Reinforcement Learning Based Mobility Adaptive Routing for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

Due to many challenging issues in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), such as high mobility and network instability, this has led to insecurity and vulnerability to attacks. Due to dynamic network topology changes and frequent network re-configuration, security is a major target in VANET research domains. VANETs have gained significant attention in the current wireless network scenario, due to their exclusive characteristics which are different from other wireless networks such as rapid link failure and high vehicle mobility. In this are, the authors present a Secured and Safety Protocol for VANET (STVAN), as an intelligent Ad-Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV)-based routing mechanism that prevents the Denial of Service attack (DoS) and improves the quality of service for secured communications in a VANET. In order to build a STVAN, the authors have considered a smart traffic environment in a smart city and introduced the concept of load balancing over VANET vehicles in a best effort manner. Simulation results reveal that the proposed STVAN accomplishes enhanced performance when compared with other similar protocols in terms of reduced delay, better packet delivery ratio, reasonable energy efficiency, increased network throughput and decreased data drop compared to other similar approach.

Fog computing for vehicular Ad-hoc networks: paradigms, scenarios, and issues

Past few decades have witnessed large increase in number of vehicles on roads due to which the traffic safety needs have also become complex and hence necessary to be taken care of. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are becoming an asset for achieving all these goals. VANETs provide applications like driver assistance, passenger comfort and vehicle safety. Apart from its general characteristics due to the dynamic nature of road environments and traffic patterns, communication linkage among vehicles in VANETs suffers breakage problem hence requires a very reliable routing protocol. To manage the communication efficiently many routing protocols are already available for MANETs which can be further used for routing and communication among vehicles in VANETs, but characteristics of these two networks (VANET and MANET) are very different, so there is requirement to enhance these MANET routing protocols so that those can be used in VANETs. When we use some existing routing protocols in VANET then number of link breakage are surprisingly high because mobility is higher in VANETs as compared to MANETs. So this paper presents advanced version of an existing MANET routing protocol for better performance in VANET environment. The new routing protocol has removed problem of large number of routing error messages which was existing in AODV routing protocol. Protocol proposed in this paper has better results as compared to AODV and paper has also shown results of simulation and also elaborated the findings.

OF DISSERTATION Secure and Authenticated Message Dissemination in Vehicular ad hoc Networks and an Incentive-based Architecture for Vehicular Cloud Vehicular ad hoc Networks (VANETs) allow vehicles to form a self-organized network. VANETs are likely to be widely deployed in the future, given the interest shown by industry in self-driving cars and satisfying their customers various interests. Problems related to Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs) such as routing, security, etc. have been extensively studied. Even though VANETs are special type of MANETs, solutions proposed for MANETs cannot be directly applied to VANETs because all problems related to MANETs have been studied for small networks. Moreover, in MANETs, nodes can move randomly. On the other hand, movement of nodes in VANETs are constrained to roads and the number of nodes in VANETs is large and covers typically large area. The following are the contributions of the thesis. Secure, authenticated, privacy preserving message dissemination in VANETs: When vehicles in VANET observe phenomena such as accidents, icy road condition, etc., they need to disseminate this information to vehicles in appropriate areas so the drivers of those vehicles can take appropriate action. When such messages are disseminated, the authenticity of the vehicles disseminating such messages should be verified while at the same time the anonymity of the vehicles should be preserved. Moreover, to punish the vehicles spreading malicious messages, authorities should be able to trace such messages to their senders when necessary. For this, we present an efficient protocol for the dissemination of authenticated messages. Incentive-based architecture for vehicular cloud: Due to the advantages such as flexibility and availability, interest in cloud computing has gained lot of attention in recent years. Allowing vehicles in VANETs to store the collected information in the cloud would facilitate other vehicles to retrieve this information when they need. In this thesis, we present a secure incentive-based architecture for vehicular cloud. Our architecture allows vehicles to collect and store information in the cloud; it also provides a mechanism for rewarding vehicles that contributing to the cloud. Privacy preserving message dissemination in VANETs: Sometimes, it is sufficient to ensure the anonymity of the vehicles disseminating messages in VANETs. We present a privacy preserving message dissemination protocol for VANETs.

