Resilience‐oriented expansion planning of multi‐carrier microgrid utilizing bi‐level technique

Composite generation and transmission system expansion analysis should take into account both economic considerations and adequacy requirements. An optimum expansion plan should achieve the minimum total investment, operation and damage cost. A minimum cost assessment method for composite system expansion planning, which can be used to consider generation expansion and transmission expansion simultaneously, is presented. The minimization model proposed to incorporate both operating and outage costs can recognize different customer damage functions at different load buses and includes the duration of the simulated contingency system states . A computer program based on the presented method has been developed to provide a set of line, load bus, generator bus and system indices which can be used to select optimal expansion plans at different load growth levels. Case studies in which the method is applied to the IEEE Modified Reliability Test System indicate its effectiveness.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Wind capacity growth in the Northwest United States: Cooptimized versus sequential generation and transmission planning

We study the seismic vulnerability of the interdependent European gas and electricity transmission networks from a topological point of view, whereby the electricity network depends on the gas network through gas‐fired power plants. First, we assessed the seismic response for each independent network; then we analyzed the increased vulnerability due to their interdependency. We implemented a probabilistic reliability model that encompasses the spatial distribution of both network structures and their seismic hazard exposure using a Geographic Information System. We characterized the network interdependency using the strength of coupling of the interconnections, together with the seismic response of the independent—gas—network. We calculated the network fragility curves of the independent and dependent networks in terms of various performance measures (connectivity loss, power loss, and impact on the population) and found that the gas network is more seismically vulnerable than the electricity network. The interdependency introduces an extra vulnerability to the electricity network response that decreases with the extensiveness of the networks' damage states. Damage was also evaluated at a local level in order to identify the most vulnerable parts of the network, where it was found that the potential for the highest power loss is located in southeast Europe. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Integrated expansion planning of electric energy generation, transmission, and storage for handling high shares of wind and solar power generation

A hybrid resilient static power system expansion planning framework

A comparative analysis of generation and transmission expansion planning models for power loss minimization

In this two‐article set, a new multi‐level framework is presented for coordination of generation and transmission expansion planning (G&amp;TEP) in liberalised electricity markets. Part I is mainly dedicated to mathematical modelling of the G&amp;TEP problem. The main aims of the proposed framework are not only to develop a holistic model for the G&amp;TEP problem, but also to evaluate impacts of expansion plans on market participants’ strategic behaviours. To do so, the proposed methodology is decomposed into a planning master problem and an operating slave problem. In the slave problem, the first level indicates market participants’ strategic interactions and the second level represents a pool‐based electricity market. In the master problem, an independent system operator model is described to coordinate decentralised generation expansion planning in the third level with centralised transmission expansion planning in the fourth level. In addition, the offered framework uses a well‐founded information‐gap decision theory to minimise risks of planning arising from severe uncertainties. The newly developed framework is formulated as a non‐convex mixed‐integer non‐linear optimisation problem. Hence, a novel two‐stage multi‐dimensional melody search algorithm is widely employed to determine the best solution. The profitableness of the developed framework is illustrated in part II of this two‐article set.

The transmission network expansion planning is necessary for supplying the future needs, considering load growth. Furthermore, in restructured environments, transmission lines provide the required infrastructure for creating a competitive environment. In recent years, there has been a significant advancement in storage technologies. This advancement leads to using energy storage systems to postpone the construction or replacement of transmission lines. Therefore, in this paper, the problems of transmission expansion planning and energy storage systems deployment are investigated simultaneously. Considering the presence of storage devices and their effect on network operation cost, in this paper, the operation cost is modeled as an independent objective function along with investment cost. Moreover, the problems of transmission and storage expansion planning are modeled as a tri-objective optimization problem with the objectives of reducing costs and increasing the social welfare index in the power market. The multi-objective shuffled frog leaping evolutionary algorithm is used to solve these problems. The presented model for expansion planning is implemented and analyzed on IEEE 24-bus test system in the presence and absence of energy storage systems, and the effect of change in the price of energy storage systems is studied. The results of this research show that as the technology advances and the storage costs decrease, energy storage systems can play a pivotal role in reducing expansion planning costs of the power network and improving market-based indices in the restructured environment.

