ROBOT APPLICATIONS IN GERMANY

Intelligent manufacturing is the theme and main direction of the “Made in China 2025” development strategy, and the application of industrial robots is an important direction of intelligent manufacturing. In the next few years, industrial robots will be widely used in various enterprises, which will inevitably require a large number of high-tech industries. Industrial robots are high-tech products of modern society and play an important role in the process of economic development, especially in the manufacturing industry. Industrial robot technology is widely used in automated production lines, so that industrial production efficiency can be greatly improved. Instead of manual labor to carry out various complex production and operations, to achieve industrial production automation. Analyze the application of industrial robots in automated production lines at this stage, and explore their future development directions, so that they can better serve the manufacturing industry. This article takes the industrial robots and PLCs in the industrial automation production line as the research object, and takes the automated production line for mass production of a product as an example. It explains the joint control scheme of the PLC controller and the industrial robot controller, and provides for the construction of joint control of similar production lines in the future.

The market for industrial robots grew rapidly during the 1970s and 1980s, with a peak demand in 1991. However, due to the subsequent recession in the world economy, the market for industrial robots has been slow or stagnant over the last decade. The value of industrial robots has decreased in that term, even though they have undergone considerable technical advances. On the other hand, human interactive robots for psychological enrichment are a type of service robots that provide a service by interacting with humans while stimulating their minds. As opposed to industrial robots, accuracy or speed is not always of prime importance. Their function or purpose is not simply entertainment, but also to render assistance, to guide, to provide therapy, to educate, to enable communication, and so on. The market for human interactive robots designed for psychological enrichment is expected to grow rapidly and to become more widespread. This overview explains human-robot interactions in terms of the relationship between humans and robots, in terms of the duration of these interactions and in terms of design issues affecting human interactive robots for psychological enrichment. Then examples of cross-cultural differences in the subjective evaluation of human interactive robots are described.

The production process of any type of product today is difficult to imagine without the use of industrial robots. Their versatility, production flexibility and wide technological capabilities make them an indispensable tool in modern manufacturing, including in such economically and strategically important industry as shipbuilding. In this regard, according to the authors, it is advisable to analyze the current situation and prospects for the use of robotization in industry, in particular, shipbuilding in Russia and abroad. The article presents statistical data on indicators of the level of robotization of domestic and foreign industry; describes the trends in the development of industry during its robotization, indicates the scope of application of industrial robots, etc. The factors of expediency of using robots in industry are analyzed. The inevitability of the general growth of industrial robotization and, as a result, a change in the economic structure in developed countries and, possibly with a certain lag in Russia has been substantiated. Identified problematic issues associated with the introduction and use of industrial robots in the domestic industry, in particular, shipbuilding.

Industrial robots play a vital role in transforming and upgrading the manufacturing industry. They harness automation technologies to drive industrial production and enhance their value through innovations in production tools and knowledge. This paper analyzes annual data from China's A‐share nonfinancial manufacturing listed companies during the period from 2007 to 2019, examining the impact of industrial robot applications on corporate cash holdings. The study discovers that the application of industrial robots notably reduces corporate cash holdings, thereby confirming the effect of capital allocation. The analysis rules out the possibility that this reduction occurs through alleviating agency problems. Mechanism analysis reveals that the application of industrial robots reduces cash holdings for precautionary motives by reducing labor leverage and enhancing labor productivity and operational efficiency. Additional tests reveal that the reduction in corporate cash holdings due to industrial robot applications is more pronounced in enterprises with intense market competition, labor‐intensive and nonstate‐owned enterprises. This study deepens the research focus on industrial robot applications and corporate cash holdings, providing a theoretical basis for policymakers to promote technological innovation and industrial advancement.

Industrial robot application technology is an important course for mechanical college students, and robot is a kind of relatively expensive equipment. So in the daily learning process of robots, there may not be so many objects for everyone to learn and train. In this paper, virtual reality technology is used to simulate the industrial robot and its scene. In this paper, three-dimensional modeling is completed by Solidworks software, and the industrial robot body is constructed. Then this paper uses 3DS Max software to model the application environment, assembly line and classroom which need industrial robot. Finally, this paper uses Unity3D software for virtual reality programming and simulation design. Through the design, this paper based on virtual reality technology for industrial robot technology and application courses teaching, building the basic line. This has laid a solid foundation for the later stage virtual reality technology to perfect the aspect of teaching.

With the rapid development of industrial automation, the traditional manual operation is no longer suitable for the development of modern enterprises, because the industrial robot control system dynamic response is fast, high position accuracy, strong overload capacity, so it is very suitable for t he production of mechanical parts and processing line automation transformation. In this paper, an air conditioning compressor company to the pump body production line for the theme of automation, the application of industrial robots instead of artificial automation production. Aiming at the transformation of the L2 series pump body assembly line in the assembly plant of the company, the industrial robot was used to transform the production line, and the program debugging was carried out on the site. The robot was able to run stably and work as required. At last, the actual working beat of the robot is calculated to be 13.7 seconds, which is 2.3 seconds less than 16 seconds in manual operation. Experimental results show that the actual working tempo of the robot can meet the requirements, and can improve the assembly efficiency and save manpower.

