Ronald L. Mize, Latina/o Studies

Background: This paper emerges as part of a process lead by the National Academy of Medicine of Peru in close collaboration with other Latin American National Academies of Medicine, major universities and health professional institutionsObjectives: To describe and substantiate the importance of Person Centered Medicine (PCM) in the Latin American context. Methodology: Review of Latin American scientific literature and experiences on this issue and organization of academic meetings to deliberate on related problems, two preliminary ones in Lima in December 2013 and January 2014, a third one in Buenos Aires at the Second International Congress of Person Centered Medicine with the participation of the National Academies of Medicine of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru (November, 2014), and a fourth in Lima with the presence of the National Academies of Medicine of Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay and Peru (December, 2014). Results: Historical and contemporary, universal and local precedents to the gestation and development of a re-prioritization of medicine in relation to the Person in context are pointed out, articulating for such purpose science and humanism. The concept of Person in medicine from a philosophical point of view, including terminological, historical and human rights dimensions, are discussed. Upon these bases, the central concepts of PCM are considered, emphasizing its pertinence in clinical medicine as well as in public health, clinical care, education, research, and health policies. In regards to clinical education and practice, the PCM concept as a fundamental strategic principle, its programmatic educational applications and its institutionalization at a medical school level are proposed. The importance of ethical training and clinical communication as well as the appropriate use of technology and scientific evidence at the service of the Person are highlighted. Available institutional opportunities for health professional interdisciplinary education as well as Latin American educational perspectives are discussed. Scientific research on PCM is highlighted particularly concerning studies on conceptualization, measurement and diagnosis, including the need to construct narrative complementary instruments. Furthermore, perspectives on health policies centered on the person and the community are considered as well as contributions and recommendations derived from Latin American experience on this topic. Conclusions: PCM values biologic, psychological and socio-cultural scientific advances, processing them within the comprehensive framework of the Person, articulating science as an essential instrument and humanism as the essence of medicine. In contraposition to reductionist epistemological formulations, PCM proposes a medicine informed by evidence and experience and oriented towards the totality of the person.

Theotonio Dos Santos (1936–2018): The Revolutionary Intellectual Who Pioneered Dependency Theory

