Religious Involvement and Mental Disorders in Mainland China

Dual burden of chronic physical diseases and anxiety/mood disorders among São Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey Sample, Brazil

Early-Life Mental Disorders and Adult Household Income in the World Mental Health Surveys

The prevalence of hypersomnolence in the U.S. and associated socio-demographic characteristics are not well studied. Its comorbidity with insomnia and relationship with psychiatric, alcohol and drug use disorders, use of prescription medications and impact on functional impairment is poorly delineated. The National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) is a nationally representative community household survey of individuals ≥18 years. As part of this survey, subjects (n=5,962) were queried about their sleep in the NCS-R Part II questionnaire. Socio-demographic characteristics and prescription medication use were assessed. Subjects were administered the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WHO-CIDI) to determine various DSM-IV diagnoses and the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHO-DAS II) to evaluate for functional impairment. The prevalence of 12-month hypersomnolence, defined per DSM-5 as a subjective sense of sleepiness during the daytime associated with lapses into sleep, not feeling rested despite getting adequate sleep, or having difficulty waking in the morning, was determined. Odds ratios were used to assess associations with various socio-demographic characteristics, insomnia, DSM-IV diagnoses, prescription medication use, alcohol and drug abuse/dependence as well as functional impairment. The prevalence of hypersomnolence in U.S. adults was 23.34% (SE=0.88). Tetrachoric correlations among constituent symptoms were high (0.56 to 0.97; all p<0.05). Among socio-demographic characteristics, being female (OR=1.41; CI:1.20–1.61), ≤45 years (OR=1.35; CI:1.10–1.66), having a low/low-average family income (OR=1.36; CI:1.13–1.65) and being unemployed (OR=1.38; CI:1.11–1.70) were associated with a higher risk of hypersomnolence. Insomnia (OR=5.65; CI:4.55–7.02), DSM-IV anxiety disorders (OR=2.78; CI:2.34–3.31), mood disorders (OR=2.72; CI:2.18–3.39), conduct and oppositional disorders (OR=2.11; CI:1.52–2.93), and substance use disorders (OR=1.56; CI:1.27–1.91) were significantly comorbid with hypersomnolence after accounting for socio-demographic characteristics and other DSM-IV diagnoses. Hypersomnolence was significantly associated with functional impairment (OR=2.01; CI:1.30–3.12). Among medication classes, antidepressants (OR=1.77; CI:1.43–2.19), benzodiazepines (OR=1.50; CI:1.15–1.95) and buspirone (OR=2.78; CI:1.46–5.27) were associated with increased rates of hypersomnolence. Hypersomnolence is common in the general population, especially in younger, female, lower income and unemployed subgroups. Hypersomnolence is comorbid with multiple psychiatric and substance abuse disorders, particularly insomnia, anxiety and depression, as well as antidepressant and benzodiazepine use. Finally, hypersomnolence is associated with significant functional impairment. N/A.

Use of Outpatient Mental Health Services by Depressed and Anxious Children as They Grow Up

COVID-19 and Stress-Related Disorders.

Background:Psychiatric disorders including anxiety, depression, somatization, obsessive compulsive, and bipolar disorders are recognized as causing the biggest burden of disease worldwide.Aim:In this study, we aimed to assess the prevalence and burden of common mental disorders at Primary Health Care Centers (PHCC) using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WHO-CIDI) in the Qatari population, aged 18–65 who attended Primary Health Care (PHC) settings.Design:A prospective cross-sectional study conducted during November 2011 to October 2012.Setting:Primary Health Care Centers of the Supreme Council of Health, Qatar.Subjects:A total of 2,000 Qatari subjects aged 18–65 years were approached; 1475 (73.3%) agreed to participate.Methods:Prevalence and severity of International Classification of Disease-10 disorders were assessed with the WHO-CIDI (Version 3.0).Results:Of the 1475 participants, 830 (56.3%) were females and 645 (43.7%) was males. One-third were aged 35–49 years 558 (37.8%). The three most common disorders were major depression disorders (18.31%), any anxiety disorders (17.3%), any mood disorders (16.95%), followed by separation anxiety disorders (15.25%), personality disorder (14.1%). In the present study, prevalence in women was significantly higher than men for the most common psychiatric disorders, specifically generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social phobia, specific phobias, obsessive compulsive disorders, posttraumatic disorder, somatization, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, dysthymia, and oppositional defiant disorder. Of the total 20% had only one psychiatric diagnosis and 12% had two disorders, 9.7% respondents with three diagnoses, and finally 4.3% of respondents had four or more diagnoses.Conclusion:One-fifth of all adults who attended the PHCC (20%) had at least one psychiatric diagnosis. The CIDI is a useful instrument for psychiatric diagnosis in community settings such as PHC clinics, clinical research and intervention studies. There is an urgent need to not only assess prevalence, but also risk factors, burden, treatment gaps and outcomes to obtain evidence for policy making.

Comorbidity of Mental Disorders and Chronic Pain: Chronology of Onset in Adolescents of a National Representative Cohort

BackgroundThere are no published data on national lifetime prevalence and treatment of mental disorders in the Arab region. Furthermore, the effect of war on first onset of disorders has not been addressed previously on a national level, especially in the Arab region. Thus, the current study aims at investigating the lifetime prevalence, treatment, age of onset of mental disorders, and their relationship to war in Lebanon.Methods and FindingsThe Lebanese Evaluation of the Burden of Ailments and Needs Of the Nation study was carried out on a nationally representative sample of the Lebanese population (n = 2,857 adults). Respondents were interviewed using the fully structured WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0. Lifetime prevalence of any Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) disorder was 25.8%. Anxiety (16.7%) and mood (12.6%) were more common than impulse control (4.4%) and substance (2.2%) disorders. Only a minority of people with any mental disorder ever received professional treatment, with substantial delays (6 to 28 y) between the onset of disorders and onset of treatment. War exposure increased the risk of first onset of anxiety (odds ratio [OR] 5.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.5–14.1), mood (OR 3.32, 95% CI 2.0–5.6), and impulse control disorders (OR 12.72, 95% CI 4.5–35.7).ConclusionsAbout one-fourth of the sample (25.8%) met criteria for at least one of the DSM-IV disorders at some point in their lives. There is a substantial unmet need for early identification and treatment. Exposure to war events increases the odds of first onset of mental disorders.

