Research on Vehicle Radiation Immunity Test Method Based on Actual Electromagnetic Environment

In order to improve the estimation performance of radar system, previous studies on radar waveform design mostly focused on maximizing the mutual information between the target and the echo to design the transmitted waveform. However, these studies neglect the existence of jammer in the actual electromagnetic environment, so this paper introduces a jammer to design the corresponding jamming waveforms according to whether there are signal-related clutter or not, which weakens the estimation performance of radar system. Simulation results show that the energy allocation strategies of the two jamming waveforms are different.

Aiming at the actual application scenario of radio frequency (RF) fingerprint identification, a low-cost, small-volume embedded system for specific identification of RF devices is designed and implemented, and the improved VGG-16 model is used to extract the RF fingerprint features of RF signals. The hardware of the system consists of two parts: the RF Signal Acquisition Module and the RF Fingerprint Identification Module. The RF Signal Acquisition Module uses Zedboard as the main control board, and the AD9361 chip is the RF signal receiving circuit; the RF Fingerprint Identification Module uses FPGA to accelerate the deep learning algorithm, and displays the identification results on the host computer. Using 6 wireless routers of the same model for testing, the system has an identification accuracy rate of 96% for wireless routers in the actual electromagnetic environment, and the real-time identification feedback time is about 6 seconds, which has a certain practical application value.

Power train parameter is an important factor of vehicle power performance and fuel economy, and mathematical modeling of engine and vehicle performance is the foundation of computer simulation. In this paper, least-square fitting is used to develop engine full load performance characteristic model, engine multi-performance characteristic model is given to camber fitting method. And computer simulation platform of vehicle power performance and fuel economy is given with Matlab. The intercomparable results of digital simulation and road test show that the mathematical models, the algorithm and simulation platform given in this paper are correct. The simulation results are effective and reliable. It offers a reference method for analysis and evaluation of vehicle performance.

Nondestructive Testing (NDT) methods provide scientists a way to understand the properties of samples without causing them damage. For an electrochemical device, it is crucial to investigate the behavior of it before, during, and after its operation. Therefore, NDT methods are indispensable for studying such devices.Literature highlights the effectiveness of elastic-wave-based testing methods in the evaluation of electrochemical devices. The Acoustic Emission (AE) method was applied to respectively study the behavior of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) and Ni-MH batteries, while the Ultrasonic Testing (UT) method was applied to study Li-ion batteries. In our previous research, the signals representing cracking and delamination in SOFCs were successfully distinguished by their peak amplitude, wave shape, and AE energy [1]. The same technique was further used for the evaluation of mechanical damages in SOFCs during the operation [2]. In another study, similarly, the pulverization of the Ni-MH battery electrodes was observed by the AE technique, and frequency peak property was included in the discussion to classify the signals [3]. The UT method was employed to study the relationship between the state of charge of Li-ion batteries and the profiles of ultrasonic waves at different frequencies. The evolution of wave velocity, attenuation, and amplitude were discussed [4]. Based on these researches, elastic-wave-based testing methods are adopted by us.In our present study, the multi-frequencies in-situ ultrasonic monitoring technique was employed to analyze the behavior of the commercial Ni-MH batteries during the operation. Continuous ultrasonic waves at three different frequencies were separately sent into the specimens during charge cycles, and their waveforms were recorded and compared. Specific wave patterns were found near the end of the charge and discharge state, especially from the wave profiles at 750 KHz. The result showed that the evolution of waveform is frequency-dependent, which was also suggested in the literature [4]. Potential explanations for these wave patterns were inferred, including phenomena such as crystal structure evolution, internal pressure shift, and reverse of electrodes.Based on this finding, a new ultrasonic testing/monitoring method considering frequency analysis is also designed. In this new method, signals consisting of elastic waves at a wide range of frequencies with equal intensities are designed to be applied to various electrochemical devices. The application of this method will be included, while the frequency-dependent property of the testing of electrochemical devices will be assessed in combination with the present findings in this study.

Eddy Current Array Inspection of Zlin 142 Fuselage Riveted Joints

Psychological testing technology has experienced a process of continuous research, exploration and development, both in terms of their test measures, theories and methods. At present, there are great differences in the application effects of different theories and methods of psychological testing technology. The scientific nature of different theories and methods has different understandings and disputes both at China or abroad. The discovery and revealing of the laws of physical and mental activities, and the scientific laws and methods are the key issues that must be solved in the application and development of psychological testing techniques. In the past 30 years, the research and application of psychological testing technology in China has achieved rapid development and made a positive contribution to the judicial practice. However, its theories, methods and applications are still in a state of chaos, which affects the scientific application and healthy development of the technology. Therefore, on the basis of learning from the research and application of foreign psychological testing technology, how to strengthen the guidance of scientifically research, and according to the judicial reality of China. It is an urgent problem to be solved in the field of psychological testing technology in China. For more than a decade, on the basis on a large number of actual case tests and laboratory studies, and according to the laws of people’s psychological activities, we have summarized the Cognitive Comprehensive Test (CCT) method formed by innovation. The accuracy and reliability of the testing methods are higher than that of other testing methods after the testing of thousands of serious and difficult cases and the verification of laboratory studies. CCT is not only accurately identify the relationship between the person being tested and the case, but also provides more information and assistance for the case investigation, which has played a significant role in the investigation and trial of various difficult cases. This paper introduces and discusses psychological testing technology and the CCT based on our extensive experience in real-time testing, combined with theoretical research and laboratory research, as well as research and application abroad, in order to promote the scientific application and healthy development of psychological testing technology in China.