Mapping Jewish American Literary Studies in the New Century

Reviewed by: PURO ARTE: Filipinos on the Stages of Empire by Lucy Mae San Pablo Burns Emmanuel Raymundo PURO ARTE: Filipinos on the Stages of Empire. By Lucy Mae San Pablo Burns. New York: New York University Press. 2013. Puro arte, the word, describes the “labor of overacting, histrionics, playfulness and purely over the top dramatics.” Puro Arte, Lucy Mae San Pablo Burns’ thoughtful examination of its deployment (and cited as a 2013 Outstanding [End Page 113] Book in Cultural Studies by the Association of Asian American Studies), is “a way of approaching the Filipino/a performing body at key moments in U.S.-Philippines imperial relations.” Puro Arte, then, theatricizes and historicizes puro arte. Filipinos pose a challenge for theater. The possibilities for theater’s conceit of transformation is troubled when its actors are a group of people who are often understood as forgotten, invisible or misrecognized. Spanning the twentieth century, Puro Arte broadens the stage in which the Filipina/o body is displayed and acts out in an admirable attempt to depict how these figures transcends history’s shadow. The opening chapter, “Which Way to the Philippines? United Stages of Empire,” examines the dramatization of Filipino-American relations during the years leading to, during, and immediately after the Spanish-American War. Chapter two locates dance taxi halls as the site for the acting out of white male anxieties about labor displacement by Filipinos in the 1920s and 1930s. The third chapter, “Coup de Theater: The Drama of Martial Law,” is focused on dramatizations of Marcos’ dictatorial rule through the works of Sining Bayan (“Theater of the People”) and the first production of Jessica Hagedorn’s Dogeaters (1990) in the Philippines. The fourth chapter, “How in the Light of One Night Did We Come So Far?” looks at Miss Saigon (2000), Filipino actors, and the genre of the mega-musical as the intersection of frayed colonial histories involving Vietnam, France, and the U.S. Expanding what constitutes the stages of performance, Puro Arte is not constrained by physical, national or disciplinary walls. Not only is the mythical fourth wall broken down, disciplinary walls are breached. When the colored curtain is pulled back, what is revealed is the Third World, the Global South, or the diaspora that make up how contemporary history is understood. Duped by Americans whom they thought were their allies against the Spanish but who turned out to be their colonizers, the Philippines is a country of false starts and multiple potential beginnings. This is evident in Cory Aquino’s 1986 “People Power” that overthrew Marcos and resurfaced in 2001 as “People Power 2” when Joseph Estrada was toppled by Gloria Arroyo who, now, languishes under house arrest in a military hospital with charges of electoral fraud and theft. On the surface, this is the recycling of struggles between the masses and the elites or the elites and the even more elites or dynastic turf wars under the guise of “democracy” (popular, cacique, or otherwise). Underneath the regularity of the people’s call to and for power is the desire for a just political system that has yet to find its proper voice or appropriate body. In the meantime, all it has is its ability to act out or to embody puro arte as a way to fight back. Until then, we also have Puro Arte, Lucy Mae San Pablo Burn’s book, that is foregrounded in deeply observed historical context and a well-measured assessment of culture and politics imbued with thoughtful and caring sentiment. Puro Arte is an important study not only for those with interest in theater studies but important for students and scholars of ethnic studies, postcolonial theory, and Asian American history. [End Page 114] Emmanuel Raymundo Tulane University Copyright © 2014 Mid-America American Studies Association

Our Beloved Kin: A New History of King Philip’s WarLiterary Indians: Aesthetics and Encounter in American Literature to 1920Unscripted America: Indigenous Languages and the Origins of a Literary NationModernity and Its Other: The Encounter with North American Indians in the Eighteenth Century

christopher r. boyer is associate professor of history and Latin American and Latino studies at the University of Illinois at Chicago. His scholarship concentrates on the social and environmental history of modern Mexico. He is currently finishing a book on the social history of forest management in Mexico between 1880 and 1991, and he edited a volume of environmental histories of modern Mexico that will be published next year. His articles have appeared in the Latin American Historical Review, Historia Mexicana, the American Historical Review, and other journals. He is coeditor with Lise Sedrez of a University of Arizona Press book series on Latin American environmental history. His first book, Becoming Campesinos: Politics, Identity, and Agrarian Struggle in Postrevolutionary Michoacán, 1920 – 1935 (Stanford University Press, 2003) explains how the Mexican land reform influenced rural political culture in the 1920s and 1930s.vera candiani teaches colonial Latin American history at Princeton University. A specialist on the social history of technology and environmental change, Candiani is the author of “The Great Colonial Drainage: Conflict and Collaboration in the Transformation of Mexico City’s Environment” (book manuscript under review), and “Bourbons and Water,” in Mapping Latin America: A Cartographic Reader, edited by Jordana Dym and Karl Offen (University of Chicago Press, 2011).mark carey is assistant professor of history in the Robert D. Clark Honors College at the University of Oregon. He specializes in Latin American environmental history and the history of science, with a focus on climate history, natural disasters, water, health, and mountaineering. His book In the Shadow of Melting Glaciers: Climate Change and Andean Society (Oxford University Press) was published in 2010. An article, “The History of Ice: How Glaciers Became an Endangered Species,” won the Leopold-Hidy Prize for the best article in the journal Environmental History in 2007. He is currently writing a book on mountaineering history in South America and collaborating with geographers in a three-year research project, funded by the National Science Foundation, on climate, water, and export agriculture in Peru.keely maxwell is an assistant professor of environmental studies at Franklin and Marshall College. She has conducted interdisciplinary ethnographic, ecological, and historical research in Peru for over a decade. Recent publications include articles on Andean energy landscapes and on Inca Trail tourism and local livelihoods. A manuscript on the cultural politics of heritage conservation and tourism in Machu Picchu is in progress. Another of her research projects analyzes historic and contemporary vicuña conservation and commodification.matthew vitz received his PhD in 2010 from New York University and was a postdoctoral fellow at the Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies of the University of California, San Diego, from 2010 to 2011. Currently a visiting assistant professor of Latin American history at Dartmouth College, he is revising his dissertation, “Revolutionary Environments: The Politics of Nature and Space in the Valley of Mexico, 1890 – 1950,” into a book manuscript.emily wakild is assistant professor of history at Wake Forest University. She specializes in the history of Mexico and modern Latin America with a focus on social change, revolution, and the environment. Her book Revolutionary Parks: Conservation, Social Justice, and Mexico’s National Parks, 1910 – 1940 was published by the University of Arizona Press in 2011. Recent journal articles include “Border Chasm: International Boundary Parks and Mexican Conservation, 1935 – 1945” (Environmental History, 2009) and “Naturalizing Modernity: Urban Parks, Public Gardens, and Drainage Projects in Porfirian Mexico City” (Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos, 2007). At present she is working on a comparative history of transnational conservation and scientific research in Amazonia and Patagonia.

