Research on Dynamic Aggregation Model and Equivalent Method for Distributed Resources

Planning and dimensioning of desalination plants is usually done by engineers based on an estimation of the capacity of makeup water that is needed for a certain site. Planning a solar- powered system of water and energy supply is complicated and requires a lot of experience from the executing engineer. Optimization methods can support the process of planning complex energy and water supply systems in many ways. Structural optimization is a way to determine an optimized size and configuration for a given task. In this paper a methodology is presented that allows for structural optimization of energy and water supply systems with a focus on a high share of solar energy use. The methodology has been implemented using a software framework that contains functionality for modelling, simulating, optimizing and analyzing energy and water supply systems. Based on load profiles for energy and water as well as technical and economical parameters of the components, a linear optimization is carried out in order to calculate an optimized structure of the system. Furthermore the optimization calculates the capacities of the desalination and energy conversion components and an optimized mode of operation depending on the primary energy prices and solar yield. The methodology uses a MILP algorithm to solve the optimization problem based on linear component models. The linear optimization is coupled with an algebraic equation solver to allow solving of nonlinear equations as well, thus forming a hybrid simulation and optimization algorithm.

In considering of high proportion of renewable energy supply in 2050, the accelerating of energy consumption gross, source and environment can affect the energy system restrict affection are stronger. Add wind and solar to electricity energy with large amount of energy source exploitation. The energy source amount per person is lower. Considering the renewable energy amount and supply, primary energy storage and structure problem is standing out. Before the wide spread of renewable energy, Using the high-carbon energy in China can pollute seriously. Chinese energy supply and demand problem is research key point. This paper researches Chinese energy supply and demand pattern system and evaluation methodology, gives out the inner and outer influencing elements. And evaluate Chinese energy supply and demand pattern from energy gross, structure, distribution and transportation. Use energy supply synthesize radar comparison chart in certain time period. From energy security, economy, clean and efficiency, analyze the benefit comparisons of Chinese energy supply and demand pattern. This energy supply and demand pattern model will give one certain theoretical analysis and practice reference to the further high proportion of renewable energy.

Climate change, limited fossil fuel availability and the dependency on energy carrier imports lead the European Union to the formulation of an energy policy for Europe. The EU sets the following criteria for its future energy supply: sustainability, security of supply and competitiveness. Considering the carbon dioxide emissions of fossil fuels and the unsolved problem of the ultimate disposal of radioactive waste, only renewable energy can currently be considered sustainable if applied in a socially acceptable way and in accordance with nature conservation. The use of renewable energy can also reduce the dependency on energy carrier imports. Contrary to fossil fuels, renewable energy will become cheaper in the future due to technological learning. The main disadvantage of some renewable energy resources is their fluctuating availability. Adaptation of the energy supply system must take place especially in the power sector in order to reliably cover fluctuating demand with fluctuating resources at any time. In this work, the energy system model ‘REMix’ (Renewable Energy Mix for Sustainable Electricity Supply) is developed. It uses data on the availability of renewable energy across Europe and North Africa (EUNA) to dimension low-cost power supply structures for the EUNA-region, or parts of it, under specific conditions, such as specified shares of renewable energy in the power supply or specified national self-supply shares. The model takes into account the costs of generation technologies, transmission lines and storage units, and finds a combination of these technologies and their geographic locations that is least-cost under the given assumptions. A geographic information system was used for the analysis of the installable capacities and power generation potentials of typical technologies for harnessing renewable energy resources. This analysis is described and the potentials of solar PV, solar CSP, wind onshore and wind offshore, biomass, hydro and geothermal power plants are shown in tables and maps. The data are used as input into a linear programming energy system model which uses them as constraints on the power supply system to be dimensioned. The model, its sensitivity to input parameter variations and a test application are described. The findings confirm the basic findings of other work in this field: transmission lines can be a crucial element of a low-cost, renewable-energy-based electricity supply because they enable balancing effects in a large grid and the use of the highest quality resources even in remote areas, such as deserts or at sea. However, the international cooperation that is necessary to reach the cost-minimum for a given supply task may not be reached by politics or resulting dependencies may be opposed to political goals. Therefore, REMix was built such that countries can be examined individually and the influence of different parameters on their energy supply costs and structure can be investigated. In the test model application, power supply systems for 36 regions in Europe and North Africa, almost all individual countries, are designed with REMix as island grids on the one hand and on the other hand as a network without transmission restrictions (other than the costs of the transmission lines). The model shows that in certain regions the island grid electricity costs can be much higher than, only a little higher than, or even lower than the electricity costs in the network, under the given technological and economic assumptions. The sensitivity to parameter variations is shown to be high; the results of the test application must therefore be considered one example of a technically feasible and efficient supply system but cannot claim to be least-cost in general.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze energy consumption and supply on a prefectural scale, and to visualize and compare the regional energy demand-supply distribution considering potential of renewable energy. The final energy consumption and the final energy consumption per capita are related to the industrial sector. Total final energy consumption is reported to be 13,297 PJ, of which 6,136 PJ is used for the industrial sector. In the residential and commercial sector, population is the most effective on the final energy consumption. On the other hand, final energy consumption per capita in residential sector is tied to the climate: cold areas like Hokkaido, Tohoku, and Hokuriku have larger consumption than other areas. Energy expenditure per capita in residential sector is also large in cold areas; for instance, 98,581 JPY/capita is spent for energy in Hokkaido. The energy supply system in Japan depends on thermal power generation that is large scale-centralized; Chiba has the largest thermal power generation estimated at 390 PJ. By contrast, thermal power generation in Yamanashi is the smallest in Japan estimated at 0.5 PJ. Renewable resources are widely distributed in Japan, but renewable energy supply which is calculated at 374 PJ is very small. Onshore wind power and solar power have enough potential, evaluated at 2,985 PJ, to substitute thermal power plants. This study indicates that development of local energy systems, especially local heat supply system, is important to introduce local renewable energy, and introduction of renewable energy leads to more balanced regional energy demand-supply distribution.