The two previous chapters describe and analyze the generation expansion planning (GEP) problem as well as the joint generation and transmission expansion planning (G&TEP) problem, both from the perspective of a central planner that determines the expansion plan that is most beneficial for the system as a whole. Unlike the problems in those two chapters, referred to as centralized expansion problems, this chapter addresses a market-oriented generation investment problem, in which a single power producer competing in an electricity pool seeks to maximize its own profit through making the best generation investment decisions. It is important to note that a market-oriented decision-making problem is generally more complex than a centralized one, since the former is subject to additional uncertainty related to the behavior of other producers (rivals). In this chapter, we provide and analyze different investment models that progressively incorporate additional details with emphasis on solution techniques.

In general, power system expansion planning can be classified into three types such as generation expansion planning (GEP), transmission expansion planning (TEP) and distribution system expansion planning (DEP). Several researches have been performed in GEP and TEP. But, a huge research gap is still available in the topic of DEP. DEP can be classified into two optimization problems, namely substation expansion planning (SEP) and optimal feeder routing. This study attempts to solve real-time SEP problem for the power sector of Tamil Nadu, a state in India. Due to several design variables, the grouping of discrete and continuous variables frames the SEP problem as complicated. Hence, a promising optimization algorithm is essential to solve this complicated problem. The application of differential evolution (DE) algorithm has been presented to obtain the results with the sizes and sites of both the existing and proposed substations (SS) by satisfying the subjected constraints.KeywordsSubstation expansion planningDifferential evolutionTamil NaduLeast cost

With an increase in variable and sometimes uncertain renewable generation coming on-line, there is an associated increase in the importance of energy storage to balance supply and demand. The gas network already stores and transports energy, and it has the potential to play a significant role for longer term energy storage. In addition, gas and electrical grids are becoming more integrated with fast responding gas-fired power stations, providing the main source of back up for renewable electricity in many systems. In 2017, Ireland’s renewable generation accounted for 19 % of electricity generated and was the second largest source of electricity generation after natural gas and coal with 51 % and 18 % respectively. The percentage of renewable electricity is rising and there is a 40 % target to be met by 2020. Using a simplified version of Ireland's gas network, with 14 nodes and 15 pipes, the objective of this paper is to investigate how hydrogen, generated through power-to-gas (P2G) from curtailed wind power, impacts the operation of the gas network system. A quasi-transient model was constructed in MATLAB to calculate the main characteristics of the gas network. The results show, with an increasing mass fraction of hydrogen in the gas network, that the pipeline flow rate needs to be increased to compensate for reduced energy quality due to the lower energy density of the blended gas. There is significant potential for the gas network to store and transport excess and/or otherwise non-transportable renewable electricity to maximize renewable energy utilization.

Identification of relevant routes for static expansion planning of electric power transmission systems

Complementary energy resources in the Southern Africa (hydro in northern part and fossil in the southern part) make an extended co-operation in the electricity sector very attractive. This paper introduces an optimisation model, based on mixed integer linear programming, for generation and transmission expansion planning in the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) region, which helps to identify beneficial expansion projects from a regional perspective.

Due to the unbundling of power generation and transmission in the restructured power system, the coordination between generation expansion planning and transmission expansion planning has become a new challenge for both generation companies and transmission companies. In this article, a single-stage deterministic model is proposed to study the strategic interaction between generation and transmission enterprises. The Cournot model is used to simulate the expansion behaviours for generation and transmission enterprises. Equilibrium is obtained using the approach for the mixed complementarity problem, and the proposed model is applied to a three-bus system.

Guest Editorial: Situational awareness of integrated energy systems