Review on Security in Bluetooth Low Energy Mesh Network in Correlation with Wireless Mesh Network Security

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) mesh networks provide flexible and reliable communication among low-power sensor-enabled Internet of Things (IoT) devices, enabling them to communicate in a flexible and robust manner. Nonetheless, the majority of existing BLE-based mesh protocols operate as flooding-based piconet or scatternet overlays on top of existing Bluetooth star topologies. In contrast, the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol used primarily in wireless ad hoc networks (WAHNs) is forwarding-based and therefore more efficient, with lower overheads. However, the packet delivery ratio (PDR) and link recovery time for AODV performs worse compared to flooding-based BLE protocols when encountering link disruptions. We propose the Multipath Optimized AODV (M-O-AODV) protocol to address these issues, with improved PDR and link robustness compared with other forwarding-based protocols. In addition, M-O-AODV achieved a PDR of 88%, comparable to the PDR of 92% for flooding-based BLE, unlike protocols such as Reverse-AODV (R-AODV). Also, M-O-AODV was able to perform link recovery within 3700 ms in the case of node failures, compared with other forwarding-based protocols that require 4800 ms to 6000 ms. Consequently, M-O-AODV-based BLE mesh networks are more efficient for wireless sensor-enabled IoT environments.

Digitalization of the shipyard environment is a challenging problem, and also it is necessary for competing the international ship manufacturers. Thus, this study introduced a real-time accurate positioning system that is an indispensable part of a digital manufacturing system. The system implementation and measurements took place in Sedef Shipyard, the largest shipbuilding facility in Turkey. Since the shipyard includes indoor and outdoor environments, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) systems provide the best solution for locating the staff. The most challenging problem is to determine the positions in the metallic surroundings. The constructed system solves this problem by placing gateways and sensors at essential locations and using a mesh network. With the designed user interface, the position of the staff can be monitored accurately in real time, and reports can be generated.

The Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is an attractive solution for implementing low-cost, low power consumption, short-range wireless transmission technology and high flexibility wireless products, which working on standard coin-cell batteries for years. The original design of BLE is restricted to star topology networking, which limits network coverage and scalability. In contrast, other competing technologies like Wi-Fi and ZigBee overcome those constraints by supporting different topologies such as the tree and mesh network topologies. This paper presents a part of the researchers’ efforts in designing solutions to enable BLE mesh networks and implements a tree network topology which is not supported in the standard BLE specifications. In addition, it discusses the advantages and drawbacks of the existing BLE network solutions. During analyzing the existing solutions, we highlight currently open issues such as flooding-based and routing-based solutions to allow end-to-end data transmission in a BLE mesh network and connecting BLE devices to the internet to support the Internet of Things (IoT). The approach proposed in this paper combines the default BLE star topology with the flooding based mesh topology to create a new hybrid network topology. The proposed approach can extend the network coverage without using any routing protocol.

In this demo we fabricate 4 development boards using the APlix CSR1010 modules and then establish a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) mesh network, which is suitable for power-limited and low-complexity IoT applications with low-priority and infrequent data traffic. In addition to the basic operations such as sensing and actuating devices, this demo also shows a BLE star-mesh integration topology to extend the connectivity range to cover 4 laboratories.

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) mesh as an improved network technique boosts the using of Bluetooth in daily life. However, few study investigates the routing mechanism for BLE Mesh, and the managed-flood-based routing mechanism released by Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) will cause amounts of energy waste. So, it is quite necessary to explore the routing mechanism which is suitable for BLE Mesh. In BLE Mesh, the nodes have the characteristics of high mobility, limited power and short radio range. In terms of these characteristics, an energy effective opportunistic routing mechanism in BLE Mesh (BLE-EEOR) is proposed consisting of candidates set selection algorithm and the priority ranking algorithm of the candidates. A candidates set selection algorithm based on the geographical information and the packet delivery probability (GPCSSA) is introduced to obtain an appropriate candidates set. Besides, a priority ranking algorithm based on Markov chains (MCPA) is introduced to sort the transmitting order of the candidates. Based on GPCSSA and MCPA, BLE-EEOR will select the node with the minimum average transmitting energy consumption to forward the packets at each hop until the destination node has received the packets. The performance of BLE-EEOR is compared with other routing algorithms, and the results show that BLE-EEOR can save significant energy on average which will prolong the time to live of BLE Mesh network.