Since the 1920s, when scholars first began to specialize in Latin American writing, the subject of Latin American literary studies has grown from a small subset of Spanish and Portuguese literary research and teaching to become the largest field within Hispanism and a significant presence in comparative literature. The expansion of their place in the academic world has often prompted students of Latin American literature to wonder whether, in being swept into the mainstream, their field has not left out of account the historical situations of Latin American nations. These reflections lead critics back to a problem that has troubled Latin American thinkers since Independence: the achievement, or erosion, of cultural autonomy. Though undeniably close to major powers, the Latin American nations are unequal partners in trade and cultural exchange. Corresponding to their uneven and shifting relations with Europe and later the United States, their cultural life evolves following a distinctive historical dynamic. This article considers recent efforts by scholars and essayists to characterize the features that distinguish Latin America from more politically and economically advantaged nations. Special attention goes to those scholars who, drawing on anthropological research, examine communicative and expressive practices of indigenous origin, and those who borrow from economic theory to view Latin America as shaped by its history of dependence on more powerful nations and regions.

Look Away! considers the U.S. South in relation to Latin America and the Caribbean. Given that some of the major characteristics that mark the South as exceptional within the United States--including the legacies of a plantation economy, slave trade, and military defeat--are common to most of the Americas, Look Away! points to postcolonial studies as perhaps the best perspective from which to comprehend the U.S. South. At the same time it shows how, as part of the United States, the South--both centre and margin, victor and defeated, and empire and colony--complicates ideas of the postcolonial. The twenty-two essays in this comparative, interdisciplinary collection rethink southern U.S. identity, race, and the differences and commonalities between the cultural productions and imagined communities of the U.S. South and Latin America. Look Away! presents work by respected scholars in comparative literature, American studies, and Latin American studies. The contributors analyze how writers--including the Martinican Edouard Glissant, Cuban-American Gustavo Perez Firmat, and Trinidad-born, British V. S. Naipaul--have engaged with the southern United States. They explore William Faulkner's role in Latin American thought and consider his work in relation to that of Gabriel Garcia Marquez and Jorge Luis Borges. Many essays re-examine major topics in southern U.S. culture--such as race, slavery, slave resistance, and the legacies of the past--through the lens of postcolonial theory and postmodern geography. Others discuss the South in relation to the U.S.-Mexico border. Throughout the volume, the contributors consistently re-conceptualize U.S. southern culture in a way that acknowledges its postcolonial status without diminishing its distinctiveness. Contributors: Jesse Aleman; Bob Brinkmeyer; Debra Cohen; Deborah N. Cohn; Michael Dash; Leigh Anne Duck; Wendy Faris; Earl Fitz; George Handley; Steve Hunsaker; Kirsten Silva Gruesz; Dane Johnson; Richard King; Jane Landers; John T. Matthews; Stephanie Merrim; Helen Oakley; Vincent Perez; John-Michael Rivera; Scott Romine; Jon Smith; Ilan Stavans; Philip Weinstein; Lois Parkinson Zamora

