RETRACTED ARTICLE: Effectiveness evaluation of the coupled LIDs from the watershed scale based on remote sensing image processing and SWMM simulation

In recent years, China has been committed to strengthening environmental governance and trying to build a sustainable society in which humans and nature develop in harmony. As a new urban construction concept, sponge city uses natural and ecological methods to retain rainwater, alleviate flooding problems, reduce the damage to the water environment, and gradually restore the hydrological balance of the construction area. The paper presents a review of sponge city construction from its inception to systematic demonstration. In this paper, research gaps are discussed and future efforts are proposed. The main contents include: (1) China’s sponge city construction includes but is not limited to source control or a drainage system design. Sponge city embodies foreign experience and the wisdom of ancient Chinese philosophy. The core of sponge city construction is to combine various specific technologies to alleviate urban water problems such as flooding, water environment pollution, shortage of water resources and deterioration of water ecology; (2) this paper also introduces the sponge city pilot projects in China, and summarizes the achievements obtained and lessons learned, which are valuable for future sponge city implementation; (3) the objectives, corresponding indicators, key contents and needs of sponge city construction at various scales are different. The work at the facility level is dedicated to alleviating urban water problems through reasonable facility scale and layout, while the work at the plot level is mainly to improve the living environment through sponge city construction. The construction of urban and watershed scales is more inclined to ecological restoration and blue-green storage spaces construction. Besides, the paper also describes the due obligations in sponge city construction of various stakeholders.

With the rapid development of social economy, the shortage of natural resources is becoming more and more prominent. China is a large country with a large population and a large resource base. However, the consumption rate of resources is very fast. In order to solve the problem of urban water supply the problem of China in the development of urban construction which put forward the theory of sponge city construction. As proof of practice, Sponge city construction and development, for the protection of the natural environment and water conservation has a more important significance. Based on this, this paper discusse the use of sponge city concept in urban planning and hopes to make a practical reference for future concrete work.

In recent years, many cities around the world have experienced severe urban waterlogging disasters due to decreasing rainfall infiltration caused by land cover changes with rapid urbanization, and increased frequency of heavy rainfall events, including localized torrential rain. Traditional drainage systems and internal control concepts have failed to meet the requirements of urban safety. To address the challenging problem of urban waterlogging, China proposed the Sponge City in 2014. From the perspective of natural climate and urban construction planning, this paper makes an analysis of the causes of urban waterlogging, points out the limitations of traditional drainage facilities, and discusses the many hazards associated with urban waterlogging. This paper explains the meaning of Sponge City and the basic ideas of Sponge City construction. Based on the discussion of Sponge City development, this paper analyzes the Sponge City construction in Xixian New Area, and explains the significance of Sponge City to solve the problem of urban waterlogging. Through this idea, I would like to explore the common issues in countries suffering from heavy rainfall disasters such as Japan and Malaysia. The study hopes to provide a deeper thinking on ways to use nature to solve the waterlogging.

The Arab Republic of Egypt faces significant challenges with flash floods, which heavily impact infrastructure and local communities, especially in rural and mountainous regions such as Upper Egypt and Sinai. This problem is exacerbated by several factors, including weak drainage systems, the absence of sustainable urban planning, and increasing climate change effects that result in more frequent and severe floods. Egyptian cities lack integrated solutions for managing stormwater and floods, making the search for innovative and sustainable alternatives an urgent necessity.The study examines the current state of flood management in Egypt, including analyzing deficiencies such as weak infrastructure, lack of coordination between relevant authorities, and the absence of early warning systems. It also reviews global experiences in implementing sponge cities, focusing on practices such as green spaces, permeable materials, and smart drainage systems. Based on this analysis, the research proposes a practical model for developing Egyptian cities by integrating sponge city principles with traditional infrastructure.KEYWORDS: Sponge cities, floods, , water resource sustainability, Arab Republic of Egypt, Egyptian flood code, environmental sustainability.

With the rapid development of social economy, the shortage of natural resources is becoming more and more prominent. China is a large country with a large population and a large resource base. However, the consumption rate of resources is very fast. In order to solve the problem of urban water supply the problem of China in the development of urban construction which put forward the theory of sponge city construction. As proof of practice, Sponge city construction and development, for the protection of the natural environment and water conservation has a more important significance. Based on this, this paper discusse the use of sponge city concept in urban planning and hopes to make a practical reference for future concrete work.

