Research on the 3D Error Analysis and Deformation Prediction for Part

Tests were conducted on four rib cages to characterize their 3D deformation and the kinematics of the costovertebral joints. The influence of the structural properties, i.e. geometry and initial rib slopes, and of the costo-vertebral joints on the deformation capacity of the rib cage during a dynamic loading was studied. Each rib cage was loaded four times by increasing, up to 40% of the initial thickness, the mid-sternum deflection. The spine was rigidly fixed without constraining the costo-vertebral joints and the rib motions were computed from 3D video analysis. In addition, numerical simulations were performed with subject-specific models obtained from the rib cage geometry and a method for model personalization. The objective was to numerically evaluate the sensitivity to solely changes in geometry. The rib rotations were determined from the motion of 3D-markers close to the costo-vertebral joints and the 3D rib deformations were assessed from the motion of markers along the ribs. The rib rotations varied with the costal level (mean value 5.8 degrees [max. 7.9 degrees, min. 3.5 degrees], 2.9 degrees [4.8 degrees, 1.0 degree], 2.5 degrees [4.8 degrees, 1.1 degrees] and 2.2 degrees [3.5 degrees, 0.8 degree] for rib 2, 4, 6 and 8 respectively) and among the subjects (mean variation from 3.3 degrees to 7.1 degrees). The rib deformations were mainly in the sagittal plane for the upper ribs and in the rib plane for the lower. Although, no statistically significant correlations were found with different morphometrics parameters, a link (R2>0.4) was found between the initial rib slope and the amount of rotation and deformations, according to the assumption described by Kent et al (2005). The costovertebral joint was described by a functional rotation axis (i.e. helical axis) that does not correspond to the physiological axis of rotation. The orientation and the position of this helical axis changed with the level of deflection and varied with the costal level.

This paper presents a comprehensive update on the dynamic evolution of active geodynamic extension within the Taupo volcanic zone (TVZ), New Zealand. The study aims to investigate whether a consistent uniaxial extension rate characterizes the entire zone or if there are spatial and temporal variations in both direction and rate from south to north. Using GPS baseline length change rates from 55 continuous GPS stations over a monitoring period exceeding 14 years, our analysis enhances the understanding of tectonic movement and crustal deformation induced by the magmatic evolution beneath the TVZ. The 3D static deformation analysis using the StrainTool software package reveals nuanced extensional tectonic regime and rates across the TVZ, providing unique insights into the complex dynamics of the Taupo volcanic zone. The results not only advance our understanding of the TVZ but also have broader implications for comprehending extensional tectonic regime on back-arc rift. By integrating these findings with insights from previous geological studies, encompassing seismic, magmatic, hydrothermal, and tectonic investigations, this study contributes a comprehensive and synthesized view of the extensional deformation. The comparative synthesis aims to provide a holistic perspective on the extensional tectonic regime and the parameters influencing their spatio-temporal evolution, particularly concerning the broader context of New Zealand's global deformation. Keywords: Taupo Volcanic Zone, Back-Arc Rift, GPS Baseline Analysis, Extensional Tectonic Regime, StrainTool.

We present an error catch and analysis (ECA) system for semiconductor memories. The system consists of a test algorithm generator called TAGS, a fault simulator called RAM-SES, and an error analyzer (ERA). We use TAGS to generate a set of test algorithms of different lengths and diagnostic resolutions for the memory under test, and use RAMSES to generate the March dictionary for each test algorithm. With the March dictionaries, ERA is able to support March algorithms for easy diagnosis of faulty RAMs. Legacy test algorithms also can be reused. When integrated with a RAM tester, our ECA system can generate RAM bitmaps that are similar to the RAM layout. The bitmaps provide detail information about the error locations and faults causing the errors. Based on the information, diagnosis of the RAM chips for yield and reliability improvement can be done more easily.

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of intraoral scanners by comparing the trueness and precision of several types of scanners in measuring the distance between the ball abutments on pairs of multiple implants.MethodsSeven implants were placed on a fully edentulous upper jaw model. After ball abutments were attached to the implants on the master model, the three-dimensional (3D) shape of the model was evaluated using a computer numerical control 3D coordinate-measuring machine. Subsequently, the 3D shape-related data of the model were obtained using two types of intraoral scanners (3M True Definition Scanner [TDS] and 3Shape Trios3 [TR3]) and two types of laboratory scanners (KaVo ARCTICA Auto Scan [KA] and Identica Hybrid [IH]). Using the obtained 3D shape-related data, the trueness and precision in measuring the distance between the balls within seven pairs of ball abutments were compared among the scanners using 3D analysis software.ResultsIntraoral scanners produced significantly greater errors in trueness and precision than laboratory scanners in measuring the distances between the ball abutments in all the dental regions. Between the intraoral scanners, powder-requiring TDS produced significantly lower errors at inflection points than powder-free TR3.ConclusionsThese results indicate that an optical impression technique using an intraoral scanner is suitable for dental implant treatment in patients with a few missing teeth.

