Religion, Contraceptive Method Mix and Son Preference among Bengali-Speaking Community in Indian Subcontinent: A Long View

Contraceptive use and method mix were analysed using Philippines national survey data of 1973, 1978, and 1983. The analyses suggest that the reported decline in contraceptive prevalence between 1978 and 1983 was due to under-reporting of use in 1973 and 1983. The shifts in contraceptive method mix were also partly from under-reporting of rhythm and other methods in 1973 and 1983. Nevertheless, the determinants of method choice were similar in all three sets of data. Filipino couples were making rational choices in terms of their contraceptive goals, access, evaluation, and competence. Modifications in the directions and magnitude of the relationships in determining method choice also occurred, partly reflecting the increased use of sterilization by older, higher parity women.

Background Although contraceptive prevalence in Delhi is relatively high, urban resettlement colonies may exhibit distinct patterns of contraceptive utilisation and method choice that are not captured in aggregate estimates. Understanding the prevalence, method mix, and factors associated with contraceptive use in such settings is essential for strengthening urban family planning services. Objectives To assess the prevalence, method mix, and predictors of current contraceptive use among eligible couples residing in an urban resettlement colony of Delhi. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 306 eligible couples, selected by simple random sampling from households in an urban resettlement colony in South-East Delhi. Data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire adapted from the National Family Health Survey. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate awareness, ever use, current use, and contraceptive method mix. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors independently associated with current contraceptive use, and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. Results Among 306 eligible couples, awareness of at least one contraceptive method was reported by 300 (98.0%). Ever use of any contraceptive method was reported by 207 (67.6%), while 179 (58.5%) were current users at the time of the survey. Among current users, condoms were the most commonly reported method, used by 73 (23.9%) participants, followed by female sterilisation in 56 (18.3%). Use of modern spacing methods was lower, with intrauterine devices reported by 18 (5.9%), oral contraceptive pills by 17 (5.6%), and injectable contraception by 14 (4.6%). Partner support among current users was reported by 171 (95.5%). Joint decision-making regarding contraceptive use was reported by 96 (53.6%) current users. On multivariable analysis, longer duration of marriage was positively associated with current contraceptive use (AOR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.02-1.28). Having one or more male children showed a strong association (AOR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.72-5.84), as did contact with Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) (AOR = 3.48, 95% CI: 1.79-6.77). Educational attainment demonstrated a graded association, with significantly higher odds among women with higher secondary education (AOR = 10.85, 95% CI: 3.21-36.69), secondary education (AOR = 6.64, 95% CI: 2.15-20.56), and primary education (AOR = 3.67, 95% CI: 1.16-11.62), compared to those with no schooling. Conclusion Contraceptive use among eligible couples in this urban resettlement colony varied by stage of marital and reproductive life and by engagement with community-based health services, despite high levels of awareness. The findings describe a contraceptive method mix dominated by condoms and highlight the association of contraceptive use with educational status, marital duration, child sex composition, and recent contact with frontline health workers. These results provide context-specific evidence on patterns and correlates of contraceptive use in an urban resettlement setting.

Background: One of today's global problems is the rapid growth of population. Population growth can be controlled through contraceptive method utilization. However, contraceptive use among males in most developing countries, including Indonesia, remains low. This study aimed to determine the social, economic, and cultural factors affecting male contraceptive use in family planning village, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, using Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and path analysis.Subjects and Method: A case-control study was carried out in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. A sample of 200 men aged 15 to 49 years was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was male surgical contraceptive method use. The independent variables were age, knowledge, education, intention, attitude, perceived behavior control, subjective norm, social culture, access to health service, and health service quality. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Male surgical contraceptive method use was directly affected by older age (b = 1.50; 95% CI = 0.54 to 2.46; p= 0.002), better knowledge (b= 1.48; 95% CI= 0.48 to 2.49; p= 0.004), stronger intention (b= 1.10; 95% CI= 0.15 to 2.06; p= 0.24), more positive attitude (b= 1.33; 95% CI= 0.35 to 2.30; p= 0.008), stronger perceived behavior control (b= 1.21; 95% CI= 0.23 to 2.20; p= 0.016), better access to health service (b = 1.59; 95% CI = 0.58 to 2.59; p= 0.002), better health service quality (b= 1.17; 95% CI= 0.22 to 2.12; p = 0.016), and supportive subjective norm (b= 2.07; 95% CI= 1.12 to 3.01; p<0.001). It was also indirectly affected by subjective norm, social culture, education, education, and access to health service.Conclusion: Male surgical contraceptive method use is directly affected by age, knowledge, intention, attitude, perceived behavior control, access to health service, health service quality, and subjective norm. It is indirectly affected by subjective norm, social culture, education, education, and access to health service.Keywords: male, contraceptive method, use, determinants, path analysisCorrespondence: Bettya Kartikasari. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: bettyakartikasari21@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285817606484.Indonesian Journal of Medicine (2018), 3(2): 89-98https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2018.03.02.05

