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The Commensal Microbiota and Enteropathogens in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Use and Misuse of Small Bowel Video Capsule Endoscopy in Clinical Practice

Quality of Life and Depression in CKD: Improving Hope and Health

Impaired Autophagy Triggers Chronic Pancreatitis: Lessons From Pancreas-Specific Atg5 Knockout Mice

Unicystic ameloblastoma: a case of mistaken identity

The significance of high bone density in children

We have reconstituted human mitochondrial transcription in vitro on DNA oligonucleotide templates representing the light strand and heavy strand-1 promoters using protein components (RNA polymerase and transcription factors A and B2) isolated from Escherichia coli. We show that 1 eq of each transcription factor and polymerase relative to the promoter is required to assemble a functional initiation complex. The light strand promoter is at least 2-fold more efficient than the heavy strand-1 promoter, but this difference cannot be explained solely by the differences in the interaction of the transcription machinery with the different promoters. In both cases, the rate-limiting step for production of the first phosphodiester bond is open complex formation. Open complex formation requires both transcription factors; however, steps immediately thereafter only require transcription factor B2. The concentration of nucleotide required for production of the first dinucleotide product is substantially higher than that required for subsequent cycles of nucleotide addition. In vitro, promoter-specific differences in post-initiation control of transcription exist, as well as a second rate-limiting step that controls conversion of the transcription initiation complex into a transcription elongation complex. Rate-limiting steps of the biochemical pathways are often those that are targeted for regulation. Like the more complex multisubunit transcription systems, multiple steps may exist for control of transcription in human mitochondria. The tools and mechanistic framework presented here will facilitate not only the discovery of mechanisms regulating human mitochondrial transcription but also interrogation of the structure, function, and mechanism of the complexes that are regulated during human mitochondrial transcription.

Beyond Gene Discovery in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The Emerging Role of Epigenetics

Electrocardiographic features of patients with COVID-19: One year of unexpected manifestations

Proactive Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Adalimumab in Patients With Crohn’s Disease

The Challenges of Venoarterial ECMO for Postcardiotomy Shock

Cognitive Impairment in Dialysis Patients: Focus on the Blood Vessels?

Role of Intervention Strategies for At-risk Preterm Infants

Bone Marrow Iron in CKD: Correlation With Functional Iron Deficiency

Pulmonary Hypertension: From an Orphan Disease to a Public Health Problem