Revisiting Topography-Based and Selection-Based Verbal Behavior.

Problems with Skinner’s (1957) definition of verbal behavior are raised and one possible solution is presented. It is suggested that the way in which verbal communities shape behavior is distinctive—unlike the physical environment, verbal communities have culturally evolved a system of extremely generalized conditions for reinforcement which allows arbitrary relations to be shaped—and therefore could serve to define verbal behavior and exclude other forms of socially mediated behaviors. The form of “loose” shaping used is described, along with anthropological and sociological equivalents, and a suggestion is made of how it might figure in equivalence class formation. Two terms from Esoteric Buddhism are then used to illustrate this form of shaping. Fuse refers to loose reinforcement and Muzai No Nanase refers to seven ways to reinforce loosely even when one has no material possessions.

The approaches of Bloomfield and Skinner on the topics of speech-community, functions of language, and language and scientific activity are characterized; a comparative analysis follows; and approximations between the two authors are pointed out. The most important approximations are the verbal community as the ultimate source of language; the main function of language of obtaining practical effects in the world; the characterization of a considerable part of scientific activity as verbal; and the scientific activity as being deeply committed with successful action. The difference found is related to the subject matter: Bloomfield describes the system of the language of the community, and Skinner does the functional analysis of the repertoire of the individual. Keywords: Bloomfield, Skinner, verbal behavior, speech-community, functions of language, scientific activity. Introduction The vitality of the works of Leonard Bloomfield (1887-1949) and B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) is manifest not only in that frequent and explicit references are made to them but, more importantly, in that much of the knowledge produced in their fields--linguistics and behavior analysis, respectively--rests on the pillars of their concepts and analyses. The influence of Bloomfield's analysis of language on Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior has been pointed out with regard to the following topics: use of the analogy model to explain, in part, the creativity of verbal behavior (Matos & Passos, 2004); the phoneme as a unit of analysis (Passos & Matos, 1998; Joseph, Love & Taylor, 2001); as well as science and scientific method, verbal episode, and meaning (Passos & Matos, submitted). These authors wrote on complementary subject matters: Bloomfield studied the language--or the practices of the verbal community, as Skinner prefers to call it--while Skinner studied the individual speaker's verbal behavior, for which the practices of the verbal community are pre-requisite (Passos & Matos, submitted). This paper focuses on the similarities in Bloomfield and Skinner's approach to the topics of speech-community, functions of language, and language and scientific activity. Leonard Bloomfield and his concepts of act of speech and meaning Bloomfield was the preeminent scientist in his field in the United States, and his influence was strongly felt in Europe, as well (Fought, 1995, Koerner, 2003; Robins, 1997, pp. 237-238). He shaped structural linguistics, and his teaching is at the heart of present-day linguistics (Hockett, 1984; Matthews, 1992/1999, pp. 139, 149, 2001, pp. 142ff). Bloomfield worked in the areas of general linguistics, the description of languages, and historical and comparative linguistics. In addition, he did research in scientific methodology and created instructional methods for reading and foreign language. His book entitled Language (1933/1961), praised by so many linguists (see, e.g., Bolling, 1935/1970; Coseriu, 1986; Edgerton, 1933/1970; Howatt, 2002; Kroesch, 1933/1970; Lepschy, 1982; Sturtevan, 1934/1970), earned the following comment from Hockett in his foreword to the 1984 edition: [The book] is considered by many to be the most important general treatise on language ever written. First published just fifty-one years ago, it towers above all earlier works of the sort and, to date, above all more recent ones. Its author systematically sets forth, in prose poetic for its simplicity, the crucial findings of linguistics up to that time, with a perceptivity and realism derived from his own wide experience, monitored throughout by a reverent respect for his predecessors and an intimate knowledge of their achievements. (1984, p. ix) A number of explicit references to behaviorism in his works attest to Bloomfield's embracing of it (see, e.g., Bloomfield, 1926/1970, 1927/1970, 1930/1970, 1931/1970, 1932/1970, 1933/1961, pp. …

The purpose of this article is to explore the use of music in treating children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) within Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) Verbal Behavior (VB) approaches and to augment the understanding of empirical mechanisms of language training techniques with music. The author describes the theoretical orientation and major principles of ABA VB approach that resulted from Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior for language training. Music's suitability for incorporation with ABA VB approach is demonstrated in terms of its functions as an automatic reinforcement. Musical stimuli as antecedent variables of verbal behaviors including motivational variables (i.e., establish operation), verbal stimuli, verbal prompts and nonverbal stimuli are presented. This article provides the theoretical and clinical implications for the use of music in ABA VB training by presenting various strategies for using music in language assessment and training. These clinical implications include an example of a music therapy language training session protocol with various interventions that can enhance verbal and nonverbal communicative behaviors in young children with ASD.