BackgroundMeeting the contraceptive needs of women living with HIV (WLHIV) has primary health benefits for women, in addition to being a key element to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission. This analysis will estimate the current number of infant HIV infections prevented by contraception in the era of increased HIV treatment coverage and; 2) model the additional HIV benefits of preventing unintended births to WLHIV.MethodsSecondary data analysis was conducted using publicly available data from the United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and Population Division, Demographic Health Surveys, and peer-review literature. National data from 70 countries, that had a UNAIDS estimate for the number of WLHIV nationally, were combined into country-level models. Models estimated the current number of infant HIV infections averted by contraception annually and potentially averted if unintended births to WLHIV were prevented. Estimates take into account pregnancy and live birth rates, contraceptive coverage, contraceptive method mix and failure rates, and HIV treatment coverage during pregnancy to prevent mother to child transmission.ResultsContraception use among WLHIV prevents an estimated 43,559 new infant HIV infections annually across 70 countries. Countries with the largest number of infant infections averted by contraception included South Africa (9441), Nigeria (4195), Kenya (3508), Zimbabwe (2586), and India (2145). Preventing unintended births to WLHIV could avert an additional 43,768 new infant infections per year, with the greatest potential gains to be made in South Africa (12,036), Nigeria (2770), Uganda (2552), and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2324).ConclusionsContraception continues to play an integral role in global HIV prevention efforts in the era of increasing HIV treatment coverage, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Broad contraceptive availability, increased contraceptive voluntarism and method mix are key components to preventing unintended births and ending new infant HIV infections worldwide.

Introductionlow socioeconomic status is a risk factor for maternal death and contraceptive use has been shown to reduce maternal deaths in those poor settings. Despite the tremendous benefits of contraceptives in the regulation of reproductive health indicators, its use in less developed countries continue to remain unacceptably low. The purpose of this study was primarily to assess the contraceptive method mix and then determine the predictors of contraceptive use in the Cameroon Development Corporation (CDC) plantation camps.Methodsmix sampling was used. Firstly, two CDC camp localities (Tiko and Pena Mboko) were purposively selected. Pre-existing clusters within these localities were then randomly selected and then eligible participants within the sampled clusters systematically selected. Using the main street junction as starting point, direction of sample collection was determined by spinning a plastic bottle. From the start of street junction and moving in direction of the bottle pointer, all households left to the principal investigator were visited in search of eligible participants which were sexually active women aged 15-49 years who gave consent/assent. One participant was selected per household. We used pretested interviewer-administered questionnaires that covered information on socio-demographic characteristics, reproductive health and contraceptive use. Statistical significance was set at p-value ≤ 0.05.Resultssix hundred and thirty four (634) sexually active women aged 15-49 years were included in the study; majority were 25-35 years (246; 38.8%). The current contraceptive prevalence was 63.1% [59.3-66.8] (400); of which 312 participants (78%) used a single method while 88 (22%) participants used contraceptives in combination. The most common methods in use were rhythm (196; 49%), male condom (109; 27.2%) and implants (63; 15.8%). When adjusted, statistically significant determinants for contraceptive use were age range and marital status such that odds of using contraceptives was lower in women < 35 years and those cohabiting (AOR= 0.71 [0.50-1.00] and AOR=0.62 [0.44-0.87] respectively).Conclusioncurrent contraceptive practice in the CDC plantation camps is geared toward less effective traditional methods than the more effective modern methods. More health education is needed to adjust this paradigm.

The COVID-19 crisis could leave significant numbers of women and couples without access to essential sexual and reproductive health care. This research note analyses differences in contraceptive method mix across Sustainable Development Goal regions and applies assumed method-specific declines in use to produce an illustrative scenario of the potential impact of COVID-19 on contraceptive use and on the proportion of the need for family planning satisfied by modern methods. Globally, it had been estimated that 77 per cent of women of reproductive age (15-49years) would have their need for family planning satisfied with modern contraceptive methods in 2020. However, taking into account the potential impact of COVID-19 on method-specific use, this could fall to 71 per cent, resulting in around 60 million fewer users of modern contraception worldwide in 2020. Overall declines in contraceptive use will depend on the methods used by women and their partners and on the types of disruptions experienced. The analysis concludes with the recommendation that countries should include family planning and reproductive health services in the package of essential services anddevelop strategies toensure that women and couplesare able toexercise their reproductive rights during the COVID-19 crisis.