exploration, which is heavily dependent on heat treatment and surface engineering. The paper has clearly demonstrated with statistical data how stabilising and improving product quality as the result of the improvement of scientific, technical and management level of HT during the last decade in the petroleum machinery manufacturing industry in China has raised the equipment utilisation rate and reduced the energy consumption. We hope it may trigger a series of studies on various important industrial branches. In general, any scientific achievements in materials science in HT and SE, as well as technical innovations and upgrading in process efficiency, energy efficiency, furnace design and construction, measurement and process control, etc. contribute to the solution of energy-environment problems. In this relatively ‘old’ field of HT, many interesting and practically important effects still need to be reinvestigated and clarified, such as those presented in the paper by Dong and Zhu 2 . Energy and environment are, from the optimistic viewpoint, the external driving forces for the future of HT and SE. No doubt, clean energy generation and supply systems require not only upgrading of conventional HT and SE, but also new materials and methods for their processes. The energy transition may not be realised without innovation of new types of steels and highly developed steel processing. For example, the offshore wind power station demands high corrosion resistant steels for its foundations and towers. The efficiency of thermal power plant may be much improved when its pressure and temperature are raised, which may only be possible with new high-performance alloys. Recently the 2 nd International Conference on Energy and the Future of Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering 3 organised by Chinese Heat Treatment Society (CHTS) took place in Beijing. Following its predecessors the conference addresses the main themes of energy management in HT and SE and the HT and SE in the manufacture of clean energy generation and supply systems. In the coming IHTSE issues we will introduce selectively most interesting papers to our readers.

This presentation documents the approaches and methods used in the Transportation Energy & Mobility Pathway Options™ (TEMPO) model to evaluate passenger and freight demand for transportation and mobility services, project vehicle ownership and technology adoption decisions, and determine transport mode choices to derive scenarios of future energy use and emissions. TEMPO is an all-inclusive transportation demand model that covers the entire United States, with an implicit spatial resolution and an hourly temporal resolution that allows for generating time-resolved energy use profiles to assess multisectoral integration aspects. Key features of the TEMPO model include the ability to perform endogenous out-of-sample forecasting to extrapolate recent emerging trends and analyze impacts of disruptive technological breakthroughs and behavioral changes. TEMPO employs an innovative representation of passenger mobility demand stemming from household-level decisions that determine vehicle adoption, ownership, and use based on sociodemographics (e.g., income, household composition), technology attributes (e.g., travel cost, time), geography (e.g., urban, suburban, rural) and population-specific multiday mobility and travel requirements. This representation enables a more forward-looking perspective on the use of new mobility options and the adoption of alternative fuel vehicles, as well as a more accurate representation of their energy usage profiles than previous modeling approaches. A comparison with the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s Annual Energy Outlook showcases the ability of TEMPO to accurately replicate widely accepted projections by representing the key elements of the entire transportation sector at the appropriate level of resolution. TEMPO is intended to generate future scenarios of technology adoption, energy use, and emissions in the transportation sector to compare alternatives, inform decision makers, and assess integration with energy infrastructure and supply systems at an appropriate spatiotemporal resolution.

An economic-mathematical model of the production type was developed, intended for forecasting the country's energy supply by calculating the balanced supply of carbon-containing fuels, electricity and heat from fossil fuel and renewable energy sources. The model was built on the basis of open data sources according to the specific structure of technological methods by L.V. Kantorovich, which, unlike the known ones, uses subsystems for the production of abstract products that correspond to the range of outputs and inputs of the product energy balance, and also uses procedures for their selective aggregation to build various forms of inter-product balance matrices. This allowed us to obtain a tool for forecasting and assessing energy balances that is resistant to the growing limitations of information support, which is distinguished by a new system of conditions for a production-type model for the expanded range of the International Energy Agency's product energy balance, as well as a set of technological methods proposed for the first time by L.V. Kantorovich, which together determined the structure of output, costs and product links of individual producers of the energy supply system within the framework of a mutually agreed multi-product balance. The proposed model provides opportunities for using statistical and technological approaches to determining output and cost coefficients in solving forecasting problems, applying inherent means of analyzing retrospective balances to identify unaccounted volumes of FER, as well as volumes of their consumption and transformation in the country's energy sector with significant changes in the structure of electricity and heat generation capacities. The forecasted volumes of supply of the main types of energy resources obtained in the calculations using the developed energy supply model allowed us to assert that, given the indicators of energy efficiency achieved in 2020, the country's energy supply system is able to meet the country's needs mainly through the development of domestic fuel bases. Keywords: energy supply, product energy balance, production type model.

