Regulating invasive species with different life history

Biological invasions have become a major ecological problem globally (Vitousek et al., 1997; Mooney & Hobbs, 2000) for several non-mutually exclusive reasons. From the perspective of economics, many invasive alien species have become pests, sometimes causing severe damages to crops (Mack et al., 2000; Pimenel et al., 2000). From the ecological point of view, invasive species can inflict drastic changes in the invaded community altering its structure and function (Simberloff, 1997; Mooney & Cleland, 2001), and leading to biodiversity loss (Herbold & Moyle, 1986; Clavero & Garcia-Berthou, 2005). The battle against invasions of alien species requires a great deal of efforts and resources, and yet is not always successful (Kaiser, 1999; Zavaleta et al., 2001). Whereas complete eradication of successfully established invasive species is in most cases impossible, controlling their population growth may decrease economical damages, and prevent biodiversity loss in the invaded community. Furthermore, successful eradication of one alien species may result in a worse alternative stable state (Beisner et al., 2003), where another, potentially more harmful invasive species dominates the community (e.g., Zavaleta et al., 2001). Therefore, fighting invasions should be done carefully and wisely, while taking into account multiple biotic and abiotic factors and outcomes. More importantly, such actions should emerge from a deep understanding of the evolutionary and ecological mechanisms that operate at different biological hierarchies to allow invasions, i.e., starting from the individual traits characterizing the invasive species (genetic background, morphology, physiology, behavior and life history), through its population parameters (demography, fluctuations, growth rate), and up to patterns and processes characterizing the invaded community (composition, structure, and age). The demography of many invasive species has been well documented, and their damages were explored in details (Pimentel et al., 2000). However, the ways such species enter new ecosystems and communities, and their exact effect on community structure and biodiversity are not yet fully understood (Gurevitch & Padilla, 2004). Our goal is to review the evolutionary and ecological mechanisms of bio-invasions at the species (e.g., Facon et al., 2006) and community levels (e.g., Shea & Chesson, 2002), and present some of the general effects and outcomes of invasions at both levels. We discuss various mechanisms by which invasive species manage to establish viable populations and even dominate new

The loss of natural enemies is thought to explain why certain invasive species are so spectacularly successful in their introduced range. However, if losing natural enemies leads to unregulated population growth, this implies that native species are themselves normally subject to natural enemy regulation. One possible widespread mechanism of natural enemy regulation is negative soil feedbacks, in which resident species growing on home soils are disadvantaged because of a build-up of species-specific soil pathogens. Here we construct simple models in which pathogens cause resident species to suffer reduced competitive ability on home soils and consider the consequences of such pathogen regulation for potential invading species. We show that the probability of successful invasion and its timescale depend strongly on the competitive ability of the invader on resident soils, but are unaffected by whether or not the invader also suffers reduced competitive ability on home soils (i.e. pathogen regulation). This is because, at the start of an invasion, the invader is rare and hence mostly encounters resident soils. However, the lack of pathogen regulation does allow the invader to achieve an unusually high population density. We also show that increasing resident species diversity in a pathogen-regulated community increases invasion resistance by reducing the frequency of home-site encounters. Diverse communities are more resistant to invasion than monocultures of the component species: they preclude a greater range of potential invaders, slow the timescale of invasion and reduce invader population size. Thus, widespread pathogen regulation of resident species is a potential explanation for the empirical observation that diverse communities are more invasion resistant.

The implications of invasive plant species on urban avian conservation are complicated and often species or context specific. In the past 20 years, research into the effects of invasive plant species on bird ecology and conservation has increased immensely, thus allowing conservationists to create management practices for the benefit of bird populations. However, until recently, the potential of invasive species to create positive relationships with bird species has been absent from the literature. Recent findings have created a complex puzzle for management of invasive species in order to conserve avian populations in any environment, especially urban areas. Bird communities utilize invasive plants for various aspects of their life histories. In this chapter, I provide evidence for the positive, negative, indirect, and direct effects of invasive plant species on avian communities with a strong focus on the relationship of fruiting invasive plants with native birds. In order to create a relevant discussion, I will use current case studies that are consistent with research from many different areas across the globe. I will then synthesize this discussion into a theory on how invasive plants should be viewed in the paradigm of urban avian conservation. This theory can then be used to discuss possible habitat design and management plans for urban environments and how those may influence other aspects of the environment through their conservation of bird communities.

