Research progress of orthopaedic robot navigation surgery

Objective To analyze the effectiveness and safety of percutaneous screw fixation assisted by an orthopedic robot for treatment of pelvic and acetabular fractures. Methods Fifteen patients with fresh closed pelvic or acetabular fracture were hospitalized from September to December 2017 at Department of Orthopaedics, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine. They were 10 men and 5 women, from 22 to 69 years of age (average, 65.2 years). There were 9 pelvic fractures (5 cases of Tile type B and 4 ones of Tile type C) and 6 acetabular fractures (3 anterior column fractures, 2 posterior column fractures and one transverse fracture). All patients underwent percutaneous transpedicular screw fixation with the assistance of an orthopaedic robot. Fluoroscopic frequency, number of guide needle adjustment and deviation between initial planning and the final screw position were recorded intraoperatively. Postoperative CT was performed to eval-uate screw positions and incidence of adverse events. Functional recovery in the patients was evaluated in regular follow-ups. Results A total of 26 screws were implanted in the operation. The fluoroscopic fre-quency ranged from 12 to 49 times, with a mean value of 17.3 times per screw; the number of needle ad-justment ranged from 0 to 2 times(mean, 0.3 times); the deviation of the actual path from its initial plan-ning ranged from 0.82 to 1.42 mm (mean, 1.06 mm). No surgery-related neurovascular injury occurred in any patient. Postoperative CT examination revealed that no screws cut out of cortical bone, yielding a 100% rate of excellent and good screw positions. Two patients were lost to the follow-up, and the re-maining 13 patients were followed up for 12 to 14 months (mean, 12.6 months). Their Majeed functional scores at the final follow-up averaged 88.6 points (from 68 to 96 points). No neurological symptoms were observed during follow-up. Conclusion Since percutaneous screw fixation assisted by an orthopaedic robot is accurate and safe and needs less fluoroscopic frequency, it will became a major minimally invasive surgical technique for pelvic and acetabular fractures. Key words: Pelvis; Acetabulum; Fractures, bone; Fracture fixation, internal; Robot

Objective To compare the clinical outcomes between minimal-invasive triangular fixation with orthopedic robot and traditional open fixation method for unilateral unstable sacral fracture patients. Methods Data of 24 consecutive patients with unilateral unstable sacral fracture who were treated from August 2014 to February 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were associated with anterior ring injuries of pelvis and received magnetic resonance of nerve (MRN) preoperatively to exclude the compression of sacral nerve by bone. All patients received surgical treatment of sacral fractures with triangular fixation and the fixation of pelvic anterior ring injuries simultaneously and two groups were divided according to the different surgical methods of sacral fractures. There were 10 males and 2 females with an average age of 36.3±1.2 years in the orthopaedic robot group. According to Dennis classification, there were 4 type I and 8 type II fractures. Two patients were associated with nerve injuries (Gibbons II 1 case, III 1 case). In traditional posterior-midline open fixation group, there were 11 males and 1 female with an average age of 38.2±1.6 years. According to Dennis classification, there were 3 type I and 9 type II fractures. Three patients were associated with nerve injuries (Gibbons II 2 cases, III 1 case). The clinical data of two group patients were collected and compared statistically. T test was used to compare the operation time, intraoperative bleeding, intraoperative fluoroscopy times, Majeed function assessment which was to evaluate the patients' clinical prognosis and healing time of fracture. χ2 test was used to compare the healing rate of fracture, accuracy assessment of fixation insertion, and Mears radiological assessment which was applied to evaluate the reduction quality of fractures. The rank sum test was used to compare Gibbons score which was applied as the index of neurological deficiency recovery. The Fisher exact test was used to compare the infection rate. Results All patients were followed up continuously for an average time of 21.2±3.2 months. The average operation time of robot group was 100.3±14.5 minutes, meanwhile the open fixation group was 202.0±18.5 min. The average intraoperative bleeding of robot group was 180.0±17.4 ml, meanwhile the open fixation group was 850.0±15.2 ml. The average intraoperative fluoroscopy time of robot group was 23.3±4.5 s, meanwhile the open fixation group was 90.0±7.7 s. All fractures were healed and no loss of reduction or fail of fixation occurred in both groups. The healing time of fracture of robot group was 8.5±1.9 months, meanwhile the open fixation group was 12.8±2.4 months. The satisfaction rates of reduction which was based on Mears-Velyvis radiological criterion of both groups were 91.7%. The accuracy rate of fixation insertion of robot group was 100% meanwhile the open fixation group was 77.78%. Majeed function assessment score of robot group was 86.2±3.4, meanwhile the open fixation group was 84.2±2.7. There was no infection occurred in robot group, meanwhile 3 patients infected in open fixation group. The Gibbons score of one patient changed from II preoperative to I postoperative and one case changed from III preoperative to II postoperative in robot group, meanwhile two patients changed from II preoperative to I postoperative and one case changed from III preoperative to II postoperative in open fixation group. The healing rate of fracture, infection rate, Majeed function assessment, Mears-Velyvis radiological evaluation criterion and Gibbons score of two groups had no significant statistical difference (P >0.05), meanwhile the operation time (t=14.99), intraoperative bleeding (t=100.46), intraoperative fluoroscopy time (t=32.13), healing time of fracture (t=4.87) and accuracy rate of fixation insertion (χ2=9.00) of orthopedic robot group were better than traditional open group and had the significant difference (P< 0.05). Conclusion The minimal-invasive triangular fixation with orthopedic robot for unilateral unstable sacral fracture had the advantages of less operation time, less intraoperative bleeding and less times of fluoroscopy, more accurate of fixation insertion and less healing time of sacral fractures compared to traditional open fixation method and should be recommended as an effective and advanced choice. Key words: Sacrum; Fractures, bone; Fracture fixation, internal; Internal fixators