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) that are considered as a subset of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) can be applied in the field of transportation especially in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The routing process in these networks is a challenging task due to rapid topology changes, high vehicle mobility and frequent disconnection of links. Therefore, developing an efficient routing protocol that satisfies restriction of delay and minimum overhead is faced with many difficulties and limitations. Also, the detection of malicious vehicles is a significant task in VANETs. To address these issues, using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can be helpful to cope with these limitations. In this paper, operation of UAVs in ad hoc mode and their cooperation with vehicles in VANETs are studied to help in the process of routing and detection of malicious vehicles. A routing protocol named VRU is proposed that includes two distinct ways of routing of data: (1) delivering packets of data between vehicles with the help of UAVs using a protocol named VRU_vu, and (2) routing packet of data between UAVs using a protocol named VRU_u. The NS-2.35 simulator under Linux Ubuntu 12.04 is utilized in order to appraise the performance of VRU routing components in an urban scenario. Also, VanetMobiSim generator of mobility and MobiSim are used to produce the motions of vehicles and to produce the motions of UAVs, respectively. The performance analysis displays that VRU protocol can improve the packet delivery ratio by 16% and detection ratio by 7% compared to other reviewed routing protocol. Also, VRU protocol decreases end-to-end delay by an average of 13% and overhead by 40%.

Built upon the fragile mobile devices and shared wireless channels, Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) are vulnerable to misbehaving nodes. The critical problems that affect the serviceability of the entire network are maintaining an acceptable level of network performance degradation, and fair allocation of resource among different users in the presence of misbehaving nodes. This paper investigates the optimization problem via the joint design of rate control and multi-path routing in fault-aware VANETs. We use statistical information and estimation on each wireless link to characterize the effect of faults, and develop a leaky-path model. This model takes account of packet loss along fault-paths and the “shrinking” feature of effective flow at the destination node. Moreover, we use a cost function to measure the impact of fault-correlation among multi-routing paths on effective flows. Based on the leaky-path model and the cost function, a fault-correlated flow control and routing ((FC)2 R) approach is proposed to maximize the network utility associated with the effective rate. We design a novel distributed algorithm to adjust flow rates adaptively on each path, using multi-path routing. Our simulation results demonstrate that higher effective network throughput, and better fairness, can be achieved by our algorithm than the standard optimal flow control in the presence of misbehaving nodes.

In modern days, vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) was one of the rapidly escalating research areas. There were previously numerous ideas expected in this area, but the driving force in VANET was not completed yet. The various routing protocols and clustering algorithms used in VANET were not effectively concentrated on contamination drop in the environment. The day-to-day life demands additional vehicles with protection, but the greater part of us had not been accepted the reality to utilize additional vehicles with less contamination. In this paper, the ReGrouping (RG) technique is proposed, which condensed the fuel utilization of assorted vehicles in VANET. The CO2 emissions and traffic level in the scrupulous direction were reduced. VANET representation was urbanized using finite automata (FA). With the assistance of the FA model, the VANET is constructed. The proportional result between with RG technique and without RG technique was shown.KeywordsFinite automata RG technique Comparative result

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANET) are a proper subset of mobile wireless networks, where nodes are revulsive, the vehicles are armed with special electronic devices on the motherboard OBU (On Board Unit) which enables them to trasmit and receive messages from other vehicles in the VANET. Furthermore the communication between the vehicles, the VANET interface is donated by the contact points with road infrastructure. VANET is a subgroup of MANETs. Unlike the MANETs nodes, VANET nodes are moving very fast. Impound a permanent route for the dissemination of emergency messages and alerts from a danger zone is a very challenging task. Therefore, routing plays a significant duty in VANETs. decreasing network overhead, avoiding network congestion, increasing traffic congestion and packet delivery ratio are the most important issues associated with routing in VANETs. In addition, VANET network is subject to various security attacks. In base VANET systems, an algorithm is used to dicover attacks at the time of confirmation in which overhead delay occurs. This paper proposes (P-Secure) approach which is used for the detection of DoS attacks before the confirmation time. This reduces the overhead delays for processing and increasing the security in VANETs. Simulation results show that the P-Secure approach, is more efficient than OBUmodelVaNET approach in terms of PDR, e2e_delay, throughput and drop packet rate.

Intelligent transportation systems based on 802.11 standards family have a remarkable potential to improve safety and efficiency of road traffic. Owing to high mobility of vehicles, stability of routing in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) is a challenging issue, especially in case of multi-hop communications. Example techniques available in the literature to increase reliability of routing include e.g., the concept of multipath end-to-end transmission. However, they are not capable of providing continuity of transmission in the presence of failures of all alternate paths occurring in a short period of time.

