Roma, Vienna e l’Oriente

The study presents the previously unknown list that contains terms designating diacritical marks above letters and punctuation marks, written out on fol. 111v of the Liturgical Miscellany (early 18th century, Vienna, Austrian National Library, Cod. slav. 93). The list offers the most comprehensive record of these marks in Serbian manuscript heritage. It may be assumed with great probability that the scribe of the Miscellany adopted these terms either from the Primer by Theophan Prokopovich, which was published on several occasions between 1724 and 1734, or another, earlier primer in the Russo-Slavonic language. This is indicated by the fact that this type of compendium contains almost identical lists of prosodic and punctuation marks.

The publication deals with modern concepts and models of the relationship between secular and religious power. Based on the system-structural analysis, the elements, mechanisms and tools for implementing public management and state building in Russia were chosen out of the existing theoretical concepts and practical models of interaction between the religious and secular power. The author singled out the unitary concept, the concept of maximum secularization, the concept of inter-sectoral interactions. Besides, the corresponding models of the relationship between secular and spiritual power existing in several modern states were described. It is concluded that it is extremely important to envisage the active development of an inter-sectoral social partnership, the elements and tools of which are aimed at the effective solution of a set of problems of social development.

The century between 1650 and 1750 was often being considered as the “century of orphanages”, which is partly true for Habsburg monarchy. Founded by secular and religious power a small number of orphanages were established in the cities of Graz, Linz, Salzburg and Vienna. The institution emerged from the old civic hospital (Burgerspital) but also from the early modern penitentiaries and workhouses. During the reign of Maria Theresa the reorganized state pushed a type of mercantile children institution which was initially close to manufactory. Due to failure of these theresian mercantilist institutions orphanages changed into a kind of breeding ground of military virtue which became discussed among the enlightened catholic and protestant scholars (Friedrich Nicolai and others). Children between the age of six and sixteen found shelter in this institutional halfway of workhouse, manufactory, school, monastery and penitentiary. The dispute on orphanages (“Waisenhausstreit”) in the 1760s raised economic, pedagogical and confessional questions. In the 1780s Joseph II decided to close the theresian orphanages and orphans were handed over to foster-parents. In the wake of this dispute working conditions for children were debated, but also education, school, and child care in general. The high mortality rates (orphanages as open burial shafts) turned out to be not the least point of discussion. Mid of 19th century saw the reinvention of institutional care for orphans – pendulum of arguments was swinging back.

This chapter examines how Alban Berg plotted to survive as a composer during the Third Reich. Berg’s opera Wozzeck premiered in Berlin on December 14, 1925, and achieved undisputed success eight years later. When Adolf Hitler became the leader of Nazi Germany, the works of many atonal composers, whether Aryan or not, were banned from performance in the country. Drawing on Berg’s personal documents held in the Austrian National Library, including musical sketches and drafts of letters, this chapter considers how Berg repackaged Wozzeck and his other opera Lulu in order to survive as a composer amid the harsh political environment during Hitler’s reign. It also comments on Berg’s desperation as a result of the Nazi government’s censorship of performances of Wozzeck. Finally, it considers Berg’s anti-Semitic tone in his opera, as well as his self-promotion to the point of aligning himself with Nazi Germany.

Hans Rott (1858–1884) was a contemporary and a friend of Gustav Mahler, his fellow student in the composition class, a brilliantly gifted musician. The year he graduated from the Vienna Conservatory (1878), he began work on his First Symphony in E Major, which suddenly made the author's name famous more than 100 years after its completion. During Rott's lifetime, his music was not publicly performed or published. The manuscript of the symphony had been in the archives for a century before it was discovered in the Austrian National Library in the late 1970s by the British musicologist Paul Banks. The premiere of the work in 1989 became a musical sensation: the opus by a young musician that appeared several years before Gustav Mahler’s first symphony had numerous "Mahler" elements, forerunning the symphonic style of the great Austrian composer. The musicological literature of the 1990s is engaged in the debate about Rott's priority in the creation of a “new symphony”. The scholars even highlight the need to “write the history of music anew”. Over time, academic judgements lost their sensational relevance and acquired a more objective and balanced character. The article is a reminder about certain aspects of the 1990s debate. It examines the reasons for the dramatic fate of Rott's symphony. It also discusses the hypothesis proposed by E. van den Hoogen about the hidden meaning of some Mahler's allusions— fragments of his symphonies containing “quotations” from Rott’s works. They may be viewed as direct references, an emphasis on the similarity, apostrophized by Mahler as a manifestation of the spiritual “kinship” he himself noted with his dearly departed friend. The apostrophe—an appeal to an imaginary, invisibly “present” interlocutor —can turn citation into a special form of creative dialogue.

