations is explained as are sponse to an event that has already occurred in relation to information which is highly classified or is of prime importance to a criminal incident. Forensics Challenges in IoT Environments IoT would soon pervade all aspects of our life from managing our home temperature to thinking cars and smart management of the cities. The application of professional engineering principles and methodologies to investigating failures and incidents, usually to determine causation. Normally, it involves preparing a report of findings, which may form the basis for testimony in legal proceedings as an expert witness. A forensic engineer may serve as an engineering consultant to members of the legal profession and as an expert witness in courts of law, arbitration proceedings and administrative adjudication proceedings. Forensic engineering is a part of professional engineering practice that may cover all disciplines of engineering. It is a specialized set of skills that can include multidisciplinary training in failure analysis, simulation, safety, accelerated life testing and statistical analysis, as well as knowledge of the specific engineering field.

Structuring a Judicial Discretion in Punishment

Investigation The Case of Divorced By Talak And Sued Divorce In The Religious Courts. In judicial proceedings in the Religious Courts shall apply the provisions of the law courts in the event the General Court inter alia contained in HIR (Herziene Indonesisch Reglement) for Java and Madura, R.Bg (Rechts Reglement voor de buitengewesten) for outside Java and Madura, Book IV of the evidence and the expiration BW (Burgerlijk Wetboek), Rv (Reglement op de Rechtsvodering), Law No. 20 of 1947 on the Judiciary Deuteronomy in Java and Madura and so on, unless it has been specifically regulated in Law No. 7 of 1989 as amended by Act No. 3 of 2006 and Act No. 50 of 2009 on the Religious Courts as well as the provisions of the Islamic Law Compilation

This article examines which variables predict disengagement from legal proceedings by victims of intimate partner violence in the first steps of the Spanish judicial process. We replicated a previous retrospective study with a prospective sample of 393 women. The relationships of sociodemographic, emotional, motivational, and psychological variables with procedural withdrawals were analyzed. We developed a binary logistic regression model that predicts disengagement with two variables: the contact with the abuser and the interaction between this contact and the thought of going back with him. Interesting differences between the current and the retrospective study were found. Results are discussed extensively in the conclusions.

Introduction. The judicial system in today's world is faced with a large number of cases that require efficient and fair resolution. Thanks to the development of information technologies, the automation of the process of conducting court cases and the introduction of intelligent systems have become urgent tasks for improving judicial justice. The justice sector has been slower than other sectors to adopt artificial intelligence and information technology (IT) in general. However, in most countries the amount of digital information resulting from the use of IT in legal proceedings is increasing. In this regard, the possibility of using artificial intelligence (AI) in the work of judicial bodies, prosecutor's offices and other specialized judicial bodies around the world is increasingly being investigated. Jurisprudence includes a wide range of problems and, accordingly, different sources of data for their solution. Using legislation, materials of criminal and administrative cases, concluded contracts and other legal documents, relevant specialists make decisions. In turn, artificial intelligence technologies, according to examples in other domains, can become assistants for specialists or make decisions in an autonomous mode.. The purpose of the article. To review the existing approaches to the application of artificial intelligence in the judicial system, to find out the shortcomings, advantages and limitations of machine learning algorithms in the judicial system. Determine the goals and methodology for further research. Results. In this work, the application of machine learning methods for solving problems arising in the field of jurisprudence is considered, algorithms, data sets and goals for further work are defined. Keywords: recurrent neural networks, machine learning, vectorization, text classification.