Many well-known wireless networks are currently being used to develop educational robots. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is one of the well-suited for educational robotic systems because of its simplicity, low power consumption, low cost, and robustness. To operate several robots simultaneously in a limited space like a classroom, a mesh network topology is necessary to communicate amongst robots. However, the BLE mesh network has a managed flooding protocol, which is inefficient for educational robotic systems since it is appropriate for small networks. Thus, a task synchronization is required to ensures the accuracy and stability of the system. This paper proposes task synchronization method in BLE mesh network to operate educational robots simultaneously and quickly as possible, but not in real-time without a central control system. The results demonstrate that the proposed method operate the task simultaneously and faster than a typical broadcasting in BLE.

In this paper, an intelligent light control system based on TLSR8258 module is evaluated. The devices communicate with each other through the Bluetooth Low Energy(BLE) mesh network, and the system connects to WiFi through the ESP32 module in the Bluetooth gateway to make the mesh network connect to the Internet. The user can use application or the MQTT client to communicate with the Bluetooth gateway to monitor the light status of devices. A five-device-demo system with mobile app and web frontend is developed and the end-to-end delay time and packet delivery ratio (PDR) to test network performance of this system are evaluated. We test the two different BLE mesh setup to find which cross-layer configuration is better for. It is shown that the PDR of telink mesh is 16% higher than that of sig mesh, average end-to-end delay of sig mesh is slight less than telink mesh within 150ms.

Resource allocation and admission control algorithm based on non-cooperation game in wireless mesh networks

© 2019 IEEE. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is envisioned as one of the most prominent technologies for the Internet of Things. The recent release of BLE mesh has attracted interest from both the industrial and academic communities, with new proposals for optimizing its performance being published on a regular basis. However, the majority of these publications rely on analysis and simulations, potentially neglecting the effect of real-life environments and hardware limitations. Moreover, no framework is available to experimentally compare the performance of different mesh protocols on top of BLE. This article presents the design and implementation of a low-cost, modular, and fully automated testbed capable of running multiple mesh protocols. It is also remotely accessible for any third party interested in performing network experiments with it. Apart from discussing the testbed architecture, we provide results obtained from a measurement-driven comparison of two protocols that fit within BLE operation: floodingand connection-based. These results show that there is a trade-off between the two approaches and that the optimal mesh protocol to use is application-dependent, which should be taken into consideration when heading towars the next release of BLE mesh.

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are a promising technology to provide the wireless internet connectivity. WMNs are becoming a popular choice for wireless internet service providers to offer internet connectivity as it allows a fast, easy and inexpensive network deployment. However, security in WMNs is still in its infancy. Security and privacy has been a major concern in WMNs. WMNs are susceptible to broad variety of attacks due to its open medium, dynamic topology and lack of physical security. WMNs are more vulnerable in Network layer. Several attacks are possible in the network layer. Some of the attacks have possible solutions but there is no solution for to detect Rushing attack which leads to the Denial of Service. In this paper, the authors proposed Cross-Layer Intrusion Detection System (CLIDS) for Rushing attack. We evaluated the performance of our technique using network simulator 2. Simulation results show that CLIDS has less false positive and false negative rates than single layer intrusion detection system.

The upcoming IEEE 802.11s standard enables easy establishment and maintenance of wireless mesh networks in residential and enterprise scenarios. They, however, need special attention with respect to security. Due to multi‐hop communication and routing on layer 2 in mesh networks, attacks on the routing, selective forwarding, and eavesdropping on confidential data become relatively easy. To avoid such attacks, we introduce differentiated security which is based on protection levels associated with nodes in the network. Participation in the MAC layer routing is facilitated according to the respective protection level of a node. Using additional cryptographic protection our approach can also avoid unintentional disclosure of confidential data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Agriculture plays a crucial role in the development of agrarian nation like India. In traditional farming, farmers visited the field regularly to keep a check on the soil moisture, temperature, humidity etc. This consumes much time and energy, especially when the farm size is large. An integrated system is needed, which will monitor the various parameters and provide necessary control. Agricultural field can be monitored using Bluetooth low energy (BLE) mesh technology to acquire all the data from sensor nodes placed in different parts of the field. The Internet of Things (IoT) will help farmer to get linked to his farm from anywhere and everywhere via Cloud. The system developed allows farmers to monitor various field conditions remotely and make decisions which would lead to increased crop productivity, with comparatively lesser human efforts, low cost, less power consumption and no internet connection in the field.