The Midrashic Impulse

Notes on Contributors

In recent decades, numerous Latin American artists and theorists have invited their readers to see Western Civilization and the story of its elaboration from below, that is to say, from the global South. Publications that challenged representations of history and cultural encounters appeared worldwide around the 500th anniversary of the Columbus voyage. Others have considered Latin American economies and societies in light of globalization, as Latin American political and economic elites embraced neo-liberalism in the latter decades of the twentieth century. And as the last century closed, increasing numbers of working-class Latin Americans questioned neo-liberal policies, challenging them in elections, social movements, and popular protests that thrust debates into public view from Chiapas, Mexico, to southern Chile. In this socio-political context, creative literary works, as well as theoretical studies in the social sciences, have examined a history of colonization and economic injustice for diverse communities in Latin America. A key aspect of popular protests and literary works has lately included an interrogation of environmental questions: land and water use, resource exploitation and depletion, crises of human and ecological health. Faced with environmental, social, and economic transformations on a massive scale in an era of global exchange, authors like Tatiana Lobo (Costa Rica), Gioconda Belli (Nicaragua), Homero Aridjis (Mexico), and Luis Sepulveda (Chile) have considered how processes of economic change have transformed landscapes and affected human relationships with the non-human world in Latin America. In this study on ecology, coloniality, and modernity, I bring together scholarship from Latin American social scientists and from ecocriticism to consider two literary texts from Argentina: La tierra del fuego by Sylvia Iparraguirre and Un piano en Bahia Desolacion by Libertad Demitropulos. (1) Both La tierra del fuego and Un piano en Bahia Desolacion were penned by well-known Argentine writers, and each author has garnered an international audience for her texts. Iparraguirre won several prizes for La tierra del fuego in particular, including the prestigious Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz Prize in 2000. Demitropulos has also been recognized as an accomplished writer, having published numerous works before her death in 1998. Despite the international reputation of the authors, though, there have been very few scholarly studies published on their novels, either in Latin America or abroad. The few publications on La tierra del fuego have focused on the challenges it presents to official histories, a line of criticism closely tied to the production of post-dictatorial fiction in Latin America. (2) Of Un piano en Bahia Desolacion, I know of no scholarly studies at all, though there have been some published on Demitropulos's other works, particularly Rio de congojas. Both La tierra del fuego and Un piano en Bahia Desolacion can be situated broadly within the context of post-dictatorial fiction. In general, this fiction challenges the construction of history and memory in the wake of the trauma of dictatorship. The two novels considered here reach beyond recent crises to recover the memory of a marginalized Argentine landscape. In particular, they speak to the presence of the ecological and cultural diversity in Argentina that fell to an advancing capitalist frontier in the nineteenth century. The novels make explicit connections between human and environmental casualties of a new world order that took shape in an era of European colonialism and Latin American nation-formation. The novels also posit a retreat from modernity that is particularly significant in light of the context of the composition and publication of the texts. My reading of the novels shows how these contemporary works depict the great transformation and crisis of Latin American environments and indigenous societies in the nineteenth century. …