By the end of the 20th century, the geology of the Moravian part of the Vienna Basin was fairly well known from hydrocarbon exploration; nevertheless, recently acquired seismic data have provided important new information. Some of the most interesting geological features derived from 3D seismic interpretation are presented in this article. The main focus is on the Badenian deposits which comprise the most important sedimentary succession in terms of thickness, rock volume, tectonic evolution, and hydrocarbon accumulations. Examples from other Neogene stratigraphic stages are also presented. 3D seismic data analysis has contributed to a better understanding of the basin’s geological development in terms of the temporal and spatial relationships between tectonics, depositional environment, and sedimentation. The 3D data have enabled interpreters to identify new potential structural, stratigraphic, and combination hydrocarbon traps, some of which have been confirmed by wells.

BackgroundCardioprotection by preventing or repairing mitochondrial damage is an unmet therapeutic need. To understand the role of cardiomyocyte mitochondria in physiopathology, the reliable characterization of the mitochondrial morphology and compartment is pivotal. Previous studies mostly relied on two‐dimensional (2D) routine transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thereby neglecting the real three‐dimensional (3D) mitochondrial organization. This study aimed to determine whether classical 2D TEM analysis of the cardiomyocyte ultrastructure is sufficient to comprehensively describe the mitochondrial compartment and to reflect mitochondrial number, size, dispersion, distribution, and morphology.MethodsSpatial distribution of the complex mitochondrial network and morphology, number, and size heterogeneity of cardiac mitochondria in isolated adult mouse cardiomyocytes and adult wild‐type left ventricular tissues (C57BL/6) were assessed using a comparative 3D imaging system based on focused ion beam‐scanning electron microscopy (FIB‐SEM) nanotomography. For comparison of 2D vs. 3D data sets, analytical strategies and mathematical comparative approaches were performed. To confirm the value of 3D data for mitochondrial changes, we compared the obtained values for number, coverage area, size heterogeneity, and complexity of wild‐type cardiomyocyte mitochondria with data sets from mice lacking the cytosolic and mitochondrial protein BNIP3 (BCL‐2/adenovirus E1B 19‐kDa interacting protein 3; Bnip3−/−) using FIB‐SEM. Mitochondrial respiration was assessed on isolated mitochondria using the Seahorse XF analyser. A cardiac biopsy was obtained from a male patient (48 years) suffering from myocarditis.ResultsThe FIB‐SEM nanotomographic analysis revealed that no linear relationship exists for mitochondrial number (r = 0.02; P = 0.9511), dispersion (r = −0.03; P = 0.9188), and shape (roundness: r = 0.15, P = 0.6397; elongation: r = −0.09, P = 0.7804) between 3D and 2D results. Cumulative frequency distribution analysis showed a diverse abundance of mitochondria with different sizes in 3D and 2D. Qualitatively, 2D data could not reflect mitochondrial distribution and dynamics existing in 3D tissue. 3D analyses enabled the discovery that BNIP3 deletion resulted in more smaller, less complex cardiomyocyte mitochondria (number: P < 0.01; heterogeneity: C.V. wild‐type 89% vs. Bnip3−/− 68%; complexity: P < 0.001) forming large myofibril‐distorting clusters, as seen in human myocarditis with disturbed mitochondrial dynamics. Bnip3−/− mice also show a higher respiration rate (P < 0.01).ConclusionsHere, we demonstrate the need of 3D analyses for the characterization of mitochondrial features in cardiac tissue samples. Hence, we observed that BNIP3 deletion physiologically acts as a molecular brake on mitochondrial number, suggesting a role in mitochondrial fusion/fission processes and thereby regulating the homeostasis of cardiac bioenergetics.

With improved speech understanding technology, many successful working systems have been developed. However, the high degree of complexity and wide variety of design methodology make the performance evaluation and error analysis for such systems very difficult. The different metrics for individual modules such as the word accuracy, spotting rate, language model coverage and slot accuracy are very often helpful, but it is always difficult to select or tune each of the individual modules or determine which module contributed to how much percentage of understanding errors based on such metrics. A new framework for performance evaluation and error analysis for speech understanding systems is proposed based on the comparison with the 'best-matched' references obtained from the word graphs with the target words and tags given. In this framework, all test utterances can be classified based on the error types, and various understanding metrics can be obtained accordingly. Error analysis approaches based on an error plane are then proposed, with which the sources for understanding errors (e.g., poor acoustic recognition, language model, search error, etc.) can be identified for each utterance. Such a framework will be very helpful for design and analysis of speech understanding systems.