The endurance performance (EP) of electric multi-rotors spraying drones (EMSDs) is a key technical indicator that ensures the completion of tasks and improves their usefulness. To improve the EP of current EMSD, a test system was designed to determine the EP based on the EMSD test platform, and the performance evaluation method was studied. Firstly, a test model was established to determine the equivalent energy dissipation using the performance-testing platform of the EMSD. Secondly, a multisensory test system was constructed. An attitude sensor, high-power DC power supply, infrared thermal imager, and serial port server were selected. The mounting fixture was designed to meet the universal mounting requirements of drone. In addition, the software LabVIEW was employed to program the code for the controller and the host computer, where functions such as data collection, data processing, communication, and graphical user interface (GUI), were performed reliably in real time. Thirdly, the test method was explored by considering factors such as the power consumption, thermal efficiency ratio, and unit load power consumption rate. In particular, a comprehensive index method and expert consultation weight method were used to evaluate the EP of the EMSD with multiple indexes. Finally, a systematic real-machine test was carried out on the three types of drones that are currently widely used in the market. The results verified the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method, which was employed to test and evaluate the EP based on the EMSD performance testing platform. At the same time, it can provide a reference for the development of the EMSD. Keywords: agricultural aviation, multi-rotors spraying drone, endurance performance, assessment method, virtual instrument DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20191202.4348 Citation: Ming R, Zhou Z Y, Luo X W, Lan Y B, He X G, Song C C, et al. Test and evaluation method for endurance performance of electric multi-rotors spraying drones. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2019; 12(2): 18–28.

One of the key new features of connected lighting systems (CLS) is their ability to collect data from various types of integral sensors and share that data with other lighting or building systems. Occupancy and vacancy sensors have been widely adopted as an energy-saving strategy in buildings, yet published test methods for reproducibly characterizing their performance remain few and limited in their sophistication. As a result, it has been difficult to predict the performance of such sensors in a specific application, and in practice, they frequently do not meet energy-savings expectations. Occupants at times remove or otherwise bypass occupancy sensors that hinder their work or otherwise do not perform as expected, thereby compromising the sensors’ potential to reduce energy consumption. Poor performance can result from multiple causes – ranging from fundamental limitations of the sensor technology, to misconfiguration, to poor placement in the room or space. Innovative occupancy sensors, some of them combining multiple sensing technologies (i.e., multimodal), have come on the market over the years, with claims of improved performance compared to their predecessors. However, in practice, their performance has neither differed enough from the performance of previous products to necessitate a test method that facilitated comparison between them, nor has it led to high deployment or high user satisfaction in human-occupied spaces with persistent presence. While the performance of both common and novel occupancy sensors has been the subject of many published research articles, the test methods that have been employed for them typically have been loosely described and have incorporated custom equipment or techniques that render them difficult to reproduce, or have been limited in their ability to fairly characterize devices that utilize varying sensor technology. The lack of a fully described, technology-agnostic test method that yields reproducible results across different implementations has been a barrier to the commercial success of new occupancy-sensor products, as users and specifiers who have been disappointed with previous products are often unwilling to take a chance with new ones. Motivated by a desire to fairly characterize new technologies that continue to enter the market and claim not only improved occupancy detection but, in some cases, additional capabilities (e.g., the ability to measure traffic or discern between different object types), this report presents the results of a literature review of recently published fully described test methods for characterizing occupancy-sensor performance, as well as research articles containing ad-hoc test methods. The review also identifies and consolidates test conditions for characterizing sensor performance in indoor spaces and identifies apparent test method gaps that need to be filled in order to evaluate emerging technologies and products. The identified test-method conditions are intended to enable the development of a future technology-agnostic test method that facilitates occupancy-sensor performance characterization more-accurately representing performance in buildings.

Steel slag, a by-product of the steelmaking process, contains free-lime which can expand upon hydration. This expansion characteristic necessitates pre-aging when used as a subbase material. Various countries regulate the expansion characteristics of steel slag through different test methods and standards. However, the temperature conditions of these tests and their correlation to actual environments are not clearly defined. This study aimed to evaluate the temperature dependence of the immersion expansion ratio of steel slag for road construction through expansion tests. The results identified the rate-limiting step in the hydration process and calculated the reaction rate constant. The study compared the immersion expansion test method with actual environments to quantitatively assess the degree of acceleration in the tests. It was found that the hydration of steel slag follows a pseudo-first-order surface reaction. By analyzing the temperature changes in the water tank, the study estimated the continuous immersion expansion test period corresponding to the JIS method. The 80°C continuous immersion expansion test period of 4.1-4.6 days was equivalent to the 10-day JIS immersion expansion test. The JIS immersion expansion standard was found to correspond to a legal service life of 10 years or more.