Contributors

Perilous Power: The Middle East and US Foreign Policy Dialogues on Terror, Democracy, War and Justice. By Noam Chomsky, Gilbert Achar, Stephen R. Shalom. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Press, 2009. 319 pp., $18.95 (ISBN-13: 978-1-59451-313-8). The United States and Latin America after the Cold War. By Russell C. Crandall. New York City: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 260 pp., $24.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-521-71795-3). America and Its Critics: Virtues and Vices of the Democratic Hyperpower. By Sergio Fabbrini. Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2008. 222 pp., $22.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-7456-4251-2). To See Ourselves as Others See Us: How Publics Abroad View the United States after 9/11. By Ole R. Holsti. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press, 2008. 234 pp., $24.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-472-05036-9). The Obama administration faces many challenges in the world from the ongoing war on terrorism and the quest for peace in the Middle East, to issues of the environment and trade. Each of the books reviewed suggest that the United States cannot solve these problems alone. Ole Holsti argues, “few contemporary international problems lend themselves to unilateral solutions” (p. 218). However, a hallmark of the Bush administration has been the idea that you are either with us or against us. This philosophy of unilateralism has led to short-sighted and reactionary policies that have unintended consequences. The alienation of our allies and the “wariness of China and Russia” have led to a situation where “we have more to fear from our own mistakes” (Chase 2002:8). According to Russell C. Crandall, the challenge for future policymakers is “not [to] let outdated assumptions…automatically lead us to foregone conclusions” (p. 247). The authors reviewed analyze American policy in different regions of the world, ask different research questions and use different methodological approaches. But the thread that ties these books together is a call for a more multilateral approach to foreign policy or, in the words of Holsti, “a cold eye assessment of policies and consequences” (p. 187). In Crandall's, The United States and Latin America after the Cold War we get an exhaustive look at American foreign policy in Latin and South America. Crandall contends that the end of the Cold War “diminished the ideological and strategic constraints that…dictated US policy” (p. xi). However, he states that political analysis of the region continues to suffer because we continue to view it through an outdated security paradigm. This text is an attempt to fill that gap in the literature by systematically addressing US policy through the post-Cold War administrations. He finds that America has “acted …

The topic of my discussion is American literature in the 1980s, with some predictions for its future. I will begin with aspects of the traditional literature as it is the basis for analyzing modem American literature. From this premise, I contend that American writers in the 1980s project tribal ethos, regional identity, and their cultural heritage to relate experiences in a modem context. American literature has a unique characteristic in that it does not originate from any one national ethnic group such as Jewish, Chicano, Puerto Rican, and black writers project. Although the misnomer Indian implies that America's aborigines have a common ethnic background, that is not the consensus among most Native Americans. Rather, individuals of American heritage do not identify with any national ethnic group; instead, individuals identify with one or more tribes in accordance with their parents' lineage, and in some instances, identify more specifically with village and band, such as in the Pueblo societies. It is essential, therefore, in any discussion about American literature in the context of ethnicity that it be viewed as a multi-ethnic literature. Without seeming redundant, yet for clarification I point out that American literature falls into two categories: traditional oral literature and modern fiction. As scholars of Studies also know, the oral literature in the indigenous languages was recorded in the Bureau of American Ethnology series published by the Smithsonian Institution in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by anthropologists and ethnologists. Ritual narratives and poetic chants, folk tales, legends, and origin stories, usually classified as folklore in general among academicians in American Studies, were transcribed from informants giving oral renditions and then translated by renowned anthropologists. It is generally accepted in the 1980s, however, that many of the translations are crude renditions of the originals. Yet in the recent past, many of the translations, especially poetic songs, were extracted from the B.A.E. text and published in anthologies for students of American literature. Naturally when the literature was lifted out of its significant cultural context, which in some instances was structured for ceremonial purposes, then the excerpts appeared trite or crudely vague, which also distorted the esthetic quality. The reaction to

The Latin American environment -- The Iberian background -- The Amerindian background -- Discovery and conquest -- The colonial governments -- Trade, resources, and competition -- The Independence of Spanish America -- Latin American boundaries -- Latin American international relations -- Latin American countries ca. 1975 -- Latin American population -- Latin American economies and society.