In this study, we aim to explain the large disparities among countries and regions on industrial robot application in terms of robot density and robot growth. Based on the premise that people in all cultures have the same potential for innovation, we propose a cross-level lens of cultural tightness-looseness to predict that, in the nascent robotics industry where rules and regulations are underdeveloped (i.e., a loose domain), people in tight cultures (e.g., Singapore, Japan, China) are more likely to innovate than those in loose cultures (e.g., the UK, U.S., the Netherlands) because their creativity is permitted in this or a few other loose domains only. We test this theoretical lens using multi-source longitudinal archival data on robot applications. Several significant findings emerge. First, there is a significant positive relationship between cultural tightness and robot application across 32 countries and territories from 1993 to 2022 (Study 1). Second, such a positive relationship also appears across 50 states in the United States from 1998 to 2022 (Study 2a), and across 31 provinces in China from 2008 to 2022 (Study 2b). Finally, the interaction effect between country- and region-level cultural tightness on robot application is significant (Study 3). These findings provide strong empirical support for our cross-level lens of cultural tightness and shed light on how cultural tightness at different levels interacts to affect incremental innovation (i.e., robot application) in a loose domain (i.e., the robotics industry). Moreover, these findings suggest that loosening tight control on certain domains of a tight culture would remarkably boost creativity and incremental innovation in these domains.

China has been the world's largest market for industrial robots since 2013. Industrial robots improve accuracy, safety, and efficiency in industrial production but have a substantial impact on the labor market. This investigation uses the task-based model to explore the relationship between industrial robots and employment across industries. This study uses industrial robot data from the International Federation of Robotics and employment data from the China Statistical Yearbook from 2010 to 2019 to examine robot applications' influencing mechanisms on labor demand in different industries in China. The results show a significant positive correlation between robots' exposure and labor demand for IT, health and social services, science research and technical services, and management of water conservancy and environmental industries. Based on the results, the use of robots promotes high-skilled talent employment and some third-sector employment, like education, food and beverages, utilities, household appliances, and transport. However, multiple regression analysis reveals that the use of robots has reduced employment in traditional industries such as agriculture and mining.

Programmable logic controllers (PLC) as the backbone of industrial automation adapt to each subsequent wave of technology. This is still true today, almost six decades after the first Modicon 084 programmable controller developed for General Motors. Innovations such as artificial intelligence, cloud and edge computing, IIoT, 5G networks, augmented and virtual reality are penetrating all possible areas of industry, and PLC controllers are no exception. Equipped with a modern functional arsenal, these compact industrial computer systems become the basic building block of intelligent automation, digitalization and Industry 4.0, enabling dynamic regulation and management of industrial processes based on data via real-time feedback. The global market for PLC systems is estimated at US$ 12.2 billion in 2024. It is expected to exceed 15 billion dollars by 2029. PLC controllers, which traditionally serve as the basis of process and discrete industrial automation, are becoming more widespread today adopting the principles of Industry 4.0 in various sectors. The impact on the increase in the need for them is the increased application of industrial robots in the automotive, electrical engineering and other industries. The industrial robotics sector is among the leading contributors to development of PLC systems and is becoming a key driver of the further development of the programmable controller market, and forecasts are that this trend will continue with the development of increasingly widespread robotization in factories around the world. According to the data of the IFR (International Federation of Robotics) from 2024. almost 4.3 million robots are already in operation.

Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) is an Operating System (OS) that does a task in a constrained time. The RTOS is integrated with the microprocessor or microcontroller for specialized applications where the time-bound completion of the task is very much substantial. ESP32 is a microcontroller that comes with a package of advantageous and suitable features for RTOS. The ability of equipment like motors, sensors, and actuators to multitask is critical in the Robotics and Automation (R&A) industry. In industries, a dedicated/centralized system allocated for a particular activity is not economically feasible; yet, when performing several tasks, some delay or lag is introduced in the task. Consequently, the proposed solution for industrial multitasking is cost-effective and efficient. The RTOS is suitable for machines constrained to do painstaking work, like a robotic arm or CNC drilling. In the R&A industry, a hardware interruption is often critical for an emergency, which may also be accomplished using RTOS. In such applications, implementing a software timer is also essential to delay a task for a period of time. Stepper and servo motors are widely employed in the R&A industries for various applications. This article presents the multitasking of four stepper motors and the introduction of a software timer, which will be developed when the stepper motor multitasking is implemented. For multitasking, the FreeRTOS library will be utilized.