Offspring survival is critical to bird conservation and understanding avian life history. We monitored 73 nests belonging to six Passeriformes species in Ikh Nart Nature Reserve, Mongolia in 2017 and 2018. The study focused on nest site selection for breeding visitors and resident avian species in relation to habitat types found in arid environments, such as rocky outcrops and open steppe. Egg laying period varied among the species. Those that nested in the rocky outcrops realized higher reproductive success. The offspring survival decreased in ground-nesting birds after hatching. Resident species, including Rock Sparrow (Petronia petronia), Mongolian Finch (Bucanetes mongolica), and Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris), showed lower reproductive success during the first half of the season, while breeding visitors, including Northern Wheatear (Eremophila alpestris), Isabelline Wheatear (Oenanthe isabellina), and Pied Wheatear (Oenanthe pleschanka), saw higher reproductive success. Rocky outcrops near water sources in arid environments play an important part in the breeding success of rock-dwelling birds.

The invasive species Lonicera maackii (Amur Honeysuckle) is an increasing problem sweeping from the eastern United States toward the west, impacting normal forest development and animal survival across multiple taxa. Little is known about the genomics of this species, although a related invasive, Lonicera japonica, has been sequenced. Understanding the genomic foundation of the Lonicera maackii species could help us understand the biochemistry and life history that are the underpinnings of invasive success, as well as potential vulnerabilities and strengths which could guide research and development to control its spread. Here we present a draft, but high-quality, short-read whole-genome sequence, assembly, and annotation of Lonicera maackii, demonstrating that inexpensive and rapid short-read technologies can be successfully used in invasive species research. Despite being a short-read assembly, the genome length (7.93 × 108) and completeness (estimated as 90.2-92.1% by BUSCO and Merqury) are close to the previously published chromosome-level sequencing of L. japonica. No bias, by means of a Gene Ontology analysis, was identified among missing BUSCOs. A duplication of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase gene in both Lonicera species is identified, and the potential impact on controlling these invasive species is discussed. Future prospects for a diversity analysis of invasive species is also discussed.

Riparian zones are very rich in species but subjected to strong anthropogenic changes and extremely prone to alien plant invasions, which are considered to be a serious threat to biodiversity. Our aim was to determine the spatial distribution of Chenopodium ficifolium, a species demonstrating strong confinement to large river valleys in Central Europe and an indicator of annual pioneer nitrophilous vegetation developing on river banks, which are considered to be of importance to the European Community. Additionally, the habitat preferences of the species were analysed. Differences in the richness and abundance of species diagnostic for riverside habitats, as well as the contribution of resident and invasive alien species in vegetation plots along three rivers differing in terms of size and anthropogenic impact were also examined. Finally, the effect of invaders on the phytocoenoses typical for C. ficifolium was assessed. The frequency of C. ficifolium clearly decreased with an increasing distance from the river. Among natural habitats, the species mostly preferred the banks of large rivers. The vegetation plots developing on the banks of the three studied rivers differed in total species richness, the number and cover of resident, diagnostic and invasive alien species, as well as in species composition. Our research indicates that abiotic and anthropogenic factors are the most significant drivers of species richness and plant cover of riverbank vegetation, and invasive alien plants affect this type of vegetation to a small extent.

A central goal of population ecology is to establish linkages between life history strategy, disturbance, and population dynamics. Globally, disturbance events such as drought and invasive species have dramatically impacted stream fish populations and contributed to sharp declines in freshwater biodiversity. Here, we used RAMAS Metapop to construct stage-based demographic metapopulation models for stream fishes with periodic, opportunistic, and equilibrium life history strategies and assessed their responses to the effects of invasion (reduced carrying capacity), extended drought (reduced survival and fecundity), and the combined effects of both disturbances. Our models indicated that populations respond differentially to disturbance based on life history strategy. Equilibrium strategists were best able to deal with simulated invasion. Periodic strategists did well under lower levels of drought, whereas opportunistic strategists outperformed other life histories under extreme seasonal drought. When we modeled additive effects scenarios, these disturbances interacted synergistically, dramatically increasing terminal extinction risk for all three life history strategies. Modeling exercises that examine broad life history categories can help to answer fundamental ecological questions about the relationship between disturbance resilience and life history, as well as help managers to develop generalized conservation strategies when species-specific data are lacking. Our results indicate that life history strategy is a fundamental determinant of population trajectories, and that disturbances can interact synergistically to dramatically impact extinction outcomes.