Artificial intelligence and cognitive science must look at the world of industrial-process control to find the technological reifications of the concept of mind.

The Fifth Annual AAAI Mobile Robot Competition and Exhibition was held in Portland, Oregon, in conjunction with the Thirteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. The competition consisted of two events: (1) Office Navigation and (2) Clean Up the Tennis Court. The first event stressed navigation and planning. The second event stressed vision sensing and manipulation. In addition to the competition, there was a mobile robot exhibition in which teams demonstrated robot behaviors that did not fit into the competition tasks. The competition and exhibition were unqualified successes, with nearly 20 teams competing. The robot competition raised the standard for autonomous mobile robotics, demonstrating the intelligent integration of perception, deliberation, and action.

In this paper, the application of Artificial intelligence (AI) methods in power system protection and inspection has been discussed. In this paper particularly AI application of line scout Robot is used. Line scout robot is an inspection based Artificial intelligence Robot. Line Scout robot is able to work on the power lines while they are operating (at very high tension). The robot can patrol in a substation and inspect equipment with a visible-light camera and thermograph. It has possess a vast array of cameras and tools that allow the remote operators to inspect and conduct (albeit minor) repairs on the power lines without needing to put the off-service or risking their lives. It is preventive arrangement for detection of fault (very high temperature). Keywords: Artificial intelligence (AI), artificial general intelligence (AGI), corona pulse, Line Scout Robot, power system

This thesis presents some different techniques designed to drive a swarm of robots in an a-priori unknown environment in order to move the group from a starting area to a final one avoiding obstacles. The presented techniques are based on two different theories used alone or in combination: Swarm Intelligence (SI) and Graph Theory. Both theories are based on the study of interactions between different entities (also called agents or units) in Multi- Agent Systems (MAS). The first one belongs to the Artificial Intelligence context and the second one to the Distributed Systems context. These theories, each one from its own point of view, exploit the emergent behaviour that comes from the interactive work of the entities, in order to achieve a common goal. The features of flexibility and adaptability of the swarm have been exploited with the aim to overcome and to minimize difficulties and problems that can affect one or more units of the group, having minimal impact to the whole group and to the common main target. Another aim of this work is to show the importance of the information shared between the units of the group, such as the communication topology, because it helps to maintain the environmental information, detected by each single agent, updated among the swarm. Swarm Intelligence has been applied to the presented technique, through the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO), taking advantage of its features as a navigation system. The Graph Theory has been applied by exploiting Consensus and the application of the agreement protocol with the aim to maintain the units in a desired and controlled formation. This approach has been followed in order to conserve the power of PSO and to control part of its random behaviour with a distributed control algorithm like Consensus.

Health Technology Assessment for Cardiovascular Digital Health Technologies and Artificial Intelligence: Why Is It Different?