Variants of fluctuation theorems recently discovered in the statistical mechanics of nonequilibrium processes may be used for the efficient determination of high-dimensional integrals as typically occurring in Bayesian data analysis. In particular for multimodal distributions, Monte Carlo procedures not relying on perfect equilibration are advantageous. We provide a comprehensive statistical error analysis for the determination of the prior-predictive value (the evidence) in a Bayes problem, building on a variant of the Jarzynski equation. Special care is devoted to the characterization of the bias intrinsic to the method and statistical errors arising from exponential averages. We also discuss the determination of averages over multimodal posterior distributions with the help of a consequence of the Crooks relation. All our findings are verified by extensive numerical simulations of two model systems with bimodal likelihoods.

Land surface temperature retrieval from MSG1-SEVIRI data

Bloch mode synthesis (BMS) is a model order reduction method that was originally formulated to accelerate band-structure calculations of periodic elastic materials. In this paper, the BMS framework is expanded to offer a platform suitable for analysis of electroelastic metamaterials with piezoelectric resonant shunt damping. First, a transformation of coordinates formed by a set of dominant fixed-interface modes and a set of static-constraint modes is used in combination with Bloch periodicity boundary conditions to derive the classical BMS method in the context of electroelastic metamaterials. Then, a set of residual modes that is simply truncated in the classical BMS, is augmented into the reduction process, leading to an enhanced BMS method, denoted RMH-BMS.Currently available model order reduction techniques for electroelastic metamaterials adopt a reduction basis obtained from one of the limiting eigenvalue problems associated with short-circuit (SC) and open-circuit (OC) boundary conditions. In either case, the electrical circuit parameters are ignored during modal reduction. In this paper, it is shown that such approximation leads to inaccurate band-structure predictions for electroelastic metamaterials equipped with periodic array of resonant shunt circuits. To this end, two versions of the proposed BMS methods are evaluated and compared. In the first version, the reduced order model is constructed following the widely used OC basis approach. The second version, on the other hand, exploits a coupled basis approach, which requires knowledge of the electrical circuit parameters prior to the interior modal reduction step. A comprehensive error analysis is conducted to assess the computational performances of the BMS methods, and the results revealed that whether the classical BMS or the RMH-BMS is employed to construct the reduced order model, the coupled basis approach produces significantly more accurate results compared to the OC basis approach. The results presented in this work expose the limitations of implementing the OC basis approach in wave propagation analysis of electroelastic metamaterials with piezoelectric resonant shunt damping and shed light on the associated consequences in predicting the bandgap properties of such metamaterials.

Variable flip angle T(1) mapping and actual flip-angle imaging B(1) mapping are widely used quantitative MRI methods employing radiofrequency spoiled gradient-echo pulse sequences. Incomplete elimination of the transverse magnetization in these sequences has been found to be a critical source of T(1) and B(1) measurement errors. In this study, comprehensive theoretical analysis of spoiling-related errors in variable flip angle and actual flip-angle imaging methods was performed using the combined isochromat summation and diffusion propagator model and validated by phantom experiments. The key theoretical conclusion is that correct interpretation of spoiling phenomena in fast gradient-echo sequences requires accurate consideration of the diffusion effect. A general strategy for improvement of T(1) and B(1) measurement accuracy was proposed based on the strong spoiling regimen, where diffusion-modulated spatial averaging of isochromats becomes a dominant factor determining magnetization evolution. Practical implementation of strongly spoiled variable flip angle and actual flip-angle imaging techniques requires sufficiently large spoiling gradient areas (A(G)) in combination with optimal radiofrequency phase increments (phi(0)). Optimal regimens providing <2% relative T(1) and B(1) measurement errors in a variety of tissues were theoretically derived for prospective in vivo variable flip angle (pulse repetition time = 15-20 ms, A(G) = 280-450 mT.ms/m, phi(0) = 169 degrees) and actual flip-angle imaging (pulse repetition time(1)/pulse repetition time(2) = 20/100 ms, A(G1)/A(G2) = 450/2250 mT.ms/m, phi(0) = 39 degrees) applications based on 25 mT/m maximal available gradient strength.