Wireless mesh networking has trans pired as a gifted technology for potentialbroadband wireless access. In a communication network, wireless mesh network plays a vital role in transmission and are structured in a mesh topology. The coordination of mesh routers and mesh clients forms the wi reless mesh networks which are routed through the gateways.Wireless mesh networks uses IEEE 802.11 standards and has its wide applications broadband home networking and enterprise networking deployment such as Microsoft wireless mesh and MIT etc. A profes sional Qos provisioning in intra cluster packet level resource allocation for WMN approach takes power allo cation, sub carrier allocation andpacket scheduling. This approach combines the merits of aKarush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) algorithm and a genetic algorithm (GA) based approach. The KKT algorithm uses uniform power allocation over all the subcarriers, based on the optimal allocation criterion. The genetic algorithm is used to generate useful solutions to optimization and search problems and it is also used for search problems. By combining the intrinsic worth of both the approaches, it facilitates effective QOS provisioning at the packet level. It is conclude d that, this approach achieves a preferred stability between system implementation and computational convolution.

The popularity and the constant improvement of wireless technologies, such as WiFi and WiMAX, have been increasing the usage and applicability of new networking schemes, including Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs). WMNs are multi-hop wireless networks made by a collection of two types of nodes, mesh routers and mesh clients. Their self-organizing, self-configuring and self-healing proprieties, in conjunction with their low maintenance and implementation costs, make them especially appealing as a solution for Internet access and social networking. The characteristics of WMNs make them more susceptible to malicious attacks than traditional wired networks, namely the scarce bandwidth, the high level of interference, the shared transmission media and the limited physical security. Secure routing and forwarding schemes are a key component to guarantee secure communications in hostile environments. There are however issues that must be considered when developing secure routing and forwarding solutions, namely the overhead introduced by such approaches and the effectiveness of the prediction schemes used. This paper discusses the main solutions for routing security in WMNs and presents a thorough evaluation, comprising a novel way to characterize the effectiveness of such approaches. The evaluation is based on CONFIDANT, a secure routing protocol based on the DSR protocol. The study performed addresses both the issues aforementioned and provides insight on the trade-offs associated with the deployment of secure routing and forwarding mechanisms.

Nowadays, the Internet of Things (IoT) is spreading rapidly towards creating smart environments.Home automation, intra-vehicular interaction, and wireless sensor networks (WSN) are among the most popular applications discussed in IoT literature.One of the most available and popular wireless technologies for short-range operations is Bluetooth.In late 2010, the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) launched the Bluetooth 4.0 Specification, which brings Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) as part of the specification.BLE characterises as being a very low power wireless technology, capable of working on a coin-cell or even by energy scavenging.Nevertheless, the nature of Bluetooth (and BLE) has always been a connection-oriented communication in a Master/Slave configuration.Several studies exist showing how to create mesh networks for Classic Bluetooth, called Scatternets, by utilizing some nodes as slaves to relay data between Masters.However, BLE didn't support role changing until the 4.1 Specification released in 2013.The capability of a wireless technology to create a Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is vital for supporting the plethora of sensors, peripherals, and devices that could coexist in any IoT environment.This work focuses on proposing a new autoconfiguring dynamic address allocation scheme for a BLE Ad-Hoc network, and a network map discovery and maintenance mechanism that doesn't require role changing, thus being possible to implement it in 4.0 compliant devices as well as 4.1 or later to develop a MANET.Any ad-hoc routing protocol can utilise the proposed method to discover, keep track, and maintain the mesh network node topology in each of their nodes.