Rorschach Responses at Four Exposure Levels

Electrifying the automotive sector requires energy storage systems with high energy and power density, intrinsic safety, and long durability.[1] Lithium-based all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) are considered promising next-generation energy storage devices, as they possibly meet these requirements by replacing organic liquid electrolytes with non-flammable solid electrolytes (SEs) and by enabling the application of novel high energy density anode concepts.[2, 3] Among the SE material classes being pursued for use in ASSBs, sulfidic systems are considered particularly advantageous, as they possess high ionic conductivities and low Young’s moduli, enabling easier processing and densification compared to oxidic systems.[4] However, a rarely addressed key bottleneck to commercializing ASSBs with sulfidic SEs is the requirement on the environmental conditions during handling, processing, and assembly of the battery components, which will be dictated by the instability of sulfidic SEs towards humidity.[5] On the laboratory scale, this issue has been avoided by handling the sulfidic ASSB materials, components, and cells in argon-filled gloveboxes, but for the commercial production of ASSBs their manufacturing would preferably be done in a dry-room atmosphere.[6] However, very few studies exist that examine whether the dew points of typical dry-rooms are sufficient to handle and/or store ASSB components based on sulfidic SEs.[7,8] In this contribution, we will examine the dry-room compatibility of scalable sulfidic composite (Li6PS5Cl/HNBR) sheet-type separators,[9] investigating the influence of the exposure time to a dry-room atmosphere with a dew point of -48°C on the stability of the SE and on its electrochemical properties. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD) combined with Rietveld refinement and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the influence on the morphology and the formation of degradation products upon reaction with the small concentration of water in a dry-room will be investigated. The results show that only long exposure times (> 96 h) lead to a significant hydrolysis-induced change in the XRD diffractograms, which indicates the formation of degradation products such as Li2S, LiCl, and Li3PO4.By means of potential electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (PEIS), the impact of different exposure times on the Li+-ion conductivity of the sheet-type Li6PS5Cl/HNBR separators and the activation energy for the Li+-ion transport are investigated (cf. figure 1). While short exposure times (< 12 h) have a minor influence on the Li+-ion conductivity (lowering it from 0.3 mS/cm to 0.25 mS/cm) and a negligible effect on the activation energy, longer exposure times (> 48 h) lead to a ≈ 10-fold loss of ionic conductivity (to ≈ 0.03 mS/cm) and a drastic increase in activation energy.Besides measuring the loss of ionic conductivity, the separator sheets are also used for assembling LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2|LiIn half-cells, which are investigated using galvanostatic cycling. An analysis of the capacity profiles shows that an increased exposure of the separators to the dry-room atmosphere leads to a significant IR-drop, to lower initial discharge capacity, and enhanced capacity fading over several charge/discharge cycles. Further insights into these degradation phenomena will be gained by analyzing the dQ/dV plots, the mean (dis)charge voltage, and the full-cell impedance of the half-cells.Based on our findings, it can be concluded that moderate exposure times in a dry-room of up to 12 h have only a negligible effect on the chemical integrity and performance of sulfidic Li6PS5Cl/HNBR separators sheets. This opens the route of defining viable storage and processing times of sulfidic ASSBs cell components in industrial dry-room environments.[1] Y. Ding, Z. P. Cano, A. Yu, J. Lu, Z. Chen, Electrochemical Energy Reviews, 2, 1 – 28, (2019).[2] J. Janek and W. G. Zeier, Nature Energy, 1, 16141, (2016).[3] P. Oh, J. Yun, J. H. Choi, K. S. Saqib, T. J. Embleton, S. Park, C. Lee, J. Ali, K. Ko, J. Cho, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 61, e202201249, (2022).[4] A. Sakuda, A. Hayashi, M. Tatsumisago, Scientific Reports, 3, 2261, (2013).[5] H. Muramatsu, A. Hayashi, T. Ohtomo, S. Hama, M. Tatsumisago, Solid State Ionics, 182, 116 – 119, (2011).[6] D. H. S. Tan, Y. S. Meng, J. Jang, Joule, 6, 1755-1769, (2022).[7] Y.-T. Chen, M. A. T. Marple, D. H. S. Tan, S.-Y. Ham, B. Sayahpour, W.-K. Li, H. Yang, J. B. Lee, H. J. Hah, E. A. Wu, J.M. Doux, J. Jang, P. Ridley, A. Cronk, G. Deysher, Z. Chen, Y. S. Meng, J. Mater. Chem. A , 10, 7155-7164, (2022).[8] C. Singer, H.-C. Töpper, T. Kutsch, R. Schuster, R. Koerver, R. Daub, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 14, 24245–24254, (2022).[9] C. Sedlmeier, T. Kutsch, R. Schuster, L. Hartmann, R. Bublitz, M. Tominac, M. Bohn, H. A. Gasteiger, J. Electrochem. Soc., 169, 070508, (2022). Figure 1