A PSO-Fuzzy group decision-making support system in vehicle performance evaluation

BackgroundExtensive drug resistance (XDR) is an emerging concern with Mannheimia haemolytica, and a variety of testing methods are available for characterizing in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility.ObjectivesTo compare the concordance among disk diffusion, broth microdilution, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) for susceptibility testing of M. haemolytica before and after mass treatment using tulathromycin.AnimalsForty‐eight M. haemolytica isolates collected from high‐risk beef stocker calves before and after mass treatment (metaphylaxis) using tulathromycin (Draxxin, Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ) given at the label dosage of 2.5 mg/kg body weight SC in the neck.MethodsIn vitro antimicrobial susceptibility was determined for all 48 isolates using disk diffusion, broth microdilution, and WGS. Concordance was calculated between pairs of susceptibility testing methods as follows: number of isolates classified identically by the 2 testing methods for each timepoint, divided by the number of isolates tested at that timepoint. Discordance was calculated as follows: number of isolates classified differently by the 2 testing methods for each timepoint, divided by the number of isolates tested at that timepoint.ResultsConcordance between testing methods ranged from 42.3% to 100%, depending on antimicrobial evaluated, timing of sample collection, and testing method used. Very major errors were identified in up to 7.7% of classifications whereas minor errors were seen in up to 50% of classifications depending on antimicrobial evaluated, timing of sample collection, and testing method used.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceOur results show that discrepancies in the results of different susceptibility testing methods occur and suggest a need for greater harmonization of susceptibility testing methods.

The assessment of skin sensitizing properties of chemicals has moved away from animal methods to new approach methodologies (NAM), guided by qualitative mechanistic understanding operationalized in an adverse outcome pathway (AOP). As with any AOP, the molecular initiating event (MIE) of covalent binding of a chemical to skin proteins is particularly important. This MIE has been modelled by several test methods by measuring the reaction of a test chemical with model peptides in chemico. To better understand the similarities and differences, a data repository with publicly available data for the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA), amino acid derivative reactivity assay (ADRA) and kinetic DPRA (kDPRA), as well as the peroxidase peptide reactivity assay (PPRA) was assembled. The repository comprises 260 chemicals with animal and human reference data, data on four relevant physicochemical properties, and between 161 to 242 test chemical results per test method. First, an overview of the experimental conditions of the four test methods was compiled allowing to readily compare them. Second, data analyses demonstrated that the test methods’ predictivity was consistently reduced for poorly watersoluble chemicals and that the DPRA and ADRA can be used interchangeably. It also revealed new categorization thresholds for the DPRA and ADRA that are potentially relevant for strategic uses. In summary, a detailed assessment of reactivity test methods is provided, highlighting their potential and limitations. The results presented are intended to stimulate scientific discussion around test methods modelling the MIE of the skin sensitization AOP.

The assessment of skin sensitizing properties of chemicals has moved away from animal methods to new approach methodologies (NAM), guided by qualitative mechanistic understanding operationalized in an adverse outcome pathway (AOP). As with any AOP, the molecular initiating event (MIE) of covalent binding of a chemical to skin proteins is particularly important. This MIE has been modelled by several test methods by measuring the reaction of a test chemical with model peptides in chemico. To better understand the similarities and differences, a data repository with publicly available data for the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA), amino acid derivative reactivity assay (ADRA) and kinetic DPRA (kDPRA), as well as the peroxidase peptide reactivity assay (PPRA) was assembled. The repository comprises 260 chemicals with animal and human reference data, data on four relevant physicochemical properties, and between 161 to 242 test chemical results per test method. First, an overview of the experimental conditions of the four test methods was compiled allowing to readily compare them. Second, data analyses demonstrated that the test methods’ predictivity was consistently reduced for poorly watersoluble chemicals and that the DPRA and ADRA can be used interchangeably. It also revealed new categorization thresholds for the DPRA and ADRA that are potentially relevant for strategic uses. In summary, a detailed assessment of reactivity test methods is provided, highlighting their potential and limitations. The results presented are intended to stimulate scientific discussion around test methods modelling the MIE of the skin sensitization AOP.

In Japan, continuous fiber bars are not allowed to replace reinforcing steel and prestressing steel for load-bearing members, mainly because: (1) Fibers and binders forming continuous fiber bars are made of combustible materials, for which the permissible temperature in case of fire is unknown. Also, these reinforcements are difficult to evaluate by the fire test methods currently practiced in Japan (2) Safety factors according to members and durability, which are necessary for determining the design strength of continuous fiber bars, are not known, and no performance evaluation methods have been established. The Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ), Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) and other institutions proposed about ten test methods for evaluating continuous fiber bars. However, the deteriorating external forces are not known yet in regard to durability, and few reports have been made regarding fire resistance. This paper reports on the commercial use of continuous fiber bars for load-bearing members related to performance evaluation methods and standards on the basis of the proposed standard test methods and state-of-the-art technology on their durability and fire resistance.

Understanding the fatigue response of small volume specimens through novel fatigue test methods – Experimental results and numerical simulation