Due to the high energy consumption in a paper mill, energy cost is an important part of the overall production cost of paper. Papermaking is a continuous process. Ensuring a continuous energy supply for this process would avoid production losses and supplementary energy consumption for restarting the installations. In this paper we develop an optimization model of the energy supply system from the perspectives of reliability and energy loss. Subsequently we use this model to analyze the energy supply system in order to find some solutions for increasing the energy efficiency and for reducing the cost of accidental outages.

Analysis of Long-Term Plan for Energy Supply System for Latvia that is 100% Based on the Use of Local Energy Resources The prices of fossil energy resources are expected to rise substantially in the future, therefore fossil energy resources might not be a feasible energy source for Latvia in the long term. The establishment of a fully self-sufficient energy supply system will require a significant transformation of the existing energy supply and transport infrastructure. Early planning of such a system makes it possible to shape development of the existing energy system in order to achieve that goal of a fully self-sufficient energy supply system. The paper shows a potential solution to establish an energy and transport system solely based on the domestic primary resources by the year 2050.

Scenario-Based Design and Assessment of renewable energy supply systems for green building applications

Assessing reliability in energy supply systems

Some important conclusions for achieving an energy supply system which satisfies the concept of sustainable development are that: The use of limited stocks of energy is compatible with the concept of sustainability provided that we can guarantee future generations a technically and economically viable energy base which is at least of the same size. The use of scarce resources, including the environment as a resource, is decisive when assessing the sustainability of energy systems. The full costs (generation costs plus external costs) should be considered as a helpful indicator for assessing the contribution of power generation technologies to a sustainable energy system. The technical progress made possible by increasing knowledge, which contributes to expanding the technically and economically exploitable raw materials and energy resources and allows a further uncoupling of economic development and the use of resources, will play a key role in achieving sustainable development. A life-cycle-based evaluation employing a variety of sustainability criteria clearly shows that nuclear energy is an attractive source of low-cost electricity that can foster economic development and reduce greenhouse gas emissions cost effectively while broadening the available energy resource base for future generations. Low total material requirements and the total energy requirements of nuclear electricity production are indications of the rational use of scarce resources in comparison with other electricity technologies. Estimates of health risks including those of severe accidents indicate that nuclear power, when constructed and operated according to present safety standards, is associated with health impacts that are in the lower range of all electricity systems. Nuclear energy combines economic, resource, climatological and environmental attractiveness making a sustainable electricity supply system a practically feasible and economically affordable target for many countries.

Multi-objective coordinated optimization of low-carbon building energy systems based on high renewable energy penetration

This contribution firstly proposed the concept of annual average power generation hours and analyzed per capita energy consumption, carbon emission, and the human development index from a macro perspective. On this basis, we compared the average household electrical energy consumption of urban and rural residents based on the data from CGSS-2015 from a micro perspective. The results show the positive correlation between carbon emissions per capita and the human development index and China’s regional imbalance characteristics between household electricity consumption and renewable energy distribution. Therefore, the distributed energy supply system is proposed as an effective complement to centralized power generation systems and is the key to synergizing human development and carbon emissions in China. Moreover, we analyzed the characteristics of distributed energy supply systems in the context of existing energy supply systems, pointing out the need to fully use solar energy and natural gas. Finally, two types of typical distributed energy supply systems are proposed for satisfying the household energy requirements in remote or rural areas of western and the eastern or coastal areas of China, respectively. Two typical distributed energy systems integrate high-efficiency energy conversion, storage, and transfer devices such as electric heat pumps, photovoltaic thermal, heat and electricity storage, and fuel cells.

Shortly after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011, the Federal Government of Germany decided to change the structure of the country’s energy supply system by ending nuclear energy conversion and strongly promoting the development of renewable energies. In order to politically set the course for sustainable energy supply in this time of transition, it is important to analyze the factors influencing the future development of renewable energies. This work contributes to this purpose in the field of onshore wind electricity generation by displaying the temporal development of areas suitable for wind energy use. The availability of such areas is crucial to the extension of sites for wind energy plants. In our approach, the current potential area is determined by excluding areas unsuitable for this kind of electricity generation. For the determination of potential areas of the future, assumptions are made based on the expansion of settlement and traffic areas, and the occupation of protection areas. According to various scenarios, a decline of potential areas between 3% and 8% between 2011 and 2030 is indicated.