The relation between multiple pains and mental disorders: Results from the World Mental Health Surveys

Perceived Effectiveness of Medications Among Mental Health Service Users With and Without Alcohol Dependence

Objective:Mental and substance use disorders are the leading causes of disability worldwide. Contemporary estimates of prevalence, severity and impairment are essential for service planning. This study provides estimates of prevalence, severity, impairment and demographic correlates of mental and substance use disorders in 2020–22 and changes in prevalence since 2007.Methods:Data were from the two Australian National Surveys of Mental Health and Wellbeing conducted in 2020-22 (N = 15,893) and 2007 (N = 8841). Descriptive statistics report prevalence of lifetime and 12-month mental and substance use disorder by sex and age, proportion of people with each mental disorder by levels of severity (mild, moderate and severe) and mean days out of role by mental disorder class (mood, anxiety, substance use). Logistic regression analyses examined demographic correlates of mental disorder class and assessed changes over time.Results:The lifetime prevalence of any mental or substance use disorder in 2020–22 was 40.2%. The 12-month prevalence was 20.2% (mood disorder - 7.4%, anxiety disorder - 15.7% and substance use disorder - 3.1%). Mood disorders were associated with significant impairment. The prevalence of mental disorders has changed over time, with mood and anxiety disorders increasing and substance use disorders decreasing. These changes were most evident among young adults.Conclusion:Mental disorders are common in Australia. Impairment associated with mental disorders remains significant. Particular focus should be paid to young adults aged 16–25 years who have shown the largest increases in anxiety and mood disorder prevalence over the past 13 years.

Cancer Risk Factors Among Adults with Serious Mental Illness

Through overall developments and movements, migration has spread throughout the world, causing concurrence and amalgamation of heterogeneous and culturally different societies. Present day societies are culturally even more diverse: individuals live in numerous cultures, speak in various languages, and have different identities. Despite the fact that the movement of Armenians previously existed in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, and Armenians have made numerous networks around the world, the considerable flow of relocation and the modern term of the Armenian Diaspora has developed because of the First World War after the Armenian Genocide in 1915, more explicitly, it comprises mostly individuals who survived the Armenian Genocide. The current research investigates the lives of the Armenian Diaspora in Germany, more specifically, the ones that have moved to Germany from Armenia, Iran, and Turkey. Studying the lives of the Armenian ethnic group in a host society, it discusses the issues of living in heterogeneous societies and cultures, the role that religion plays in the migration and integration context, affiliation and attachment to various cultures, hybrid cultural, religious and social identities: how Armenians perceive themselves and different societies in Germany, what it feels like to be away from their homeland and live in various cultures simultaneously, to what cultures they have a sense of belonging, how they endeavour to retain their ethnic, religious, and cultural identities, what assists them in the integration process, and how they assess their lives in Germany. The research applies three methods: participant observation, semi-structured interview and Stefan Huber’s questionnaire “The Centrality of Religiosity Scale”. Religion plays a vital role in most of the interviewees’ lives, depending on various circumstances, such as a spiritual nourishment, a psychological support, closeness to one’s ethnicity or ethnic group, access to the host society, etc. According to the current research results, the Armenian interviewees in Germany perceive religion as an inseparable part of their culture, since their religious, ethnic, and cultural identities are intertwined and regarded as an inseparable unit: religious identity – Christian, ethnic identity – Armenian, cultural identity – customs and traditions. Christianity is perceived and practiced by the Armenian interviewees as a ‘cultural religion’ for the following reasons. They consider themselves to be Christians, but are not actively engaged in religious rituals or prayers. Christianity played an important role in the history of Armenians since it helped them preserve their ethnic identity and culture throughout history. Christianity has become an inseparable part of their culture since many Armenian customs and traditions are tightly connected to it and play an important role in their ethnic, national, cultural and religious identities. Interestingly enough, even those, who consider themselves to be atheists, conceive Christianity as an indispensable part of the Armenian culture and identity.

To provide a model to estimate human resource needs for community-based mental health services in South Africa. A situation analysis was conducted of current community-based mental health service provision in South Africa, which comprise outpatient and emergency services, residential care and day care. Service utilisation rates and staffing needs were estimated for two levels of service coverage, using data from the situation analysis, local epidemiological studies and consultation with key stakeholders. For a population of 100,000 people, 7.3-23.8 full-time equivalent staff would be required to provide services in outpatient services, 14.9-41.6 in day care and 11.5-23.0 in residential care at minimum and full coverage levels respectively. The model can facilitate rational planning by requiring transparency and accountability in the assumptions used. This method can be adapted to a range of countries, by entering relevant country data. The model fills a gap, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where community-based mental health services are sparse, and decisions regarding allocations to them are hampered by a lack of good quality data. The results of the model are limited by the quality of data and the assumptions upon which the modelling are based.

Predictors of Likelihood and Intensity of Past-Year Mental Health Service Use in an Active Canadian Military Sample