Ketubim Fragments in the Austrian National Library: P.Vindob. H 11, H 14, H 104, H 119, H 156, H 191

The Book of Hours of Galeazzo Maria Sforza, V. Duke of Milan (Vienna, Austrian National Library, Codex 1856), the so-called Black Hours, is a Flemish illuminated manuscript with silver and gold ink on black coloured parchment from the third quarter of the fifteenth century. The severe deterioration of the parchment by the black colourant resulted in brittleness and numerous losses. This paper describes the history of the manuscript and previous interventions. The condition of the various materials was assessed and put in context with the other six black manuscripts that have been preserved worldwide. The fibre morphology, the hydrothermal stability and the investigation of the fibre structure in the Scanning electron microscope confirmed the degradation of the parchment fibres. The black colourant was identified as iron gall ink by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and Raman spectroscopy. The elemental composition of silver and gold was analysed with XRF. Based on these results, a model conservation treatment and a new preservation solution were developed.

The two-volume publication on the illuminated and illustrated Turkish manuscripts completes the series on artistically important Islamic manuscripts in the Austrian National Library that had started with the manuscripts in Persian language (1983) and continued in 1992 with the Arabic manuscripts. It presents 129 items including all the illustrated, and a selection of the ornamentally decorated Turkish manuscripts. Without exception, the illustrated manuscripts originate from Ottoman lands bet...

During the reign of the monarchy, the imperial apartments were· inhabited for about three· months a year. For the remaining nine months the windows were tightly shut and so the miniatures were relatively protected from the adverse influences of light, UV, the breath of visitors and dampness. These. miniatures a present dedicated to the Empress Maria Theresa ~ now urgently call for restoration. It was probably in 1762, when Johann Bergl painted the frescoes of the ceiling in this chamber, that the miniatures were cut out and the gaps covered with paint. Ignoring their pictorial content, the motifs were joined in purely decorative patterns. The miniatures which were left untouched are now in the Austrian National Library, compiled in two volumes (Codex min. 44 and 64) [3]. Inthese two codices the original and. splendidly brilliant colouring of the miniatures may be enjoyed. Unfortunately the colours of the miniatures in the Chamber· of Millions .have faded considerably through .the centuries.

A high-ranking official in the Imperial War Office in Vienna, Raphael Georg Kiesewetter (1773–1850) is better known for his musicological activities. An accomplished amateur musician, he studied with Albrechtsberger, hosted private concerts of early music, and was closely involved in the affairs of Vienna's Society of the Friends of Music. His important collection of scores is now in the Austrian National Library. He also wrote a number of books and articles, including a pioneering study of Arabic music which was the first to use original sources, owing to the assistance of orientalist Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall. Originally published in German in 1834 and reissued here in its 1848 English translation, the present work is considered Kiesewetter's most significant and remains accessible to the general reader. Based on an evolutionary approach influenced by the Enlightenment, the book presents seventeen epochs which are named after their most characteristic composers.

This study investigates in what way and why a knotted scarf called torque was depicted with certain text passages of the Willehalm manuscript in the Austrian National Library, the oldest and yet — due to its inaccessibility — rather neglected manuscript illuminated for one of the greatest late medieval bibliophiles, the king of Bohemia, Wenceslas IV of Luxembourg. It discusses the nature and possible meanings of this motif, which mostly appears in a cluster of the king’s personal emblems on the margins of his manuscript. Taking a closer look at the story of the Willehalm epic and the contextual relation between torque and plot may open up new perspectives on the entire emblematic programme of the king and shine a light on this highly evolved and still little understood coded language of late medieval rulership.1

Ms 18810 of the austrian national library has long been known to scholars as an important source of the secular works of Ludwig Senfl, Heinrich Isaac, and Paul Hofhaimer. Most of the remaining compositions in the manuscript, however, have been overlooked because they are either anonymous or by lesser-known composers. The purposes of this paper will be to discuss the manuscript and its contents, examine the musical styles found within it, and present an inventory more complete than that made more than eighty years ago by Josef Mantuani (1899, vol. 10, 219–24)’.

Tudor historians and literary scholars have long examined the various ways in which Henry VIII and his advisors used the psalms and King David's life to represent Henry's political and religious power. This article examines Katherine Parr's translation of John Fisher's Psalms or Prayers, a book that has not figured in studies of Henrician iconography, but that was one of the most influential acts of royal representation produced in the last years of Henry's reign. Parr's book was printed at a time of military conflict, and as I will argue, it served to represent Henry as an exemplary wartime Davidic monarch – one who was repentant, in need of divine assistance, and thankful for God's help. Parr's book also included an innovative ‘A Prayer for the King,' a translation of a Latin prayer for Henry that was itself derived from a prayer for the Holy Roman Emperor. This prayer explicitly aligns Henry with David and Solomon as it draws on verses from Psalm 2, Psalm 20, and the Book of Proverbs. Importantly, Parr made timely alterations as she translated the Latin prayer into English, alterations that underscore Henry's religious authority, his obedience, and his military prowess. Finally, resonances between Parr's book and the annotations that Henry made in his manuscript Psalter point to political collaboration between king and queen on this important wartime crown production.