Urban trees play a crucial role in regulating hydrological processes within urban ecosystems by intercepting rainfall to effectively reduce surface runoff and mitigate urban flooding. Current research lacks a systematic quantification of rainfall interception capacity and its community-level impacts at the urban scale. This study adopts a city-scale perspective, integrating field survey data with the i-Tree Eco model to systematically explore the contributions of 20 factors to the average annual rainfall interception of tree species and the average annual rainfall interception efficiency of communities. The study revealed that Deciduous broadleaf trees (1.28 m3 year−1) and Pure coniferous forests (90.7 mm year−1) exhibited substantial rainfall interception capacity. Relative Height, Average Tree Height, Average Crown Width, and Planting Density of trees significantly influence interception capacity. Urban planning can optimize the selection of tree species (e.g., Paulownia, Populus tomentosa, etc.) and community structure (e.g., mixed planting of conifers and deciduous broadleaf trees) to improve rainfall interception capacity, thereby effectively reducing stormwater runoff, mitigating the risk of urban flooding. These findings provide a scientific basis for designing urban vegetation to mitigate flooding, support water management, and advance sponge city development.

Relative importance of climatic and anthropogenic factors on runoff change at watershed scale

In recent years, extreme weather is constantly emerging on a global scale. Excessive development and construction of cities has changed the original water systems of citys, and lead to urban water hazards and water environment deterioration. Since 2014, after China has been vigorously promoting the plan of sponge city and relative construction, the problems of urban water systems gradually get relieved. By introducing the concept of resilience in this study into the development of sponge city planning strategies, a comprehensive and systematic top-level design of sponge city planning and construction is made from the four dimensions of ecological resilience, engineering resilience, economic resilience and social resilience. At the same time, combining with the issues in existing pilot sponge urban planning and construction process such as the lack of systematicness, integrality, fragmentation etc., based on the study case of pilot sponge city - Guiyang city in Guizhou province, with the resilience concept as the guidance, it is presented in this study the planning strategies of sponge city ecological pattern developing, systematic planning and construction guidance, and explored the extended industrial development of sponge city and the construction control mechanism, trying to provides a new way of thinking and a new approach of sponge city planning and construction related research.

Dead wood patterns and dynamics vary with biophysical factors, disturbance history, ownership, and management practices; the relative importance of these factors is poorly understood, especially at landscape to regional scales. This study examined current dead wood amounts in the Coastal Province of Oregon, USA, at multiple spatial scales. Objectives were to: (1) describe current regional amounts of several characteristics of dead wood; (2) compare dead wood amounts across ownerships; (3) determine the relative importance, according to spatial scale, of biophysical and ownership characteristics, to regional dead wood abundance. Dead wood plot data were evaluated with respect to explanatory variables at four spatial scales of resolution: plots, subwatersheds, watersheds and subbasins. The relationships of dead wood characteristics with biophysical attributes and ownership were diverse and scale-specific. Region-wide dead wood abundance and types varied among ownerships, with public lands typically having higher amounts of dead wood and more large dead wood than private lands. Regression analysis of total dead wood volume indicated that ownership was important at the subbasin scale. Growing season moisture stress was important at plot, subwatershed, and watershed scales. Topography was important at the two coarser scales. Multivariate analysis of dead wood gradients showed that ownership was important at all scales, topography at the subbasin scale, historical vegetation at watershed and subbasin scales, and current vegetation at plot and subwatershed scales. Management for dead wood and related biodiversity at watershed to landscape scales should consider the distinct dynamics of snags and logs, the importance of historical effects, and the relevance of ownership patterns.

