Respiratory and Circulatory System

Introduction.Unfavorable tendencies in the health of the working population, especially those with high neuro-emotional stress in professional activities, the scarcity of information about the impact of professional factors on the health and performance of police officers, which is characterized by nervous and hard work, determine the relevance of this study.The aim of the studyis to study the biological age with an assessment of the rate of aging of individual body systems and the level of somatic health of police officers.Materials and methods.We examined 110 men — police officers. Biological age was determined by an automated expert system of diagnostics of aging by the method of A.A. Podkolzin, V.N. Crutko. To quantify the level of somatic health the method of G.L. Apanasenko was used. We used clinical, physiological and computational methods to study the state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, static balancing, interviewing methods and mathematical statistics.Results.The accelerated rate of aging was revealed in 65.4% of the examined patients. Accelerated aging of the neuropsychic, respiratory and cardiovascular systems was the most common (97.3%, 94.6% and 75.5%, respectively). A decrease in functional activity of blood circulation was revealed in 70.9%. The coefficients of endurance of cardiac activity and efficiency of blood circulation exceeded the norm, which indicates a possible weakening of the activity and the state of fatigue of the cardiovascular system, myocardial weakness. The ratio of pulse wave velocity in the vessels of muscular and elastic types below the norm was determined in 40.9% of the surveyed, which may indicate the presence of transitional and late-stage hypertension, 62.2% of such persons have an accelerated type of aging of the cardiovascular system. The proportion of persons with accelerated type of aging of the respiratory system significantly (p<0.05) exceeded the proportion of persons with normal and delayed type of aging. The proportion of persons with an accelerated rate of aging was significantly higher in persons with a duration of static balancing below the standard (79.1% [71.5–86.7] versus 20.9% [13.3–28.5], p=0.009).Conclusions.Accelerated rates of aging of cardiovascular, respiratory and neuropsychic systems, low functionality of the body can be regarded as a manifestation of occupational stress. The discrepancy between the subjective assessment of their health and objective indicators of the rate of aging, the level of somatic health can be caused by the socio-psychological characteristics of the service and the tightening of medical requirements for police officers.

The research in the field of sleep medicine has increased during the whole twentieth century, principally for the involvement of sleep-related disordered breathing (SDB) in cardiovascular disease. If sleep encompasses about a third of one’s life, the reasons are mostly linked to its effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Sleep is a physiological phenomenon characterized by changes in the human body leading to a state of quiescence of the cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic systems [1]. The importance of these events becomes more evident if we Review Article British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research, 4(1): 34-45, 2014 35 consider what happens in their absence, that is, during SDB syndromes. These syndromes include habitual snoring, sleep apnea, Cheyne-Stokes breathing syndrome and sleep hypoventilation syndrome [2]. Sleep apnea syndromes are characterized by several apneic events during the night, which consist in absence of the airflow or its reduction by more than 90% lasting more than 10 seconds, with consequent oxyhemoglobin desaturation and arousal [2]. These events provoke microawakening and sleep fragmentation that represent, along with hypoxemia, important harmful triggers on the cardiovascular system. In fact, SDB presents as a highly prevalent comorbidity in patients with heart failure (HF); both diseases are related to each other in a bidirectional way through multiple mechanisms: apneic events raise cardiac afterload, and at the same time impaired cardiac function itself may contribute to the development of sleep apnea. HF is a clinical syndrome characterized by signs or symptoms due to the inability of the heart to provide a normal tissue perfusion: the failing cardiac pump is not able to maintain an adequate output for this task. Typical features of HF are represented by shortness of breath, resting or exertion dyspnea, fatigue, fluid retention leading to pulmonary congestion or ankle swelling, and objective evidence of a structurally or functionally abnormal heart at rest [1,3].