Gender preference often results in low use of contraceptives and parity progression, which can increase the risks of morbidity and mortality for women. This study aimed to identify gender preference and fertility behavior, including contraceptive use and the desire for additional children, among married women. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using systematic random sampling to select280 household, with one respondent interviewed from each household using a semi-structured interview schedule. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis were performed on the collected data. Of 280 respondents, 44.6% were aged 26–35 years (mean30.23±7.39 years). Most (74.3%) were literate, and 70% were paid worker. Son preference was reported by 53%, with support in old age (87.2%) being the main reason. Gender preference was 60.5% less likely among Bramhin/Chhetri ethnic groups (p = 0.033) and 71.3% less likely if husbands were literate (p = 0.002). Contraception use was 90.7%, but 31.8% desired additional children. Permanent contraceptive method use was 9.387 times more likely above age 30 years (p = &lt;0.001), independent of respondents’ and husbands’ education, sex composition of children, and having a preferred child. Desire for more children was 6.813 times more likely below age 30 years (p = &lt;0.001) and 5.875 times more likely with 1–2 living children (p = 0.001), independent of respondents’ and husbands education.The study concludes that son preference persisted among the illiterate. Contraceptive use was lower among respondents below 30 years. Enhancing educational status may reduce gender bias. Targeting family planning to women below 30 years could improve contraceptive utilization in this age group.

Owing to previously limited data availability, low contraceptive prevalence, and predominance of permanent method use in Nepal, there have been few studies of contraceptive-use dynamics. The aim of this article is to examine contraceptive use dynamics in Nepal in light of the country's ongoing fertility transition and change in contraceptive method-mix. Drawing on the 2003 Contraceptive Acceptance and Use Patterns Survey of Nepal and the quality-of-care framework, a proportional hazards model is used to explore contraceptive discontinuation of injections and pills. Results show that source of method from non-government services, high level of information given, one-to-one counseling, satisfaction with services, and shorter travel time to source are associated with lower odds of discontinuation. Despite the experience of side effects, women in Nepal are highly motivated to regulate their fertility. Results suggest detailed information given to users can have significant influence on continuation of methods rather than merely providing information on alternative methods and group counseling.

Aim: Studies outside Nigeria reports that approximately 70% of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positives are sexually active and that their use of effective contraception is variable. Unplanned pregnancy and its complications are also common. However, no published study in Nigeria has evaluated the contraceptive use among of HIV positive women. This study aims to establish the pattern of use, knowledge and associated factors of contraception among HIV positive women. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire based study in a busy HIV Treatment Centre in cosmopolitan city of Lagos, Nigeria. Results: The contraceptive awareness was high at 94.6%; however, the use rate was moderate at 50.6%. Condom (52.9%) and injectable contraceptive (31.4%) were the most commonly used methods. Weight gain (2.4%) and condom slip off (2.4%) were the most common side-effect reported. Having more than 3 children (odd ratio [OR]: 2.6), being in the program for at least 3 years (OR: 2.0) and previous use of contraception (OR: 2.6) were found to be independently associated with current use of contraception. Women with less than secondary education (OR; 0.2; 0.3-0.5) and a HIV positive partner (OR: 0.4; 0.3-0.6) are less likely to use contraception. Conclusion: Contraceptive knowledge and awareness (94.6%) among this women is high, however, the use rate is low at (50.6%). Condom (52.9%) and Injectable contraceptive (31.4%) were the preferred method among women. Having 3 living children, at least a secondary education, negative partner and being in the program for at least 3 years were associated with the use of contraception.

This study examines the influence of different social, economic and demographic ‎factors that culminates into son preference among scheduled tribe and non- scheduled tribe found ‎in Kokrajhar district of Assam. Data were collected from a household survey of currently ‎married women of reproductive age group 15-49 years using multi-stage sampling method. ‎Cross tabulation, Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis was carried out for finding out ‎relationships between the socio-economic and demographic variables on son preference. ‎Findings show that son is important for old age security reasons among scheduled tribe people ‎and for legacy continuation in case of non- scheduled tribe. The percentage distribution of son ‎preference by selected characteristics depicts that son preference is high among the non- ‎scheduled tribe as compared to scheduled tribe. Logistic regression shows that the type of family, ‎use of Contraceptives and educational level of women play a significant role on son preference ‎among scheduled tribe and type of family, educational level of husband and religion of husband ‎has the significant affect on son preference among non- scheduled tribe. The findings of the ‎study reveal that son preference is an important indicator of fertility differentials in Kokrajhar ‎district‎.