The da Vinci robotic surgical system has the advantages of three-dimensional vision and high degree of accuracy,flexibility and repeatability,which makes surgical procedures such as digestive tract anastomosis easier to conduct under minimally invasive conditions.In this article,the feasibility and principle of digestive tract anastomosis and the procedures of pancreaticojejunostomy and pancreaticogastrostomy by the da Vinci robotic surgical system are introduced,so as to improve the quality of anastomosis and reduce the incidences of postoperative complications.Compared with traditional laparotomy,da Vinci robotic surgical system simplified the surgical procedures and reduced the trauma,which is suitable for digestive tract anastomosis in pancreatic surgery.The method of pancreatic anastomosis should be selected in consideration of the condition of patients,surgical procedure and the experience of surgeons. Key words: Pancreatic diseases; Da Vinci robotic surgical system; Pancreaticojejunostomy; Pancreaticogastrostomy

&lt;p&gt;La tecnología ha dado lugar al avance de la medicina, proporcionando mejores tratamientos y técnicas en los procedimientos quirúrgicos, permitiendo que sean menos invasivos y traumáticos, mejorando las técnicas, ya sea frente al paciente como dentro de los laboratorios. El desarrollo tecnológico ha mejorado la calidad de vida de los pacientes de forma directa, reduciendo los tiempos de recuperación y de diagnóstico, además con la disminución de costos que la asistencia médica genera en la población. La inteligencia artificial combinada con la robótica en el área médica, posibilita que algunas decisiones puedan ser obviadas de forma correcta. Los sistemas expertos proporcionan la facilidad de almacenar información y tomar decisiones gracias a sus algoritmos de trabajo, obteniendo diagnósticos de forma rápida y asertiva.&lt;/p&gt;

Recent years have seen exciting new research and developments in Robotics, Automation and Intelligent Control. Computer and control technology, intelligent control, robotics and automation are changing many aspects of our productive lives. Thanks to computers and control algorithms brought by intelligent control and artificial intelligence, machines are becoming smarter. ICRAIC 2022 focused on the development and integration of robotics, digitalization, automation and artificial intelligence technologies. Therefore, the 2nd International Conference on Robotics, Automation and Intelligent Control (ICRAIC 2022) took place on December 9th-11th, 2022 in Changsha.ICRAIC 2022 has brought together leading academic scientists, researchers and research scholars to exchange their experience and research results in the field of intelligent robotics and systems and share their discoveries, insight and lessons learned, and take home exciting new ideas to perform further state of the art research to make mind-blowing collaborations and innovations.ICRAIC 2022 accepted 50 full papers which was divided into 3 tracks, including Robotics, Automation and Intelligent Control. And all submissions were peer-reviewed through a single-blind review process by an international panel of expert referees, and decisions were taken based on the criteria.Thanks to the ICRAIC 2022 Committee for their efforts in preparing the conference and ensuring its smooth running.:List of General Chairs, Program Chairs, Technical Chairs, Technical Program Committee, Organizers, Co-Organizer, Editors are available in this pdf

Open and percutaneous pedicle screw insertion would have the risk of damaging the nerve or blood vessels, due to the complexity of the spine structure. Despite the aid of various means of preoperative CT and intraoperative navigation, pedicle screw insertion failure rate is still 4.1%-28.9%. In recent years, the development of spine surgical robots might bring new solutions to this problem. The use of the spine surgical robots has been more than 20 years, and developed rapidly with the development of intraoperative navigation and intraoperative CT in recent years. Some robots have been certified by the FDA or the CE. And the number of reported robot-assisted surgeries such as scoliosis surgeries or severe lumbar spondylolisthesis surgeries has increased rapidly as well. Current literatures have verified the robot-assisted pedicle screw insertion has high accuracy, good stability and short learning curve, which may be able to become one of the main trend of spinal surgery in the future. This article mend to review some developed spine surgery robot and their clinical application indication and results.