Air pollution represents a well-known environmental problem related to public health. Particulate matter (PM) is a heterogeneous mixture of chemicals, metals and soils. Its adverse effects have been correlated with particles size, being smaller particles more likely to cause a worst damage, so their study deserves more attention. Ultrafine particles (UFPs, dae < 100 nm) are short-lived particles dispersed in the environment. In Lombardy, diesel combustion and solid biomass burning are the most relevant contributors to primary UFPs emissions (15-30 nm in diameter). Toxicological studies, mainly in vitro, indicate specific effects for particles of different origin but comparative in vivo studies are scarce. PM exposure has been primarily associated to pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases through oxidative stress and inflammatory response, but recently it has been postulated that PM exposure could also be an important risk factor for neurotoxicity and could have a role in neurodegenerative diseases. In this study we analysed in BALB/c mice the effect of single and repeated intratracheal instillation of diesel (DEP) and biomass (BC) particles on respiratory, cardiovascular and central nervous systems, comparing the two different UFPs sources. The study was performed at biochemical and histopathological level. Different pro-inflammatory, cytotoxic, pro-coagulant and oxidative stress markers were measured. For the histopathological evaluation, sections of lung, heart and different parts of the central nervous system (CNS) were examined at light microscope, using standard staining tecniques and immunohistochemical methods. Inflammation was also monitored in living mice following BC or DEP intratracheal repeated administration using the FMT 1500 fluorescence tomography imaging system and the MMPSense 750 Fast probe. Our results indicate that even a single instillation of both the sources of UFPs induces a wide range of biochemical changes in the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, then confirmed by repeated instillation. In the CNS similar modifications were observed, although these were much more evident after repeated instillations. Histological examination demonstrated the presence of macrophages containing particles in the lungs after UFPs single and, more abundantly, repeated administration. However, significant changes were not observed in sections of heart and CNS. DEP was more effective in inducing oxidative stress and inflammation compared to BC.

Parameter estimation in a minimal model of cardio-pulmonary interactions

Romanchuck O. P., Bazhora Ya. I. Regulatory peculiar features of uncontrolled bronchial asthma. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2018;8(1):330-346. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1405627 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/5883 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26.01.2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Authors 2018; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 23.01.2018. Revised: 26.01.2018. Accepted: 31.01.2018. Regulatory peculiar features of uncontrolled bronchial asthma O. P. Romanchuck, Ya. I. Bazhora Odessa National Medical University, Ukraine e-mail:yana19_91@ukr.net Abstract Bronchial asthma (BA) is a multifactorial disease which develops under the influence environmental factors in the presence of individual’s genetic predisposition. The mechanisms associated with the respiratory system dominate in its pathogenesis. The objective: to determine the regulatory features of the uncontrolled course of asthma. The results obtained. At the outpatient stage of treatment 71 male and female patients, mean age 41.0 ± 0.8 have been examined with the use of spiroarteriocardiorhythmography (SACRG). The patients under examination were divided into 2 groups: the group of comparison (n = 20), and the main one (n = 51). Alfa - coefficient in high (BRHF) and low (BRLF) frequencies, hemodynamic and minute volume of blood circulation (HMV, l), indexes of cardiovascular and respiratory systems synchronization and parameters of the cardiovascular system in patients with asthma were determined. Conclusions. In BA at the background of total respiratory capacity significant increase and growth of neurohumoral regulatory influences there is a significant decrease of the sympathetic link activity in the regulation of uncontrolled respiration and relative reduction of the volume velocity of inspiration, which should be taken into account when determining the severity of asthma. Key words: bronchial asthma, neurohumoral regulatory influences, uncontrolled breathing.

Objective To investigate the risk factors for postoperative cardiorespiratory complications within one month after operative treatment of hip fracture in the elderly. Methods Data of clinical examination, samples test, CT or MRI images were collected in 665 hip fracture patients aged 60 years and over who were admitted to our hospital from January 2010 to December 2014.Risk factors for postoperative cardiorespiratory complications within one month after operation were analyzed by correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. Results The incidence of postoperative complications in cardiovascular system was 4.5%(30/665)in all patients.The risk factors for postoperative circulatory complications included gender, high white blood cell(WBC)counts before operation, hypoalbuminemia, a low hemoglobin level(<35 g/L), renal insufficiency, hyponatremia, pulmonary arterial hypertension, segmental ventricular wall abnormal motion, abnormal ST segment changes.The incidence of postoperative complications in respiratory system was 6.9%(46/665)in all patients.The risk factors for postoperative respiratory complications included high WBC counts before operation, hypoalbuminemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), bronchiectasis and emphysema, history of respiratory failure and abnormal lung markings(P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusions The elderly hip fracture patients have high incidence of postoperative respiratory and circulatory complications, and risk factors for these complications include accompanying diseases, hypoalbuminemia, abnormal echocardiography and electrocardiogram and hyponatremia. Key words: Hip fracture; Cardiovascular diseases; Respiratory system; Risk factor

Injuries of the musculoskeletal system, in particular scoliosis, become the sphere of competence not only of orthopedists, but also of other specialists, since children have not only changes in the bone elements of the spine, thorax and pelvis, but also in the internal organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities, cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive systems. Regulation of the heart and blood vessels is carried out by the autonomic nervous system, in which particular importance belongs to segmental vegetative centers, namely the sympathetic trunk, which is located on both sides of the spine. Deformation of the spine certainly violates innervation of the internal organs, particularly of the cardiovascular system.