Streams and rivers are intrinsically linked to the terrestrial environment by the exchange of water, nutrients, organic matter and biota. Terrestrial-aquatic connectivity has been disrupted by the degradation and removal of riparian vegetation due to widespread agricultural development. Loss of terrestrial vegetation modifies channel shading, in-stream habitat, and the quantity and composition of organic carbon (i.e. energy) subsidies provided to stream food webs. Collectively, these changes result in biodiversity loss and altered ecosystem functioning. Replanting riparian vegetation aims to alleviate the adverse ecological effects of riparian clearance. Replanting is already commonly used for ecological restoration, but revegetation may become more widespread if restoration activities are driven by economic forces, such as payments for planting trees to mitigate climate change. However, replantings currently are often spatially limited and isolated, so the plantings may not have a large effect on halting or reversing ecological degradation. Riparian clearance and revegetation are likely to alter carbon dynamics, which is a critical process underpinning biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in streams. We have little knowledge of if, and when, riparian replanting will restore in-stream organic-carbon processes towards pre-clearance conditions, or of the broad-scale effects on carbon balances. The integration of aquatic fluxes into regional carbon budgets is an important component of regional, national and global carbon accounting. I sought to: (1) quantify the reach-scale effects of replanting on in-stream organic carbon dynamics; (2) assess the potential for organic matter properties to reflect the success of restoring terrestrial-aquatic connectivity; and (3) upscale organic carbon fluxes to project the consequences of revegetation for carbon balance and atmospheric feedback at watershed (= catchment) scales. I assessed the dynamics of aquatic organic carbon (input, standing stock, export and metabolism) in 15 streams (1st-3rd Strahler order) of an agricultural landscape in south-eastern Australia. Ten of the streams had reaches that were replanted with native woody vegetation 8 to 22 years prior to the study; I refer to these restored reaches as ‘replanted’ and other reaches in which there had been no plantings, pasture reaches, as ‘untreated’. Replanted stream reaches had greater inputs and accumulation of terrestrial organic carbon on the stream-bed than did untreated reaches. Replanting was correlated with a reduction in net ecosystem productivity and a shorter organic carbon turnover length. Within two decades of planting, metabolic rates in replanted reaches had values more typical of those in natural, forested streams, supporting the use of ecosystem metabolism as a functional indictor of restoration success at reach-scales. Metabolic measures could be combined with pattern-based measures, such as biodiversity, to demonstrate the ecological value of replanting. The export of organic carbon was governed by land-use and climatic variables at spatial scales larger than typical replanting projects. Watershed tree cover affected the composition of dissolved organic matter, but not its quantity. A greater proportion of the dissolved organic matter in agricultural streams was from within the stream and a reduced proportion was from terrestrial vegetation, compared to streams in forested watersheds. The characteristics of dissolved organic matter potentially provide an aggregate measure of aquatic and terrestrial connectivity over large spatial scales. The quantity of total organic carbon transported was controlled by discharge. Projected increases in rainfall variability will affect the timing and magnitude of storm-flows, altering the fluxes of energy subsidies among ecosystems in landscapes. The estimated organic carbon budget showed that replanted reaches potentially were a greater source of carbon than were untreated reaches (net change -0.52 g C m-2 day-1 ± 0.80 SD). At a watershed scale, this increased carbon loss per unit area of stream was small compared to organic carbon export from 3rd-order streams. Riparian restoration at reach spatial scales (i.e. 100s of m) can restore ecosystem processes towards pre-clearance condition, within two decades. However, the effects of replanting at small scales may be overwhelmed by changes to hydrologic processes arising from probable increased climate variability in the future. Addressing land-use effects requires a landscape perspective that incorporates spatial context and connectivity at multiple scales to guide restoration activities into the areas likely to provide the greatest ecological return for investment.

AimDetermination of taxonomic diversity changes, and patterns and drivers of homogenization/differentiation processes in fish (meta)communities at spatial watershed and temporal decadal scales.LocationThe 333‐km‐long lowlandPilicaRiver, with a solitary large dam reservoir constructed in the early 1970s, centralPoland.MethodsFish data sets obtained along the river upstream and downstream of the reservoir in the 1960s and 2000s are compared in terms of several community properties. The true gamma diversity of order one (1Dγ), decomposed into true alpha (1Dα) and true beta (1Dβ) components, is calculated for the taxonomic classification of the sets. Pairwise community distances against the fluvial distances of each course and period are also assessed using theBray–Curtis measure (BC) applied to occurrence and by1Dβ, applied to abundance.ResultsBased on1Dβ, the fish fauna became homogenized taxonomically by 33.0% upstream, while it differentiated by 8.6% downstream.1Dαand1Dγdecreased considerably in both courses. The changes in diversity were due to the range expansions of the native species. Despite the exposure to alien invasive species, the Pilica was not invaded by any of them between the surveys, although one species probably established itself in the lower course.Main conclusionsDecreases in1Dαand1Dγin both Pilica courses and in1Dβupstream were not sharp enough to allow the invasions of alien species to which the Pilica was exposed. Consequently, either other drivers than river fragmentation, introductions, climate warming and improvement in water quality may be essential for such invasions, or longer time periods than those presently considered are necessary for them to occur. An individual species' occurrence and abundance analysis suggests that the homogenization and differentiation resulted from variously combined impacts of several natural and human‐mediated drivers. The river fragmentation exerted both course‐specific and species‐specific impacts.