In order to further reduce the incisions of laparoscopic surgery and the possibility of infection, the organic combination of single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) and robotics has made the degree of minimally invasive surgery further improved. A new 5-DOF single-incision laparoscopic surgery robot was designed based on Axiomatic Design Theory, whose structure consisting of the movement mechanism, the endoscope and the position and pose adjustment mechanism. The robot parts are connected in series and parallel, allowing a pivotal motion of the endoscope in the center of the robot for realizing the incision. In order to achieve a performance optimization and a dynamic control of the single-incision laparoscopic surgical robot, the kinematics and dynamic modeling and dynamic stiffness analysis of the robot are especially important. The forward kinematics equation, inverse kinematics equation and Jacobian matrix of the SILS robot are derived based on D-H method and geometric method, and the kinematics numerical simulation is carried out by Matlab. The dynamic equation of the robot is derived by Kane method. Subsequently, a numerical simulation of the robot dynamics equation is performed, with its virtual prototype utilized to set the motion plan of the robot mechanism. After robot’s dynamic simulation, the numerical changes of the driving force and torque for each robot’s moving mechanism are obtained. The performed simulation results further verify the correctness of the established robot’s dynamic model. Finally, utilizing the above methods, the dynamic stiffness model and evaluation index of the robot are determined, and the dynamic stiffness of the robot is analyzed and evaluated. The results of the kinematics, dynamic and stiffness analysis of the SILS robot further validate that the 5-DOF SILS robot has a reasonable structure, motion and sufficient stability to meet the needs of single-incision laparoscopic surgery.

The research theme of this investigation is driven by a strong clinical need for new and improved technology to help the modern surgeon. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the emergence of innovative technologies made further advances in minimal access surgery possible. Surgical techniques have evolved rapidly, for example the introduction of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and robotically-assisted MIS which have improved outcomes for patients with faster recovery, reduced post-operative pain and fewer scars. For such a reason, there is an increasing need to develop innovative en- gineering solutions to some of the challenges being faced as surgery evolves to help surgeons to achieve the best possible clinical outcome and also to develop solutions helping to reduce costs and improve quality. As a matter of fact, robotic surgery and medical simulator addressed the limitations of medical procedures, thus revolutionizing minimal access surgery. First of all, with the introduction of robotics in the operating room, an evolutionary stage in the development of surgical technique was achieved to enhance the control and the visual field of the surgeon. It can be stated that this new approach was patient oriented as it brings several critical advantages for him: damage to healthy tissue is minimal; patients hospitalization is reduced to an average of 1.2 days; psychological impact of the procedure upon the patient is significantly lower; the risk of an unwanted infection is almost zero; using robotic systems the precision of the intervention is below one hundred of a millimetre; the risk of unwanted cuts (vessel sectioning, nerve damage, etc.) is minimal; the number of assistants in the operation room is reduced; 3D visual feedback. Second, training with a surgical simulator offers several advantages. It is similar to a wet laboratory, human cost in the form of adverse outcomes for patients is minimized, and residents can practice in a relaxed learning environment at their own pace. Additionally, training on surgical simulators can be incorporated into a curriculum that is available to residents at any time. Furthermore, the development of physical and cognitive surgical simulators offers an approach for learning which is different from the traditional apprenticeship model. Simulators cannot replace experienced surgical preceptors, but they are fast becoming an attractive and acceptable adjunct in surgical curricula. As the technology improves, the simulations will become more realistic, and the experience will become more valuable. Simulation programs will play a greater role in future surgical education. For what concerns improving patient care and providing technology for healthcare professionals, there are many limitations and obstacles to overcome, before robotic surgery systems and medical simulators being able to be integrated into the medical field. Motivated by the above observations, the goal of this research is to develop a new manipulator in order to improve such electromecanical limitation of the current surgery robotic systems and also to build a new surgery simulator to address some obstacles when doing some open surgery performances.

With the initiation of laparoscopic techniques in general surgery and a significant expansion of minimally invasive techniques in the last 20 years.However,some of the shortcomings of laparoscopic technology has limited it's surgical application.More recently,the da Vinci robotic surgical system further defined the ability of a roboticassist device to address limitations in laparoscopy.This in cludes a significant improvement in instrument dexterity,dampening of natural hand tremors,three dimensional visualization,ergonomics,and camera stability.As experiencewith robotic technology increased and its applications to advanced laparoscopic procedures have become more understood,more procedures have been performed with robotic assistance.We review the current status of da Vinci robotic technology and its applications in general surgical procedures. Key words: da Vinci Robot-assisted surgical system; Minimally invasive surgery; Laparoscope; General surgery

The accuracy, flexibility, and stability of surgical robot has been recognized by the medical community and the patients. Surgery robot has become an important method to achieve orthopedic surgery with the minimal invasiveness, digitization and intelligence. Orthopedic surgery has its own characteristics on surgical objective, surgical instruments, operating mode, and so on. Especially, the orthopedic surgical robot highly depends on the intraoperative navigation devices, which determines the technical specificity of orthopedic surgical robot and has broad clinical application. In this article, with the background of orthopedic surgical robot, we analyze and discuss the research situation of the orthopedic surgical robot and its navigation.