Women's empowerment positively impacts family planning in sub-Saharan Africa, but little is known about its relationship with contraceptive method mix. Considering that contraceptive needs vary across life stages, we aimed to explore the intersectional differences in contraceptive method mix according to age and level of empowerment in sub-Saharan Africa. We analyzed data from Demographic and Health Surveys conducted since 2015 across 28 countries in West & Central and Eastern & Southern Africa. Within each region, we calculated pooled estimates of demand for family planning satisfied by any method (DFPS) and contraceptive method mix, stratifying by women's age and empowerment level using the survey-based women's empowerment index (SWPER). Our sample included 138,374 married women of reproductive age. Across both regions, more empowered women achieved higher DFPS, especially those older than 19. Among adolescents, we found a substantial increase only in the decision-making domain. Injectables and implants dominated the method mix, but their shares dropped as empowerment increased. This trend appeared across all age groups and empowerment domains, with the largest declines observed for social independence. High-empowered women had a more diversified method mix, with adolescents and young women with increased use of condoms, pills, and fertility-awareness methods, while women over 34 relied more on IUDs and sterilization. Our findings reveal that age, empowerment, and contraceptive method mix intersect in diverse ways. Tailoring family planning policies and counseling while addressing empowerment drivers could enhance informed contraceptive choices and better meet women's reproductive health goals. The evidence generated in this study emphasizes the importance of designing family planning programs that address age-specific reproductive needs and empowerment-related barriers, providing insights to guide more tailored interventions in sub-Saharan Africa.

Unemployment, contraceptive behaviour and reproductive outcomes among young Australian women

Canadian Contraception Consensus (Part 2 of 4).

The postpartum period is an ideal time for women to access contraception, but the prevalence of postpartum contraceptive use remains low in sub-Saharan Africa. To better understand the gap between women's desires to space or limit births and their contraceptive behaviors, intention to use contraception has been proposed as a person-centered measure of contraceptive demand. Using data from a panel study of Ethiopian women aged 15-49 who were interviewed at six weeks, six months, and one year postpartum, we examined the dynamics of contraceptive intention in the first year postpartum and its relationship with contraceptive use. Contraceptive intention fluctuated considerably in the year after childbirth. At six weeks, 60.9 percent of women intended to use a contraceptive method in the next year; 23.2% did not. By one year, less than half (43.5 percent) were using a method, and those who had no intention to use doubled (44.5 percent). Women who developed or sustained their intention to use a method in the postpartum period were more likely to adopt a method by one year than those who did not, showing that contraceptive intention is a strong predictor of use and has the potential to inform person-centered reproductive health programming in the extended postpartum period.

BackgroundColombia is a lower-middle income country that faces the challenge of addressing health inequalities. This effort includes the task of developing measures of socioeconomic position (SEP) to describe and analyse disparities in health and health related outcomes. This study explores the use of a multidimensional approach to SEP, in which socioeconomic inequalities in contraceptive use are investigated along multiple dimensions of SEP. We tested the hypothesis that provision of Public capital compensated for low levels of Human capital.MethodsThis study used the 2005 Colombian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) dataset. The outcome measures were 'current non-use' and 'never use' of contraception. Inequalities in contraceptive behaviour along four measures of SEP were compared: the Household wealth index (HWI), Physical capital (housing, consumer durables), Public capital (publicly provided services) and Human capital (level of education). Principal component analysis was applied to construct the HWI, Physical capital and Public capital measures. Logistic regression models were used to estimate relative indices of inequality (RII) for each measure of SEP with both outcomes.ResultsSocio-economic inequalities among rural women tended to be larger than those among urban women, for all measures of SEP and for both outcomes. In models mutually adjusted for Physical, Public and Human capital and age, Physical capital identified stronger gradients in contraceptive behaviour in urban and rural areas (Current use of contraception by Physical capital in urban areas RII 2.37 95% CI (1.99-2.83) and rural areas RII 3.70 (2.57-5.33)). The impact of women's level of education on contraceptive behaviour was relatively weak in households with high Public capital compared to households with low Public capital (Current use of contraception in rural areas, interaction p = < 0.001). Reduced educational inequalities attributable to Public capital were partly explained by differences in household wealth but not at all by health insurance cover.ConclusionsA multidimensional approach provides a framework for disentangling socioeconomic inequalities in contraceptive behaviour. We provide evidence that material circumstances indexed by Physical capital are important socioeconomic determinants while higher provision of Public capital may compensate for low levels of Human capital with respect to modern contraceptive behaviour.