Road accident investigation using an object-oriented database

The continuation of the downward trend in the number of injuries arising from road accidents in Britain and the effectiveness of casualty reduction targets are both dependent upon the availability of improved high-quality information. This paper describes the development of, and issues surrounding, an experimental road accident database within a geographical information system (GIS). It highlights ways in which the quality and completeness of road accident data may be improved by providing a separate definition of the road network and considers the benefits of using an object-oriented database system.

Because of the increasing use of object-oriented database systems, special benchmarks have been developed to analyze performance. The benchmarks show unanimously that object-oriented systems are well-suited for applications that manage complex structures. Particularly, object-oriented database systems provide higher performance than relational ones. This is proven by synthetic schemas and elementary operations such as inserts and traversals, which are supposed to be characteristic for a lot of object-oriented applications. This experience report presents the results of a real application-specific investigation, comparing three commercial object-oriented database systems. The tests we performed took the elapsed times of an application “as a whole.” In spite of having characteristics similar to standard benchmarks, we obtained huge performance differences. To put it in a nutshell, standard benchmarks are not always meaningful and should not cause one to jump to conclusions. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Reducing road accidents pose a significant threat to public safety. However, many studies in road accident investigation and forecasting have utilized limited input and small data sets, limiting their influence and usability; and available large data sets that are confidential, either are old or include significant details about nature like natural causes (weather, points of interest, etc.). We have used machine learning concepts to identify the various factors that influence the severity of road accidents using dates, weather, regions, countries, and other variables to assist the research community in addressing these issues. We present these figures. in this paper, as well as an exhaustive rundown of information, got, from this data set with respect to spatiotemporal gamble factors.

Integration of object-oriented programming languages and database systems in KOPERNIK

Object-oriented databases (OODBs) have been used for many advanced applications requiring advanced modeling power. In this paper, a locking-based concurrency control scheme is presented for OODBs. The proposed scheme reduces locking overhead for class hierarchy which is an important property in OODBs. While existing schemes show good performance only for specific applications, the proposed scheme can incur less locking overhead for any applications. For the performance evaluation of the proposed scheme, simulation is conducted using 007 benchmark. Through the simulation, the proposed scheme is compared with the two existing techniques. The performance studies show that the proposed scheme is superior to existing works.

Impedance mismatch of data flow is the major problem in the relational database when one is using the web based application development on the computer system. It effects the development of scalable and reusable web application. Due to this, the research cost of development and maintenance increases. Therefore the present work is an attempt towards an object-oriented database system by using Db4o to overcome the impedance mismatch problem. In the current work, the development of web application for Indian Postal Services by using Db4o is demonstrated on dot NET platform. Before developing the application, the authors used a Unified Modeling Language (UML) model in the form of UML class, sequence and use-case diagrams. The Db4o is used to store the object-oriented database and the performance of Db4o is observed through several object-oriented queries and corresponding results are demonstrated.

Cyclic query processing issues in object-oriented databases are investigated. A data and cyclic query model is defined for an object-oriented database system, using a graph model. Then the efficient processing of a general object-oriented cyclic query is discussed. For efficient processing, a general cyclic query and the access plans generated for a given query are defined and a cost model is developed to determine the cost for each access plant generated. The retrieval algorithms used for actual data retrieval are also investigated. >

Many applications of object-oriented database systems demand high performance and require longer duration transactions. These requirements are contrary to one another. Two trends in modern systems can help improve the situation. Firstly, multiprocessors are becoming commonplace, and secondly, object-oriented database systems supporting multiple versions are becoming popular. Consequently, database protocols that are less prone to extensive blocking (as can be the case with the popular two-phase locking protocol) are needed in future systems. The authors' simulation studies have shown substantial performance improvements can be obtained by using multiversion protocols for database transaction management. These protocols provide higher throughput at higher levels of concurrency (which are achievable with multiprocessors) than their traditional single version equivalents.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Road accidents are becoming a global crisis which does not only cost human life but also affect the economic condition of a nation. Therefore it is gaining the interest of several researchers to analyze the influential factors behind road accidents and suggest the preventive measures. A large country like India is also suffering from a substantial amount of road accidents and try to incorporate improve road safety measures. In this paper, we evaluate the performances of different Indian states in road safety measures based on the recorded road accident data. The current analysis is based on a novel line encoding method which categorizes Indian states into three categories, i.e., best performer, average performer, and stragglers. Results have efficiently identified the states that reduce road accidents and the potential states which need to improve on road safety to a great extent. The outcome after ranking the states based on our approach shows there is a high linear correlation between accident rate with population and number of vehicles whereas accident and literacy rate shares an inverse correlation. The satisfactory results based on our approach definitely enlight the interdisciplinary research domains.