The swift improvement of wireless communication technology has aided the creation of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) as a revolutionary option for the realization of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). VANETs facilitate seamless communication between vehicles and infrastructure (V2I) and among the vehicles themselves (V2V). These networks can enhance safety and traffic control while providing various infotainment options. To ensure stable and efficient communication in highly dynamic and quickly changing vehicular contexts, effective data packet routing is a crucial component of VANETs. This survey delves further into the VANET routing algorithms for ITS. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of various routing protocols suggested for VANETs while considering their unique requirements and difficulties. The review covers ad hoc on‐demand distance vector (AODV) and dynamic source routing (DSR), as well as more current strategies designed specifically for VANETs, such as geographic routing, cluster‐based routing, and hybrid routing protocols. The review assesses the routing algorithms based on several vital parameters, including packet delivery ratio (PDR), end‐to‐end delay, throughput, network overhead, scalability, and robustness. This detailed assessment supports aspiring researchers in acquiring a better knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of the routing algorithms currently used in VANETs.

ABSTRACTIn this work, we present a new generic polymorphic routing protocol tailored for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Similar to the case of mobile ad hoc networks, the routing task in VANETs comes under various constraints that can be environmental, operational, or performance based. The proposed Polymorphic Unicast Routing Protocol (PURP) uses the concept of polymorphic routing as a means to describe dynamic, multi‐behavioral, multi‐stimuli, adaptive, and hybrid routing, that is applicable in various contexts, which empowers the protocol with great flexibility in coping with the timely requirements of the routing tasks. Polymorphic routing protocols, in general, are equipped with multi‐operational modes (e.g., grades of proactive, reactive, and semi‐proactive), and they are expected to tune in to the right mode of operation depending on the current conditions (e.g., battery residue, vicinity density, traffic intensity, mobility level of the mobile node, and other user‐defined conditions). The objective is commonly maximizing and/or improving certain metrics such as maximizing battery life, reducing communication delays, improving deliverability, and so on. We give a detailed description and analysis of the PURP protocol. Through comparative simulations, we show its superiority in performance to its peers and demonstrate its suitability for routing in VANETs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Information dissemination in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is inseparable from the interaction between vehicles and infrastructure. The trust authority (TA) often plays a pivotal role in VANETs and requires interaction with multiple vehicles. However, when the TA sends the same message to multiple vehicles, there are many redundancies, as it needs to negotiate with each vehicle and send them different ciphertexts. This greatly reduces the work efficiency of the TA. To the best of our knowledge, there is no research on the problem of redundancy that occurs when the same message is sent to multiple vehicles in VANETs. The proposed scheme adopts identity-based broadcast encryption (IBBE) technology, which is a secure data-sharing scheme suitable for the vehicle-to-infrastructure communication mode, in VANETs for the first time. Thus, with only one encryption, the TA can generate a fixed-length ciphertext for a group of vehicles. When there are new vehicles that subsequently request a service, the TA can assign encryption tasks to the proxy server. In terms of security, our scheme meets the particular requirements of VANETs. The encryption overhead of the sender and the length of the ciphertext were comparatively analyzed. The results demonstrated that the performance of the scheme improved significantly. Thus, our scheme can prevent redundancies and effectively improve the work efficiency of TA.

Vehicular communication ad hoc routing protocols: A survey

A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a special kind of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) that supports cooperative driving among communicating cars on the roads. There are several technologies involved in implementation of wireless communication in VANETs. These technologies include 3G cellular systems, long-term evolution (LTE), LTE Advanced, IEEE 802.16, and IEEE 802.11. This chapter focuses on 802.11-based wireless communication in VANETs. It reviews some presented methods for vehicle movement path prediction, and explains some algorithms are explained for performance improvement in opportunistic networks based on the predicted vehicle movements. The chapter considers the fact that communication in VANETs can be infrastructure-based or infrastructureless. It also reviews some methods to apply the predicted vehicles' position for improving communication in infrastructure-based and infrastructureless VANETs, respectively. Opportunistic routing algorithms can be classified according to their dependency on roadside infrastructure. The chapter presents the taxonomy of opportunistic routing in VANETs.

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are a class of wireless networks built dynamically in an ad hoc network manner. VANET is a key technology for smart and Intelligent Transportation System. Efficient and intelligent algorithms for routing in VANETs are critically required for safety information propagation. Routing in highly dynamic VANET topology is important for the achievement of any vehicular safety applications. The routing mechanism in vehicular networks is critical because of VANETconstraints such as unpredictable network topology, frequent disconnections, varying network densities, etc. Multi agent scheme based routing scheme for VANETs is addressed in the paper. We address the challenge of how to route the data with short communication delay, overhead, and the complexity. Specifically, we consider the scenario for (V2V) vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Multi agent scheme consists of static agent and mobile agents. The scheme operates as follows: (1) establishing a connectivity pattern between the vehicles; (2) creating a set of beliefs; (3) desire development; (4) finalizing the intention. We validate the proposed scheme by simulation. Evaluated simulation results are packet delivery ratio, bandwidth utilization, and route identification delay.