USUV in Europe is detected in vectors (mosquitoes) and has a reservoir in vertebrates. There are known fatal epidemics among birds, especially blackbirds. Currently, USUV also causes rare infections in humans. However, the emergence of clinical cases, including severe neurological symptoms, and the finding of seroprevalence in asymptomatic people (e.g. blood donors, forest workers), indicate that USUV, due to its neurotropism, may become a potential public health problem. Therefore, it is very important to monitor cases infections in humans, migratory and resident birds and other animals that may constitute a reservoir of the virus, but also detection of the virus in mosquitoes (vectors), including alien and invasive species, as well as the impact of climatic factors on the ability to spread the virus in the Europe. There is currently no evidence of virus transmission during transfusion or transplantation, but the potential risk of virus transmission from an asymptomatic blood donor to an mmunocompromised recipient must be considered. Although the occurrence of USUV in European countries is currently not a significant threat, surveillance and screening of blood donors for USUV should be carried out during the period of vector activity and during WNV epidemics, as well as in patients with symptoms of meningitis and encephalitis.

Models predict that community invasibility generally declines with species diversity, a prediction confirmed by small‐scale experiments. Large‐scale observations and experiments, however, find that diverse communities tend to be more heavily invaded than simple communities. One hypothesis states that large‐scale environmental heterogeneity, which similarly influences native and invasive species, can cause a positive correlation between diversity and invasibility, overriding the local negative effects of diversity on invasibility. We tested this hypothesis using aquatic microbial communities consisting of protists and rotifers consuming bacteria and nanoflagellates. We constructed a productivity gradient to simulate large‐scale environmental heterogeneity, started communities with the same number of species along this gradient, and subjected equilibrial communities to invasion by non‐resident consumer species. Both invaders and most resident species increased their abundances with resource enrichment, resulting in a positive correlation between diversity and invasibility. Intraspecific interference competition within resident species and the positive effect of enrichment on the number of available resources probably accounted for the higher invasibility with enrichment. Our results provide direct experimental evidence that environmental heterogeneity in productivity can cause a positive diversity–invasibility relationship.

Exotic invasive species can influence the behavior and ecology of native and resident species, but these changes are often overlooked. Here we hypothesize that the ghost ant, Tapinoma melanocephalum, living in areas that have been invaded by the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, displays behavioral differences to interspecific competition that are reflected in both its trophic position and symbiotic microbiota. We demonstrate that T. melanocephalum workers from S. invicta invaded areas are less aggressive towards workers of S. invicta than those inhabiting non-invaded areas. Nitrogen isotope analyses reveal that colonies of T. melanocephalum have protein-rich diets in S. invicta invaded areas compared with the carbohydrate-rich diets of colonies living in non-invaded areas. Analysis of microbiota isolated from gut tissue shows that T. melanocephalum workers from S. invicta invaded areas also have different bacterial communities, including a higher abundance of Wolbachia that may play a role in vitamin B provisioning. In contrast, the microbiota of workers of T. melanocephalum from S. invicta-free areas are dominated by bacteria from the orders Bacillales, Lactobacillales and Enterobacteriales that may be involved in sugar metabolism. We further demonstrate experimentally that the composition and structure of the bacterial symbiont communities as well as the prevalence of vitamin B in T. melanocephalum workers from S. invicta invaded and non-invaded areas can be altered if T. melanocephalum workers are supplied with either protein-rich or carbohydrate-rich food. Our results support the hypothesis that bacterial symbiont communities can help hosts by buffering behavioral changes caused by interspecies competition as a consequence of biological invasions.