This research investigates the modal split of passengers’ transport in a new approach different from the dominant methodology of four-step demand model, using accidents data in calculation, assuming that the more accidents for a mode (cars, public transport, and bicycles), the more passengers who are using it. More than 100,000 road accidents are analyzed for consecutive four years in Hungary. Drivers, front-seat and rear-seat passengers are categorized through age intervals. Age distribution profiles for each mode of private cars, public transport, cycling, motors are developed after normalized the intervals with their corresponding population. Hypothesis of using the approach of finding passenger modal split through road accident data is tested as overall percentages in macro level as Hungary scale and selected cities in micro level for cities of Budapest, Miskolc, Pecs, and Szeged. Forecasting of the passenger cars split ratio is developed for four years ahead depending on time-series decomposition method. Results show that modes of passenger cars, and walking and cycling percentages are acceptable with limitations in reality, unlike public transport which is rejected at all times to be estimated through road accidents data, while forecasting passenger cars is convenient.KeywordsModal splitRoad accidentsPassengers transportPublic transportPassengers’ safetyForecasting

This paper describes the design and the implementation of OOPE, the graphical programming environment of the prototype version of O2, an object-oriented database system. One of the distinguishing features of this environment is that it mixes the functionalities of programming environments, of both databases and programming languages. Thus, it facilitates and fastens not only the schema design, but also the development of application programs. Another interesting characteristic is that it is being developed using as much as possible the functionalities provided by the O2 system, namely the programming language, the database and the graphics functionalities.

Object-oriented technology is an emerging information technology. Object-oriented database technology represents a breakthrough from the dominant relational model. Lacking the similar popularity and acceptance of SQL, object-oriented database management systems, however, are going through a difficult period of standardization. Due the complexity of object-oriented technology and the sophistication of distributed (Internet) computing, object database systems need an efficient and effective way to tackle the issue of heterogeneity and incompatibility. In this paper, we propose a syntax-based gateway model to bridge two key object standards of SQL3 and ODMU. The gateway model is methodological and systematic. The basic belief is that a real representation of the real world has to be discovered to resolve the middleware issue. In this method, we employ a set of general and generic components and constructs that compose a real world object system. We use the set to compare and contrast the composition of SQL3 and ODMG. We devise a limited set of conversion rules to convert the compositions one at a time. A transformation model is built. This approach is traceable and reversible because it is based on analysis design constructs. We have implemented the gateway model. The prototype is composed of an analyzing module, lexical scanner, and grammar parser.

This paper compares two approaches to meeting the data handling requirements of Intermedia, a hypermedia system developed at the Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship at Brown University. Intermedia, though written using an object-oriented programming language, relies on a traditional relational database management system for data storage and retrieval. We examine the ramifications of replacing the relational database with an object-oriented database. We begin by describing the important characteristics each database system. We then describe Intermedia and give an overview of its architecture and its data handling requirements. We explain why and how we used a relational database management system and the problems that we encountered with this system. We then present the design of an object-oriented database schema for Intermedia and compare the relational and object-oriented database management system approaches.

Analysis of road accidents in two mixed industrial urban zones, using nested Poisson and Negative Binomial models

With increasing use of technologies, the amount of accident data has been growing at an ever-increasing rate in the last few years. Government entities and private sectors have been busy and involved in collecting accident data on daily bases. Data for accidents is often among the most valuable assets since it helps in budgeting and implementation of policies and also helps policymakers to make decisions pertaining to infrastructure planning and development. But, as the mount of this data is growing, there is high demand and a need of finding methods, technique and tools to analyse such large volumes of data and find a solution to understand t he cause of increasing accidents in different regions of the world. In this research, we propose and implement a data mining framework to identify, analyse and determine attributes contributing to road accidents. The main aim of this research project is to implement a data mining framework for analysing the relationship between accident attributes and make recommendations for preventing the high occurrence of these accidents. This framework is evaluated with road accidents data from Khomas region, Namibia. The results demonstrate that the use of such an analytical tool can help in creating a knowledge base. The results find out that male drivers have massively contributed to the higher risk of accidents, especially, at intersections and during daylight. It also observed that young drivers are often involved in road traffic accidents happening in clear areas. Proportionally, old aged drivers are most likely to be involved in fatal accidents than in non-fatal accidents.