The purpose of this study was to explore effects of pattern alteration using a virtual clothing simulation approach in combination with 3D analysis software. Three raglan sleeves of different patterns were worn by an avatar using virtual clothing simulation with silk and cotton as the test fabrics. It was observed that the silhouette and hemline shape were affected differently based on raglan sleeve pattern and fabric type. By examining clothing pressure distribution, the cotton fabric designs and pattern shapes provided for a variety of influences on armhole and bust regions as well as the back sleeve area. For representative locations, cross section circumstance, cross section area, and volume were measured by using 3D analysis and the resulting correlation between the 2D and 3D data were investigated. Among different fabrics, there was little difference between the 2D and 3D clothing surface area. However, when using 3D analysis, clothing volume was significantly affected by different fabrics and pattern types. By simultaneously adopting the virtual simulator and 3D analysis, quantitative assessment of virtual clothing simulation was successfully conducted. In light of the results of this study, the resulting methodology is expected to be used as a comprehensive evaluation tool for virtual clothing simulation wear testing.

High-speed photography is an indispensable part of train component crash tests. It is used to analyze sequence images of a train component crash, and the accuracy of the analysis for data is essential for later research. The aim of this study is to propose a new methodology - the high-speed photography 3-dimensional (3D) analysis method - which can be used to investigate the train component crash dynamic response. The 3D analysis method requires images of the same object taken synchronously from multiple directions/cameras. The images" sequence of each direction is calculated to 2D data that are reconstructed to 3D data for analysis. Compared with the real result, the result of a high-speed photography image sequence 3D analysis has a difference deformation of 1.91%. Compared with the result of a ground velocity testing system, the result has a 1.17% difference in initial crash velocity. Compared with an acceleration sensor, acceleration changes are basically identical in the crash process. The high-speed photography sequence image motion 3D analysis method, compared with the 2D analysis method, which is more accurate and real, makes up for various errors and defects.

An orthogonal system of interferometry baselines aboard a geostationary satellite is considered primarily as a global positioning and navigation system. The mathematical model based on the relationship between the measured phase differences, the known transmitter positions, and other systematic error model parameters is derived. A generalized Least‐Squares estimation procedure is used for the solution of the unknown transmitter positions. Study of the effects of the various system and error model parameters on the position accuracy reveals that this accuracy is critically dependent on the baseline length and the magnitude of the random component of the measuring errors. With a 50‐m baseline, the obtainable accuracy at a frequency of 1.5 GHz is comparable to that of the NAVSTAR/ GPS system. Considering the interest and needs of the potential users for a multicapability system, this interferometry system is considered a major improvement over existing and planned navigation systems.

The vast majority of the occurrences of condition numbers in the study of linear systems of equations involve the normwise condition number κ(A). Almost invariably, the use of κ(A) is enough to provide a satisfying explanation of the phenomena observed in practice.The case of triangular systems of linear equations provides, in contrast, an example in which κ(A) turns out to be inadequate. Practitioners long observed that triangular systems of equations are generally solved to high accuracy in spite of being, in general, ill-conditioned. Thus, for instance, J.H. Wilkinson wrote: “In practice one almost invariably finds that if L is ill-conditioned, so that ∥L∥∥L −1∥≫1, then the computed solution of Lx=b (or the computed inverse) is far more accurate than [what forward stability analysis] would suggest.”A first goal in this chapter is to give a precise meaning to the feeling that triangular matrices are, in general, ill-conditioned. We prove that if \(L\in \mathbb {R}^{n\times n}\) is a lower-triangular matrix whose entries are independent standard Gaussian random variables, then \(\mathbb {E}(\log \kappa(L))=\varOmega(n)\). This yields an expected loss of precision satisfying $$\mathbb {E}\bigl(\mathsf {LoP}\bigl(L^{-1}b\bigr)\bigr)= \mathcal {O}(n). $$ Were the loss of precision in the solution of triangular systems to conform to this bound, we would not be able to accurately find these solutions. The reason we actually do find them can be briefly stated. The error analysis of triangular systems reveals that we may use a componentwise condition number Cw(L,b) instead of the normwise condition number. The second goal of this chapter is to prove that when L and \(b\in \mathbb {R}^{n}\) are drawn from standard Gaussian distributions, then we have \(\mathbb {E}(\log \mathsf {Cw}(L,b))=\mathcal {O}(\log n)\). This bound, together with some backward error analysis, yields bounds for \(\mathbb {E}(\mathsf {LoP}(L^{-1}b))\) that are much smaller than the one above, as well as closer to the loss of precision observed in practice.KeywordsTriangular Linear SystemNormwise Condition NumberComponentwise ConditionIndependent Standard Gaussian Random VariablesBackward Error AnalysisThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.