Establishing control by verbal stimuli over the listener with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), of which circumscribed stimulus control is a defining feature (American Psychiatric Association 2013), may represent a formidable challenge to the typical verbal community. Without directed intervention, individuals with autism often respond indiscriminately to other people’s verbal behavior (Petursdottir et al. 2008; Sundberg and Sundberg 2011). Verbal stimuli are particularly complex, because their effects on the environment are merely temporary. Once the speaker stops speaking, the verbal stimulus no longer exists. The complexity is compounded when the listener with autism is asked to recount events that happened in the past. Within such verbal episodes, the listener with autism may emit prepotent verbal responses under disproportionate environmental control (Kenny et al. 2014). Biro and Russell (2001) define prepotent responses as “an erroneous response that is called out either by some salient feature of the environment or by some feature rendered salient through previous learning” (p. 98). For instance, when asked in the evening, “What did you eat for lunch today?”, the listener with autism may reply with what he/she would like to eat for lunch tomorrow (disproportionate mand control), by listing food items presently on the dinner table (disproportionate tact control), or with partial echolalia (e.g., “Lunch today.”; disproportionate echoic control). Consequently, the speaker’s verbal stimulus fails to exact control over the listener with autism.

Formal and functional analyses of verbal behavior have been often considered to be divergent and incompatible. Yet, an examination of the history of part of the analytical approach used in Verbal Behavior (Skinner, 1957/1992) for the identification and conceptualization of verbal operant units discloses that it corresponds well with formal analyses of languages. Formal analyses have been carried out since the invention of writing and fall within the scope of traditional grammar and structural linguistics, particularly in analyses made by the linguist Leonard Bloomfield. The relevance of analytical instruments originated from linguistic studies (which examine and describe the practices of verbal communities) to the analysis of verbal behavior, as proposed by Skinner, relates to the conception of a verbal community as a prerequisite for the acquisition of verbal behavior. A deliberately interdisciplinary approach is advocated in this paper, with the systematic adoption of linguistic analyses and descriptions adding relevant knowledge to the design of experimental research in verbal behavior.

no conjunto das cincias naturais e sobre as razes de uma suposta morte da psicologia jamesiana e do behaviorismo radical. Finalmente,

Behavior that solves a problem is distinguished by the fact that it changes another part of the solver's behavior and is strengthened when it does so. Problem solving typically involves the construction of discriminative stimuli. Verbal responses produce especially useful stimuli, because they affect other people. As a culture formulates maxims, laws, grammar, and science, its members behave more effectively without direct or prolonged contact with the contingencies thus formulated. The culture solves problems for its members, and does so by transmitting the verbal discriminative stimuli called rules. Induction, deduction, and the construction of models are ways of producing rules. Behavior that solves a problem may result from direct shaping by contingencies or from rules constructed either by the problem solver or by others. Because different controlling variables are involved, contingency-shaped behavior is never exactly like rule-governed behavior. The distinction must take account of (1) a system which establishes certain contingencies of reinforcement, such as some part of the natural environment, a piece of equipment, or a verbal community; (2) the behavior shaped and maintained by these contingencies; (3) rules, derived from the contingencies, which specify discriminative stimuli, responses, and consequences, and (4) the behavior occasioned by the rules.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the origins of the method of profiling the identity of an unknown criminal. The development of the application of the possibilities of profiling the personality of a criminal and the practice of its application in the activities of law enforcement agencies in the investigation of crimes are investigated. Based on the concept of profiling, as from English. Profile is an integrated crime prevention technique by highlighting the characteristics of persons who committed a crime or are preparing to make it on the basis of psychological, criminological, criminalistic and sociological knowledge; a set of methods and techniques for assessing and predicting human behavior based on the analysis of the most informative signs, forensic portrait of a person, characteristics of appearance, non-verbal and verbal behavior, location, etc. We noted that there is a lot of research by foreign and Ukrainian scientists on the problems of using profiling technology, but not enough attention has been paid to the history of the practice of applying the profiling method. The main names of scientists and the features of their teachings were listed in the abstract, as the stages of development of the introduction of the profiling method in the practice of disclosing and investigating crimes by law enforcement agencies. We said that now the technology of the profiling method is not used as a mandatory measure in the investigation and disclosure of crimes. There are fundamentals of such activities, but it is too early to talk about the widespread use of profiling. At the same time, it can be noted that profiling was successfully used in the disclosure of some resonant crimes related to serial killings. We agreed with individual authors that research on forensic profiling and the behavioral aspects of crimes in Ukraine are in the early stages of development. We noted that since profiling is a young science, it is constantly evolving, and its fields of application are expanding. Today, profiling techniques are used in the field of preventive medicine to correct and prevent the emergence of diseases of psychosomatic etiology. There is also the so-called family profiling, with the help of which specialists try to help family members in solving their family problems. In addition to forensic, criminal and criminological, there is aviation, anti-terrorist, research, psychological, information security profiling, typological. Also, transport, hotel business profiling, personnel, banking and the like. We concluded that profiling technology is a universal comprehensive and modern tool that is advisable to use in law enforcement agencies in investigative, operational, personnel and administrative activities, etc. The history of its development is only gaining momentum. However, today, in law enforcement agencies, not only the profiling technique is not widely used. They do not use this term at all.