Sucrose is an industrially important carbon source for microbial fermentation. Sucrose utilization in Escherichia coli, however, is poorly understood, and most industrial strains cannot utilize sucrose. The roles of the chromosomally encoded sucrose catabolism (csc) genes in E. coli W were examined by knockout and overexpression experiments. At low sucrose concentrations, the csc genes are repressed and cells cannot grow. Removal of either the repressor protein (cscR) or the fructokinase (cscK) gene facilitated derepression. Furthermore, combinatorial knockout of cscR and cscK conferred an improved growth rate on low sucrose. The invertase (cscA) and sucrose transporter (cscB) genes are essential for sucrose catabolism in E. coli W, demonstrating that no other genes can provide sucrose transport or inversion activities. However, cscK is not essential for sucrose utilization. Fructose is excreted into the medium by the cscK-knockout strain in the presence of high sucrose, whereas at low sucrose (when carbon availability is limiting), fructose is utilized by the cell. Overexpression of cscA, cscAK, or cscAB could complement the WΔcscRKAB knockout mutant or confer growth on a K-12 strain which could not naturally utilize sucrose. However, phenotypic stability and relatively good growth rates were observed in the K-12 strain only when overexpressing cscAB, and full growth rate complementation in WΔcscRKAB also required cscAB. Our understanding of sucrose utilization can be used to improve E. coli W and engineer sucrose utilization in strains which do not naturally utilize sucrose, allowing substitution of sucrose for other, less desirable carbon sources in industrial fermentations.

Most industrial robots are still controlled with motor-side feedback. To increase the accuracy of industrial robots, controllers with joint-side feedback and explicit consideration of the joint elasticity, such as linearization-based controllers, are needed. The key issue for the performance of linearization-based controllers is a high-fidelity model. Today, the drivetrains installed in the joints of industrial robots of the high payload class usually consist of a permanent magnet synchronous machine and a cycloidal drive. Such robot joints are highly nonlinear due to effects like hysteresis, torque ripples and friction. Therefore, the drivetrain dynamics are crucial for the experimental performance of linearization-based controllers for industrial robots. This paper identifies the challenges in linearization-based control of industrial robots with such a drivetrain configuration based on experimental results on a KUKA KR-210-2. Using an exemplary approach, it is shown that a linearization-based controller does not provide the theoretical performance due to needed model simplifications. For this purpose, simulation and experimental results are compared to a linear robot controller with motor-side feedback. These results indicate why such controllers are still a valid alternative for the practical application of similar industrial robots.

With the wide application of mobile robots in industry, path planning has always been a difficult problem for mobile robots. Reinforcement learning algorithms such as Q-learning play a huge role in path planning. Traditional Q-learning algorithm mainly uses - greedy search policy. But for a fixed search factor -greedy. For example, the problems of slow convergence speed, time-consuming and many continuous action transformations (such as the number of turns during robot movement) are not conducive to the stability requirements of mobile robots in industrial transportation. Especially for the transportation of dangerous chemicals, continuous transformation of turns will increase the risk of objects toppling. This paper proposes a new method based on - greedy 's improved dynamic search strategy is used to improve the stability of mobile robots in motion planning. The experiment shows that the dynamic search strategy converges faster, consumes less time, has less continuous transformation times of action, and has higher motion stability in the test environment.

The rapid growth of robotics and automation, especially during the last few years, its current positive impact and future projections for impact on the United States economy are very promising. This rapid growth of robotic automation in all sectors of industry will require an enormous number of technically sound specialists with the skills in industrial robotics and automation to maintain and monitor existing robots, enhance development of future technologies, and educate users on implementation and applications. It is critical, therefore, that educational institutions adequately respond to this high demand for robotics specialists by developing and offering appropriate courses geared towards professional certification in robotics and automation. In order to effectively teach concepts of industrial robotics, the curriculum needs to be supported by the hands on activities utilizing industrial robots or providing training on robotic simulation software. Nowadays, there is no robotic simulation software available to the academic institution at no cost which limits educational opportunities. As part of the NSF sponsored project, team of faculty members and students from Michigan Tech are developing new, open source RobotRun robotic simulation software which will be available at no cost for adaptation by the other institutions. This will allow current concepts related to industrial robotics to be taught even in locations without access to current robotics hardware. In addition, to teach emerging concepts of robotics, automation, and controls, authors present the design and development the state-of-the-art robotic workcell consisting of 3 FANUC industrial robots equipped with robotic vision system, programmable logic controller, a conveyer and various sensors. The workcell enables the development and programing of various industry-oriented scenerious and therefore provide students with the opportunity of gaining skills that are relevant to current industry needs.

There are many industries which uses various industrial robots for their production tasks like painting, wielding etc. In the majority industries human and robots shares the same work environment which results chances of accidents between human and robots if robots are not equipped with proper protection. In this paper, a new method is proposed to avoid such collisions between human and robot in automation industries. Most of time while externally adding this safety feature in the industrial robots you have to change either its programming or internal structure. The industrial robots like ABB robots which are widely used in industrial environment don't accept such changes. So this paper uses proximity IR sensors which are applied on ABB's IRB1200 pick and place robot. A controller is demonstrated using fuzzy algorithm implemented in MATLAB Simulink and Ardiuno. Finally RAPID based program helps robot to take proper action based on controller output.