Rethinking Vehicular Communications: Merging VANET with cloud computing

Recently, Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) have attracted the attention of research communities, leading car manufacturers, and governments due to their potential applications and specific characteristics. Their research outcome was started with awareness between vehicles for collision avoidance and Internet access and then expanded to vehicular multimedia communications. Moreover, vehicles’ high computation, communication, and storage resources set a ground for vehicular networks to deploy these applications in the near future. Nevertheless, on-board resources in vehicles are mostly underutilized. Vehicular Cloud Computing (VCC) is developed to utilize the VANET resources efficiently and provide subscribers safe infotainment services. In this chapter, the authors perform a survey of state-of-the-art vehicular cloud computing as well as the existing techniques that utilize cloud computing for performance improvements in VANET. The authors then classify the VCC based on the applications, service types, and vehicular cloud organization. They present the detail for each VCC application and formation. Lastly, the authors discuss the open issues and research directions related to VANET cloud computing.

OF DISSERTATION Secure and Authenticated Message Dissemination in Vehicular ad hoc Networks and an Incentive-based Architecture for Vehicular Cloud Vehicular ad hoc Networks (VANETs) allow vehicles to form a self-organized network. VANETs are likely to be widely deployed in the future, given the interest shown by industry in self-driving cars and satisfying their customers various interests. Problems related to Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs) such as routing, security, etc. have been extensively studied. Even though VANETs are special type of MANETs, solutions proposed for MANETs cannot be directly applied to VANETs because all problems related to MANETs have been studied for small networks. Moreover, in MANETs, nodes can move randomly. On the other hand, movement of nodes in VANETs are constrained to roads and the number of nodes in VANETs is large and covers typically large area. The following are the contributions of the thesis. Secure, authenticated, privacy preserving message dissemination in VANETs: When vehicles in VANET observe phenomena such as accidents, icy road condition, etc., they need to disseminate this information to vehicles in appropriate areas so the drivers of those vehicles can take appropriate action. When such messages are disseminated, the authenticity of the vehicles disseminating such messages should be verified while at the same time the anonymity of the vehicles should be preserved. Moreover, to punish the vehicles spreading malicious messages, authorities should be able to trace such messages to their senders when necessary. For this, we present an efficient protocol for the dissemination of authenticated messages. Incentive-based architecture for vehicular cloud: Due to the advantages such as flexibility and availability, interest in cloud computing has gained lot of attention in recent years. Allowing vehicles in VANETs to store the collected information in the cloud would facilitate other vehicles to retrieve this information when they need. In this thesis, we present a secure incentive-based architecture for vehicular cloud. Our architecture allows vehicles to collect and store information in the cloud; it also provides a mechanism for rewarding vehicles that contributing to the cloud. Privacy preserving message dissemination in VANETs: Sometimes, it is sufficient to ensure the anonymity of the vehicles disseminating messages in VANETs. We present a privacy preserving message dissemination protocol for VANETs.

Vehicular Cloud Computing (VCC) facilitates the customers to share resources ranging from storage to computing power to renting it to other users over the internet. VCC technology is combination of VANET and cloud computing. However, this integration of vehicular network and cloud computing introduces new challenges for the research community. For security reasons, users would like to verify the integrity of their data once storing it in the VCC. In this paper, we will introduce a scheme for the integrity checking with the support of the Road Side Unit (RSU) for dynamic vehicular cloud. The hash functions and signatures are employed for integrity checking of messages which are uploaded from the vehicle to the cloud. We have analysed effectiveness of proposed scheme against typical attacks like tampering attack, node impersonation and application attack etc. Extensive simulations are conducted to verify the performance of the proposed scheme and the results are compared with existing research based on ID-based cryptographic scheme. The proposed scheme performs better in terms of computation cost and communication cost.

Vehicular network technology has made substantial advancements in recent years in the field of Intelligent Transportation Systems. Vehicular Cloud Computing (VCC) has emerged as a novel paradigm with a substantial increase in data exchange within Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). VCC integrates cloud computing, vehicular networking, and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. It enables Infrastructure-to-Vehicle (I2V), Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), and Vehicle-to-Device (V2D) communication. VCC optimizes vehicle, cloud infrastructure, and IoT resources while addressing significant communication security and vehicle-user privacy challenges. To address these issues, we developed an RFID-based authentication protocol for VCC based on a Henon map using a hash function. In addition, we also incorporated a Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) to resist physical tampering attacks. We validate the protocol’s security formally and informally. The formal security analysis is conducted through a widely used RoR model. We use the Scyther simulation tool to verify the proposed protocol’s security against various attacks. Moreover, we compare the performance of our protocol with similar existing protocols across important performance parameters such as communication and computation overheads and security attributes. The proposed protocol yields substantial improvements, demonstrating a 40.74% reduction in computation overhead and a 13.03% decrease in communication overhead as compared to related protocols, delivering both enhanced performance and resource efficiency. The analysis demonstrates its capacity to support secure communication in the VCC environment and satisfy desirable security attributes.

A survey on vehicular cloud computing

Vehicular adhoc network (VANET) has a significant potential in reducing traffic congestion to provide a stress-free and safer platform for road drivers to travel on the road. However, the current VANET is vulnerable to several challenges which need to be overcome. Congestion control is considered as one of the main challenges in VANET due to the high dynamic topology characteristic. Reliable congestion control (CC) are necessary to provide effectient dissemination of time-critical safety messages in VANET applications; safety and non-safety applications. In this paper, we present the overview on VANET, its application and challenges. We also discuss on the congestion control and provide a brief survey on the congestion control algorithms such as vehicular cloud computing, multiplicative rate decreasing algorithm, multi-objective Tabu search, D-FPAV algorithm and beaconing strategies which have been proposed in order to provide better solutions towards achieving a successful Smart Tranporation System.