PurposeCommercial parabolic flights accessible to customers with a wide range of health states will become more prevalent in the near future because of a growing private space flight sector. However, parabolic flights present the passengers’ cardiovascular system with a combination of stressors, including a moderately hypobaric hypoxic ambient environment (HH) and repeated gravity transitions (GT). Thus, the aim of this study was to identify unique and combined effects of HH and GT on the human cardiovascular, pulmonary and fluid regulation systems.MethodsCardiac index was determined by inert gas rebreathing (CIrb), and continuous non-invasive finger blood pressure (FBP) was repeatedly measured in 18 healthy subjects in the standing position while they were in parabolic flight at 0 and 1.8 Gz. Plasma volume (PV) and fluid regulating blood hormones were determined five times over the flight day. Eleven out of the 18 subjects were subjected to an identical test protocol in a hypobaric chamber in ambient conditions comparable to parabolic flight.ResultsCIrb in 0 Gz decreased significantly during flight (early, 5.139 ± 1.326 L/min; late, 4.150 ± 1.082 L/min) because of a significant decrease in heart rate (HR) (early, 92 ± 15 min−1; late, 78 ± 12 min−1), even though the stroke volume (SV) remained the same. HH produced a small decrease in the PV, both in the hypobaric chamber and in parabolic flight, indicating a dominating HH effect without a significant effect of GT on PV (−52 ± 34 and −115 ± 32 ml, respectively). Pulmonary tissue volume decreased in the HH conditions because of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (0.694 ± 0.185 and 0.560 ± 0.207 ml) but increased at 0 and 1.8 Gz in parabolic flight (0.593 ± 0.181 and 0.885 ± 0.458 ml, respectively), indicating that cardiac output and arterial blood pressure rather than HH are the main factors affecting pulmonary vascular regulation in parabolic flight.ConclusionHH and GT each lead to specific responses of the cardiovascular system in parabolic flight. Whereas HH seems to be mainly responsible for the PV decrease in flight, GT overrides the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction induced by HH. This finding indicates the need for careful and individual medical examination and, if necessary, health status improvement for each individual considering a parabolic flight, given the effects of the combination of HH and GT in flight.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00421-014-2856-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Salivary secretion elicited by activation of the parabrachial nuclei in the cat

Most activities of daily living, such as rising from a chair, opening a jar, lifting a box, or walking at a slow pace, require only a modest amount of muscle strength or endurance, and do not involve significant demands on the respiratory or cardiovascular systems. However, vigorous aerobic exercises, such as running or sustained stair climbing, require tight integration of multiple systems in the body including the respiratory, cardiovascular, and neuromuscular systems (Fig. 1.1).

Objective: China and many developing countries has placed high expectations on the general practice healthcare system in terms of lowering medical costs and improving the health status of the multimorbid population in recent years. However, the prevalence of multimorbidity among inpatients attending the general practice department of hospitals and its policy implications are largely unknown. The current study aimed to analyze the prevalence of comorbidities among inpatients attending the general practice department of the tertiary Grade-A Hospitals in China, and put forward evidence-based policy recommendations.Methods: Between December 2016 and November 2020, 351 registered general practitioners from 27 tertiary hospitals were selected, and their direct admissions were evaluated. The rate and composition ratio were used for descriptive analysis of the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of multimorbidity. A backward stepwise algorithm was used to explore independent variables. The absence of multicollinearity and plausible interactions among variables were tested to ensure the robustness of the logistic regression model. The pyramid diagram was used to show the link between gender and the involved human body system in multimorbidity.Results: Multimorbidity was present in 93.1% of the 64, 395 patients who were admitted directly. Multimorbidity was significantly more prevalent in patients aged 45–59 years (OR=3.018, 95% CI=1.945–4.683), 60–74 years (OR = 4.349, 95% CI = 2.574–7.349), ≥75 years (OR = 7.804, 95% CI = 3.665–16.616), and those with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 28 kg/m2 (OR = 3.770, 95% CI = 1.453–9.785). The circulatory system was found to be the most commonly involved human body system in multimorbidity, accounting for 79.2% (95% CI = 78.8–79.5%) of all cases. Significant gender inequity was further observed in the involved human body system in multimorbidity.Conclusion: Multimorbidity is likely common among the inpatients attending the general practice department of hospitals in China and many developing countries, with significant gender inequity in the involved human body systems. Effective countermeasures include establishing a GP-PCIC multimorbidity prevention and control model and enhancing the multimorbidity of elderly and obese patients at both the clinical and healthy lifestyle levels. The diagnosis and treatment capabilities of GPs on the circulatory, endocrine, metabolic, digestive, and respiratory systems should be prioritized.