Studies into the activity of the Congregation of the Index and of the Holy Office have examined extensively the history of Vatican’s practices of book censorship. While up until the sixteenth century the Church imposed substantial modifications to literary texts, mainly in order to moralise them, in the seventeenth and eighteenth century it used book censorship to preserve ecclesiastical doctrine and its own power. In the nineteenth century the Roman Inquisition aimed to discredit noxious literature – and the dangerous ideas it contained – through its inclusion in the Index of Prohibited Books. In the twentieth century, when the Church’s secular power was fading, the Holy Office reacted against modernism thus intensifying its campaign against pernicious literature, seen as the main medium through which modernist ideas could infiltrate public opinion.During the papacy of Pius XI, in particular, the policies of the Holy Office mainly aimed to support the interventionism of the Holy See and its attempts to ‘catholicise’ public opinion and society. The Italian case renders a clear picture of a transformed Roman Inquisition: analysing the proceedings against Gabriele d’Annunzio (Opera omnia, 1928) and Mario Missiroli (Date a Cesare, 1929) this paper will demonstrate how the Roman Index and literary censorship stood out as the core of the Church’s relentless attempt to forge a ‘catholicised’ society between the two wars and to regain – through the forbiddance of authors and books closely linked to fascism – the political and social influence that Mussolini threatened to take-over before and in the aftermath of the Concordate of 1929.

Evatt and Australian Diplomacy Alan Renouf, Let Justice Be Done: The Foreign Policy of Dr. H. V. Evan. University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, 1983, pp. 314. $19.95. Michael Denborough (ed.), Australia and Nuclear War, Croom Helm Australia, Sydney, 1983, pp. 270. $29.95 (cloth), $12.95 (paper). William T. Tow and William R. Feeney (eds.), U.S. Foreign Policy and Asian‐Pacific Security: a Transregional Approach. Westview Special Studies in National Security and Defence Policy. Westview Press (through Bowker Publishing Co., Epping, U.K.), 1982, pp. xiv + 264. $26.00 Dieter Braun, The Indian Ocean: Region of Conflict or ‘Zone of Peace? C. Hurst, London and Croom Helm (Australia), Canberra, 1983, pp. xii + 228. $22.95. Ashok Kapur, The Indian Ocean: Regional and International Power Politics. Praeger, New York, 1982, pp. xxvii + 227. $29.95. Louis Turner, Oil Companies in the International System. George Allen and Unwin, London, 1983, pp. 279. $18.95. George Philip, Oil and Politics in Latin America: Nationalist Movements and State Companies. Cambridge University Press, 1982, pp. xviii + 577. $97.00. Ali M. Jaidah, An Appraisal of OPEC Oil Policies. Longman Group, 1983, pp. vi + 150. No price given. Charles K. Ebinger, The Critical Link: Energy and National Security in the 1980s. Ballinger Publishing, Cambridge, Mass. 1982, pp. xxx + 260. $27.95. Edward K. Y. Chen, Multinational Corporations, Technology and Employment. Macmillan, London, 1983, pp. xv + 247. £25. Gavan McCormack, Cold War, Hot War. An Australian Perspective on the Korean War. Hale and Iremonger, Sydney, 1983, pp. 191. $24.95 (cloth), $11.95 (paper) M. P. Srivastava, The Korean Conflict: Search for Unification. Prentice‐Hall of India, New Delhi, 1982, pp. v + 120. Rs29.00 Immanuel C. Y. Hsu, China without Mao. The Search for a New Order. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1983, pp. xii + 212. $33.95 (cloth), $13.50 (paper). Ved Mehta, A Family Affair: India Under Three Prime Ministers. Oxford University Press, New York, 1982, pp. 166. $25.50. Nayantara Sahgal, Indira Gandhi: Her Road to Power. Frederick Ungar, New York, 1982, pp. xv + 260. £9.95. Chin Kin Wah, The Defence of Malaysia and Singapore: The transformation of a security system 1957–1971. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983, pp. xii + 219. $64.50. Gavin W. Jones and Hazel V. Richter (eds), Population Resettlement Programs in Southeast Asia. Australian National University, Development Studies Centre, Monograph No. 30, 1982, pp. x + 189. $12.00. Chai‐Anan Samudavanija, The Thai Young Turks. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, 1982, pp. 101. S$19.50. Denis MacEoin and Ahmed al‐Shahi (eds), Islam in the Modern World. Croom Helm, London and Canberra, 1983, pp. v + 148. $21.95. Roger Southall, South Africa's Transkei: The Political Economy of an ‘Independent’ Bantustan. Heinemann Education Books, London, 1982, pp. 338. £6.95. Sam Nolutshungu, Changing South Africa: Political Considerations. Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1982, pp. 219. £6.50. Richard Higgott, Political Development Theory. Croom Helm, London and Canberra, 1983, pp. xiii + $11.95. Escott Reid, On duty: A Canadian at the Making of the United Nations, 1945–46. McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1983, pp. xxi + 181. $Can16.95.