The PEAK relational training system (PEAK) is a comprehensive language and cognitive assessment and training curriculum. PEAK utilizes advances in verbal behavior, stimulus equivalence, and relational frame theories. Research on PEAK has amassed data at both the subject and population level supporting the psychometrics of the various assessments and implementation of the curriculum across clinical settings. This chapter summarizes the PEAK curriculum to date and reviews the history of relational frame theory as it extends from earlier work in behavior analysis using verbal behavior. Four curricula have been developed to target the learning processes of direct training, generalization, equivalence, and relational framing. There is considerable evidence of the efficacy of PEAK, primarily in application with autistic learners, although more research is needed from multiple labs and at the population level. PEAK can be implemented in both healthcare settings as well as in special education.

Even though gossip is a ubiquitous organizational behavior that fulfils important social functions (e.g., social bonding or emotion venting), little is known about how workplace gossip and its functions unfold in situ. To explore the dynamic nature and social embeddedness of workplace gossip, we develop a behavioral annotation system that captures the manifold characteristics of verbal gossip behavior, including its valence and underlying functions. We apply this system to eight elderly care team meetings audio- and videotaped in the field, yielding a sample of N = 4,804 annotated behaviors. On this empirical basis, we provide first insights into the different facets and functions of workplace gossip in real-life team interactions. By means of lag sequential analysis, we quantify gossip patterns that point to the temporal and structural embeddedness of different types of workplace gossip expressions. Though exploratory, these findings help establish workplace gossip as a dynamic conversational event. We discuss future interdisciplinary research collaborations that behavioral observation approaches offer.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VERBAL BEHAVIOR AND STIMULUS EQUIVALENCE WAS EXAMINED USING THREE SETS OF CHILDREN DIFFERING IN CHRONOLOGICAL AGE AND VERBAL ABILITY: (1) non-hearing impaired three and four year olds who had verbal skills generally consistent with their chronological ages; (2) partially hearing (severe to profoundly deaf) children who were rated with verbal ages of above 2 years; and (3) partially hearing children (also severely to profoundly deaf) who were rated with verbal ages of below 2 years. All children were taught a series of four conditional discriminations using unfamiliar stimuli. The children were then tested to determine whether classes of equivalent stimuli had formed. Although all the children were able to learn the conditional discriminations equally well and all the verbally-able children (normal and partially hearing) formed equivalence classes, only one of the verbally-impaired children reliably demonstrated stimulus equivalence formation. These results are consistent with the suggestion that stimulus equivalence and human verbal behavior are closely related.

With the continuous development of computer technology and the Internet, computer network security has become a hot topic in the society. How to improve the early warning and prevention ability of computer network security and provide safe, sharing and stable online environment for Internet users is also a concern. Therefore, the focus of this study is the design of computer network security early warning system based on network behavior, combined with Internet users' network behavior to provide design ideas for computer network security early warning, with Internet users' behavior characteristics as the detection index to test the computer network security early warning system early warning performance.

Correction to ?Modal behavior, cutoff condition, and dispersion characteristics of an optical waveguide with a core cross section bounded by two spirals?

Study on mechanical behavior of inclined cemented tailings composite backfill (CTCB) under uniaxial compression

The issue of difference in writing, both in terms of language diversity and modalities, has received increasing attention in the context of new developments in technologies, increasing global migration, and intensified intersections of cultural and linguistic practices accompanying these changes. Theories of language and modality are trying separately to develop ways to best respond to the challenges and opportunities brought about by these changes. Responding to scholars’ recent calls for bridging the gap between studies of multilingualism and those of multimodality, this dissertation offers an approach that, instead of separating the study of modality and languages, questions such a tendency to not only create dichotomies between these two, but also to assume the stability and discrete character of various modes and languages. I argue that dominant, additive models of multimodality and multilingualism deemphasize understandings of languages, modalities, and technologies as material social practices in a complex communicative ecology, thereby implying what Brian Street calls “an autonomous” model of multimodality and multilingualism. Going beyond the abstract notions of language and modality as stable and discrete, this dissertation urges us to see the material-social practice of language as always already multimodal, while also being part of the ecology of multimodal semiotic practices. This dissertation has been divided into five chapters. Chapter One introduces issues of multilingualism and multimodality and provides a brief theoretical background to analyze dominant assumptions about language and modality. Chapter Two interrogates social theories of agency and mediation, both humanist and anti-humanist and develops an alternative understanding of mediation based on cultural materialist theories of practice and new materialism. I discuss how theories of Bourdieu, Giddens, and Pennycook help us see seemingly isolated acts as parts of a nexus of sedimented practices, whereas Latour’s call to pay attention to non-human agents and mediation as translation makes us see how durability and change in practices do not depend only on human agents and social structures, but equally on the “missing masses.” Chapter Three and Chapter Four take up the theoretical insights from the previous chapters, arguing that major theories of multilingualism and multimodality retain some residues of monolingualism and monomodality either in assuming the discrete and stable character of languages and modes or in assuming individual users as stable and free-floating agents. In an attempt to overcome these monolingualist and monomodalist tendencies, these two chapters call for paying attention to the full panoply of (f)actors affecting semiotic negotiations of our