Since the introduction of the reimbursement system based on diagnosis-related groups (DRG) in Swiss hospitals in 2012, most readmissions occurring within 18 days and appertaining to the same major diagnostic category (MDC) are merged and thus often reimbursed to a lesser extent. While readmissions reflect increased distress for patients and their relatives, the causes are mainly patient-related and difficult to influence. However, it may be possible to identify cases at higher risk for readmission. Therefore, the aim of this study was to find predictors for early readmissions in the same MDC, to identify high-risk index hospitalizations and possibly prevent unnecessary readmissions. The data of all patients admitted to the Clinic of Internal Medicine at the University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland, hospitalized for longer than 24 hours during the pre-DRG period between October 2009 and September 2010 were retrospectively collected. Data were examined for predictors of unplanned readmission within 18 days under the same MDC ('relevant readmission') by means of logistic regression. 7479 patients (median age 67.8 years, 56% male) were admitted to the Clinic of Internal Medicine, with 232 patients (3.1%) being readmitted at least once. Logistic regression revealed male sex (p =0.035) and a high number of prescribed drugs at discharge (p <0.005) as patient-related predictors. The MDCs respiratory system, cardiovascular system, and gastrointestinal/hepatobiliary system were identified as high-risk categories (each p <0.005). Age and length of index hospital stay added no significant explanatory value to the regression model. Unplanned readmissions under the same MDC within 18 days were infrequent and not related to patients' age or length of hospital stay. Overall, multimorbid patients, and hospitalizations regarding the cardiovascular, respiratory, or gastrointestinal system appear to be most at risk and should therefore be specifically targeted in the prevention of early readmissions.

Toxicity assessment of the novel psychoactive substance HU-210 (Hebrew University 210; CAS: 112830-95-2): First insight into toxicophores and critical toxicity parameters (acute toxicity, health effects, genotoxicity, skin and eye irritation, cardiotoxicity and endocrine disruption) using in silico methods for applications in clinical and forensic toxicology.

Multiple sensor theory (MST) has advanced our understanding of how lung mechanosensors operate. That is, single lung units contain multiple homogeneous or heterogeneous sensors. Each detects sensor-specific mechanical information and interacts with other sensors lying within the unit sending integrated information to the brain to evoke reflexes. MST explains numerous controversial issues in the respiratory system. Recent studies in baroreceptors (BRs), along with reinterpretation of recordings appearing in the literature, indicate MST also operates in the cardiovascular (CV) system. This review outlines evidence supporting MST in the CV system and provides examples to apply the theory. Longstanding controversies surrounding the CV sensors are also considered.

The article provides a theoretical justification for improving the physical work capacity of adolescents with weakened health through aerobic and anaerobic training. Based on the analysis of scientific sources, the peculiarities of the influence of different modes of muscular activity on the functional state of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscular systems in adolescence are revealed. The psychophysiological mechanism of the body’s adaptation to aerobic and anaerobic loads, as well as their role in the development of endurance, strength and speed-strength qualities under conditions of reduced functional reserves, are highlighted. The expediency of the complex application of aerobic and anaerobic training, taking into account the age-related, individual and psycho-emotional characteristics of adolescents, is substantiated. The theoretical provisions can be used in the system of physical education and health-oriented corrective work with adolescents with weakened health. Conclusions. Improving the physical capacity of adolescents with impaired health is an extremely important task of physical education, as it directly affects the development of the body's functional capacity, adaptive resources and general health. Aerobic exercises, such as walking, Nordic walking and recreational aerobics, help strengthen the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, develop endurance, improve metabolism and stabilize the psycho-emotional state of teenagers. Anaerobic training, including moderate-to-low-intensity exercises, effectively develops strength, flexibility, and coordination of movements while performing a preventive function for musculoskeletal disorders and injuries. The use of mobile games, physical exercises and swimming in the system of physical education allows not only to increase the physical fitness of children, but also contributes to the development of social, moral and mental qualities, the formation of thinking, intelligence and emotional stability. A comprehensive combination of aerobic and anaerobic exercise ensures individualization and differentiation of workloads, allowing the physical condition of adolescents with impaired health to be affected as effectively as possible. Thanks to this, the basis for the development of a healthy lifestyle and improvement of the general physical condition of the younger generation is formed.