We acquire or provide most of the services with the help of the Internet in the fast-growing world. We should deploy various kinds of systems globally so that other users can practice the same effortlessly, and use storage framework to provide conveniences world-wide effectively. Nowadays, we practice vehicular communication technology to exchange diversified data for varied intentions, which helps vehicle operators in diversified manners such as traffic awareness, weather conditions, road assistance, automatic toll payment system, etc. In this chapter, we converse about data transmission through vehicular ad-hoc networks, cloud computing in the vehicular technology. After that, we survey of different schemes related to secure routing and geo-location details of vehicles. We illustrate concerning security demands, possible attacks, and challenges in the vehicular cloud computing (VCC) architecture. Conclusively, we suggest a new identification scheme to get access of the VCC system from the user end, which can be secured against varied attacks. Moreover, we do analysis of the suggested system to determine security worthiness and measure total required time to execute the phases.

Fog computing for vehicular Ad-hoc networks: paradigms, scenarios, and issues

Vehicular cloud is the new paradigm of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), which not only takes the recent advance of vehicular technology, but also keeps up with the trend of cloud computing for big data processing and complicated intelligent analysis over VANET environments. In this paper, we present a model for secure navigation systems based on vehicular cloud, which fully utilizes the advantages of cloud computing. In particular, we make up for the limitations of prior VANET-based secure navigation protocols and provide a stronger notion of security for secure navigation services in terms of insider threats and data leakage points of view. We propose a new secure and privacy-preserving navigation protocol based on vehicular cloud, which resolves the limitations of previous approaches. Moreover, the proposed protocol is highly efficient because it does not rely on bilinear pairing operations unlike prior secure navigation protocols in the literature. We demonstrate comprehensive analysis to confirm the fulfilment of the security objectives and the efficiency of the proposed protocol.

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are self-organizing wireless communication networks that allow vehicles to exchange traffic-related messages automatically with neigh-boring vehicles. The goals of VANETs are to aid road users and make traffic management more efficient. However, the open nature of the communication network medium that is used by VANETs exposes the messages in transit to security attacks and the information within to privacy breaches. Researchers proposed many security schemes in their attempt to solve the security and privacy issues in VANETs. However, most existing schemes suffer from high computation and communication overheads. We studied and analyzed the effect of one of the most common security attacks in VANETs, the replay attack. This paper presents the result of the study and analysis, as well as the survey of existing replay attack prevention schemes in VANETs.

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET) broadcast messages regarding road and environmental conditions. Due to its design, VANET inadvertently introduced security and privacy issues. Many researchers have suggested various approaches to address these shortcomings as the deployment of VANET becomes more widespread. Nevertheless, these solutions could not address all the security and privacy shortcomings in VANET. Furthermore, the proposed approaches incur high costs in terms of computation due to the complexity involved in doing so sequentially. One of the significant approaches used in VANET security and privacy mitigation is identity-based schemes. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on VANETs and the entities involved, attack models, and an analysis of the security and privacy requirements for identity-based security and privacy schemes for VANETs.

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) plays a very important role at the time of disaster such as it helps in taking people from disaster prone area to evacuation areas to save human lives and economic properties. VANET contains fire extinguishers' van, smart vehicles, ambulances and all the public transport. All these vehicles collectively form an ad hoc network known VANET. In VANET, when the clouds of vehicles are formed, then it is known as Vehicular Cloud Network (VCN). VCN is responsible to timely forward the messages to the vehicles, concerned authorities, and pedestrians. In this work, we have encompassed the VANET and VCN together and proposed an Intelligent Vehicular Cloud Disaster Management System (IVCDMS) model. Further, we have analysed the intelligent disaster management through VCN communication modes with the existing hybrid communication protocols. Finally, we have evaluated the message propagation rate using proposed model in terms of time for the both city and highway scenarios using MATLAB.

Vehicular cloud is getting significant research attention due to the technological advancements in smart vehicles. In near future, vehicles are envisioned to become part of a grid network providing cloud services, such as computing, storage, network, and application as a service. Vehicular cloud computing is an emerging area, designed to support delay-sensitive applications. However, this integration of vehicular network and cloud computing introduces new challenges for the research community. New frameworks have been proposed to assimilate and efficiently manage this merger. In this survey paper, we present the recent advancements in vehicular cloud computing domain. The review is primarily focused on two areas. First, we discuss the frameworks designed to utilize the vehicles’ onboard resources to provide cloud services and highlight the design issues and research challenges. Secondly, we focus on a detailed study of mobility generators, network, and vehicular ad hoc network simulators, as well as the available vehicular data sets. We thus provide an overarching view of the complete domain of vehicular cloud computing and identify areas for future research directions.

In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), selfish nodes (vehicles) who do not contribute to the networks are considered as a threat, so vehicles are forced to participate into the network by sharing the information they collect on the road, whereas participation is optional for nodes in vehicular cloud and they are encouraged to participate with incentives as the network utilizes vehicles' underutilized resources to provide services. Hence, it is necessary to have an integrated incentive system for vehicular cloud, which combined VANET and cloud. The incentive system should be able to cover the entire vehicular cloud, including vehicles in the VANET and service providers in the cloud. In addition, the system must be robust against attacks. In this paper, we present an efficient scheme, Secure Token Reward System in Vehicular Clouds (STORS). It ensures the scalability of the incentive system and provides mechanism for securing incentive-related messages. Also, issued tokens can be used by vehicles to get services from the cloud.

BaaS: Broadcast as a service cross-layer learning-based approach in cloud assisted VANETs