<p>Research on the effect of climate variability/climate change on rainfall-runoff modeling is limited in humid tropical regions. Climate change has implications beyond the water resources sector, such as effects on agriculture and fisheries. Hence, such studies are becoming increasingly important. This study uses both historical data acquired in the field and future climate forecasts from General Circulation Model Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3 GCM HadCM3. These data are further downscaled using third generation of the Hadley Centre's regional climate model (HadRM3), with Providing REgional Climates for Impacts Studies (PRECIS) software under the three Quantifying Uncertainties in Model Projections (QUMPs). A horizontal resolution of 25 km X 25 km is used by the Centre for Climate Change and Adaptation Research, Anna University Chennai, for the state of Tamil Nadu. These downscaled data are used to study runoff changes due to climate change for the Kosasthaliyar sub-basin in South India. A trend analysis of the hydro-meteorological data for the sub-basin indicates that future rainfall is expected to decrease by approximately 10%, while the mean temperatures will increase by the year 2100. The runoff changes from 2011 to 2040 do not differ from those of the historical period of 1971 to 2000. This study is one of the first attempts to provide information on climate variability and its impacts on runoff in the Kosasthaliyar sub-basin.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Resumen</strong></p><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>La investigación del efecto variabilidad climática/cambio climático en el modelo pluviosidad/escorrentía es limitada en regiones tropicales húmedas, donde el cambio climático tiene implicaciones tanto en los recursos acuíferos, como </span><span>en la agricultura y la pesca. Por lo tanto este tipo de estudios han incrementado su importancia. Este estudio utiliza tanto los datos adquiridos en este campo como las predicciones climáticas del Modelo General de Circulación de la Célula de Hadley, en su versión 3GCM HadCM3. Estos datos fueron reducidos luego al utilizar la tercera generación del modelo climático regional del Centro Hadley (HadRM3), con el programa de Estipulación de Climas Regionales para Estudios de Impacto (PRECIS, en inglés), bajo los tres modelos de Cuantificación de la Incertidumbre en Proyecciones (QUMPs, en inglés). El Centro para el Cambio Climático y la Investigación de Adaptación de la Universidad Anna, de Chennai, en el estado Tamil Nadu, utiliza una escala horizontal de 25 kilómetros por 25 kilómetros. Esta reducción de datos se utiliza para estudiar los cambios de escorrentía por el cambio climático en la subcuenca de Kosasthaliyar, al sur de la India. Un análisis de tendencia de los datos hidrometeorológicos en la subcuenca indica que en el futuro la pluviosidad caerá en un 10 %, mientras que la temperatura media se incrementará para el año 2100. Los cambios de escorrentía para el período 2011-2040 no difieren de los del período 1971-2000. Este estudio es uno de los primeros acercamientos para proveer información sobre la variabilidad climática y sus </span><span>impactos en la escorrentía de la subcuenca de Khosastaliyar. </span></p></div></div></div></div>

Appropriate spatial planning can be analysed by looking at its impact on water resources on a watershed scale through a hydrological modelling approach. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of land-use change and the spatial plan of the region in the Cimandiri watershed using Soil Water Analysis Tools (SWAT) hydrological modelling. The Cimandiri watershed (1,830 km2) is situated in West Java Province, Indonesia. This watershed has a strategic position because of its proximity to the Capital City of Jakarta. This study highlights the importance of hydrological response considerations in spatial planning. From 1994 to 2016, there has been a reduction of forest land cover (157.8 ha), paddy fields (688.5 ha) and plantations (216.4 ha). This land-use change affects the hydrological conditions of the Cimandiri Watershed. The results indicated that there was an increase in the surface flow of 8.7 mm/year (186.6 to 195.3 mm/year), from 1994 to 2016 while baseflow decreased from 781.64 to 777.7 mm/year. The verification models were in satisfactory categories (R2 0.62 and NSE 0.51). Therefore, this indicated hydrological conditions in 1994 were relatively better than in 2016. The simulation result on the spatial plan shows the surface runoff, and the base rate was 284.9 mm/year and 684.7 mm/year, respectively. Interestingly, land use proportion based on urban spatial planning generated relatively higher surface runoff and sediment yield compared to existing land use. Hence there should be a review of the existing urban spatial planning of Sukabumi Regency that was resulting in the worst hydrological response based on SWAT model.

Evaluating the joint effects of climate and land use change on runoff and pollutant loading in a rapidly developing watershed

In recent years, frequent extreme weather events have significantly impacted traffic management and urban planning. Consequently, accurate and real-time traffic prediction has become crucial for effective urban traffic planning, management, and control. This study aims to predict road traffic flow in Beijing under extreme weather conditions. To achieve this goal, the study analyses historical weather data of Beijing and identifies four typical extreme weather conditions. Using traffic data collected between 2014 and 2016, the study then employs the time series graph convolutional network (T-GCN) model to predict traffic flow under extreme weather conditions.