In a warmer Arctic, living conditions will change at all trophic levels of the marine ecosystem. Increased air and water temperatures will likely substantially reduce ice coverage. Trophic interactions might change and increased competition between resident Arctic species and invasive species seems likely. A theme session on “Marine harvesting in the Arctic” was held at the international Arctic Frontiers Conference in Tromsø, Norway, in January 2013. The theme session partitioned the topic into two sub-sessions: (i) introduced species, immigration and fate of resident species and (ii) prospective harvesting of marine biological resources in the Arctic. The four articles that follow this introduction are based on presentations made at the Arctic Frontiers theme session. These articles cover topics such as: how ice breeding seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus) can cope with ice retention in the Northwest Atlantic, how planktonic stages of the resident polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and the pole-ward expanding Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus) may compete for food in the warming Beaufort Sea, and how the introduced red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) disperse in the Barents Sea. The fourth article shows how differences in the life-history strategies of keystone zooplankton species will likely affect future productivity of commercial fisheries in polar regions.

La conservación biocultural requiere cada vez más colaboraciones transdisciplinarias que incluyen distintas disciplinas, instituciones y actores. La colaboración entre científicos y la Armada de Chile ha sido una efectiva forma de abordar este requerimiento. Esta colaboración inter-institucional entre la Armada y el Programa de Conservación Biocultural Subantártica (Universidad de Magallanes, Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad y Fundación Omora en Chile, y Universidad de North Texas en EE.UU.) nos ha permitido iniciar el año 2016 estudios ornitológicos a largo plazo en el archipiélago Diego Ramírez, que incluye las islas más australes del continente americano. Hasta ahora su avifauna había sido estudiada exclusivamente durante la época estival, pese a que las regiones subpolares son especialmente sensibles al cambio climático y que las aves constituyen uno de los grupos de animales más sensibles y de más rápida respuesta al cambio climático, modificando sus períodos de migración, residencia y anidación, sus tamaños poblacionales y sus ámbitos de distribución latitudinal. Además, estudios en la Reserva de la Biosfera Cabo de Hornos, contigua al archipiélago Diego Ramírez, sugieren que algunas especies podrían estar ampliando sus ámbitos de distribución latitudinal y cambiando sus fechas de migración. El objetivo de este trabajo es iniciar un monitoreo sistemático de la composición de especies y de las fechas de anidación, migración y/o residencia de la avifauna del archipiélago Diego Ramírez en el extremo sur de la ecorregión subantártica de Magallanes. Presentamos los primeros registros invernales, otoñales y avistamientos durante otras épocas del año de la avifauna de la isla Gonzalo del archipiélago Diego Ramírez. En tres expediciones: en la estación reproductiva austral (verano; 29 noviembre-1 diciembre, 2016), en invierno (20 22 julio, 2017) y en otoño (28 marzo-1 abril, 2018), se monitorearon aves usando redes de niebla y confeccionando listas de especies a partir de observaciones en trabajo de campo. Para el registro de aves a lo largo del año, se contó con los registros fotográficos realizados por José Mella (coautor) y José Mejía, funcionarios de la Alcaldía de Mar Islas Diego Ramírez de la Armada de Chile entre los años 2014 y 2018. Se iniciaron nuevos registros fotográficos con personal capacitado de la Armada de Chile en el Faro de la isla Gonzalo. En total se detectaron 33 especies pertenecientes a 16 familias. Diez de estas especies representan nuevos registros para el archipiélago: yeco (Phalacrocorax brasiíianus Gmelin, 1789), garza boyera (Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758)), halcón peregrino (Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771), colegial (Lessonia rufa Gmelin, 1789), zorzal (Turdus falcklandii Quoy & Gaimard, 1824), chincol (Zonotrichia capensis Müller, 1776), jilguero (Spinus barbatus Molina, 1782), golondrina de dorso negro (Pygochelidon cyanoleuca patagonica d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) , golondrina de mar de vientre negro (Fregetta tropica Gould, 1844) y petrel damero (Daption capense capense Linnaeus, 1758). Algunos de estos nuevos registros podrían estar asociados al calentamiento global y a una reciente ampliación de los ámbitos de distribución latitudinal y/o de los períodos de residencia de estas aves. Entre las 33 especies, 26 fueron registradas en primavera-verano, 22 en otoño y 14 en invierno. Sin embargo, nueve fueron avistadas sólo ocasionalmente, y será necesario determinar en el futuro si se trata de especies residentes o migrantes que son raramente avistadas o si son visitantes ocasionales. Respecto al estado de conservación, según la Lista Roja de Especies Amenazadas de la UICN, la avifauna del archipiélago Diego Ramírez incluye una especie en peligro (albatros de cabeza gris, Thalassarche chrysostoma Forster, 1785), tres especies vulnerables y cuatro casi amenazadas. El monitoreo en estas islas provee una línea de base para evaluar el estado de las poblaciones frente a nuevas amenazas de cambio global, entre las que destaca la amenaza potencial de especies invasoras. Es crucial prevenir el arribo de especies exóticas invasoras que se encuentran en otras islas subantárticas, tales como ratas (Rattus spp.), ratones (Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758), gatos (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) y visones norteamericanos (Neovison vison Schreber, 1777), que están presentes en la Reserva de la Biosfera Cabo de Hornos ubicada a menos de 100 km hacia el norte del archipiélago Diego Ramírez. El trabajo colaborativo con la Armada de Chile ha sido esencial para iniciar estos estudios ornitológicos de largo plazo, asociados al sitio de Estudios Ecológicos a Largo Plazo Isla Gonzalo-LTER que forma parte de la Red Chilena de Sitios de Estudios Socio-Ecológicos a Largo Plazo (LTSER-Chile) y de la Red Internacional de Estudios Ecológicos a Largo Plazo (ILTER). Un énfasis en este sitio será combinar el monitoreo de avifauna con la detección de potenciales especies invasoras.

Understanding mechanisms fostering coexistence between invasive and resident species is important in predicting ecological, economic, or health impacts of invasive species. The non-native mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus have been resident in the southeastern United States for over a century. They coexist at some urban sites with the more recent invasive Aedes albopictus, which is usually superior in interspecific competition. We tested predictions of temporal and spatial habitat segregation that foster coexistence of these resident species with the superior invasive competitor. We measured spatial and temporal patterns of site occupancy and abundance for all three species among standard oviposition traps in metropolitan Tampa, Florida. Consistent with the condition-specific competition hypothesis, A. albopictus and A. aegypti abundances were greater and C. quinquefasciatus abundance was lower late (September) versus early (June) in the rainy season, and the proportional increase of A. albopictus abundance was greater than that of A. aegypti. These results are postulated to result from greater dry-season egg mortality and associated greater rainy-season competitive superiority of larvae of A. albopictus, followed by A. aegypti, and C. quinquefasciatus. Spatial partitioning among landscape variables was also evident among species, with A. albopictus more likely to oviposit across a range of open grass landscapes whereas A. aegypti were mostly restricted to cemeteries. Culex quinquefasciatus showed a shift in abundance from cemeteries early in the rainy season to developed areas characterized by built environments with large proportions of impervious surfaces late in the rainy season, where A. albopictus was not in its highest abundance. These results suggest that both temporal and spatial variation, and their interaction, may contribute to local coexistence between Aedes and Culex mosquito species in urban areas.

Invasive species have devastating economic and ecological impacts worldwide, but proactive monitoring programs are rare on the global stage. By definition, tramp ants are associated with disturbance and human-mediated dispersal, making them especially concerning invasive threats. A proactive—rather than reactive—approach to monitoring for, preventing, and managing invasive species depends on taxonomic preparedness, which enables rapid and accurate identification. Emerging tools and technologies, including genomic barcoding and interactive online keys, can aid in species delimitation and diagnosis. However, resolving tramp species’ identities remains the fundamental first step in invasive species management because diagnostic tools cannot be developed and disseminated until species names are stable. Diagnosis of morphologically difficult species requires basic knowledge of species boundaries, biogeography, and phylogenetic relationships. This review comprehensively synthesizes information available for 15 known and five potential tramp ant species in Nylanderia (Emery) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): a globally distributed genus of over 130 described species, many of which are only diagnosable by subtle morphological characters. Nylanderia records were drawn from published literature, specimen databases, and museum collections to compile known distributions, biology, natural history, and taxonomy for each species. We review existing resources for visualizing known geographic ranges and high-resolution images of ants globally and encourage the use of these types of tools in support of invasive species diagnosis and distribution tracking. Finally, we discuss how taxonomic and life history information can be used synergistically with genomic and digital technology to develop tools for identification of these, and other emerging invasive insect species.

It has been said that many original ideas reflect a convergence of related thought that coalesces into a unified representation of what many have been thinking. This is certainly true for the subfield of maternal effects evolution. The study of maternal effects has a long history. The first two