The present investigation was designed to study the effect of area and exposure time of stimulus upon the fusion time of visual sensation. In the dark room two flashes of light were presented successively at an identical location for equal brief durations. Two kinds of thresholds were measured. One of them Was the threshold of fusion and this was defined as. the longest time internal between the two stimuli which produced a single impression (tf), and the other was the threshold of separation and this was defined as the shortest time interval which produced an impression that the second stimulus appeared after the complete disappearance of the first stimulus, i. e., the shortest time interval for perceiving dark interval between the stimuli (ts). So the present experiment was different from the flicker experiment in several points. Using the monocular and foveal vision, the following results were obtained.1. As the area of stimulus was enlarged, ts became smaller. But after ts reached its minimum value at some area, it remained approximately constant within some range of area, then it increased when the area was further enlarged. The value of tf was much smaller than ts, and, in addition, tf became smaller when the stimulus area was enlarged.2. As the exposure time of stimulus was lengthened, ts became smaller.3. Regardless of the length of the exposure time, tf remained approximately constant.4. Presenting two stimuli in differentloci successively, the threshold of simultaneity (tsi) was measured for comparable time interval to the above tf. The threshold of simultaneity was defined as the longest time interval that both stimuli appeared simultaneously. It was found that tsi increased in proportion to the logarithm of the visual angle between the stimuli within 19 degrees of visual angle. When both the visual angle and the perceived distance between the stimuli were held constant, the value of tsi remained the same, regardless of the variation in the objective distance between the stimuli on the one hand and the observing distance on the other.

Animacy perception-discriminating between animate and inanimate visual stimuli-is the basis for engaging in social cognition and for our survival (e.g., avoiding potential danger). Previous studies indicate that factors in a target, such as the features or motion of a target, enhance animacy perception. However, factors in a perceiver, such as the visual attention of a perceiver to a target, have received little attention from researchers. Research on judgment, decision-making, and neuroeconomics indicates the active role of visual attention in constructing decisions. This study examined the role of visual attention in the perception of animacy by manipulating the exposure time of targets. Among Studies 1a to 1c conducted in this study, participants saw two face illustrations alternately; one of the faces was shown to be longer than the other. The participants chose the face that they considered more animated and rounder. Consequently, longer exposure time toward targets facilitated animacy perception and preference rather than the perception of roundness. Furthermore, preregistered Study 2 examined the underlying mechanisms. The results suggest that mere exposure, rather than orienting behavior, might play a vital role in the perception of animacy. Thus, in the reverse relationship between visual attention and animacy perception, animate objects capture attention-attention results in the perception of animacy.

To obtain long term corrosion and steam oxidation data for the 9–12%Cr ferritic steels, test tube sections have been exposed in Amager 3 and Avedøre 1 coal fired power plants in Denmark (formerly run by ENERGI E2). Thus direct comparisons can be made for T91 and T92 for the 9%Cr steels and X20CrMoV121 and HCM12 for the 12%Cr steels. The test tubes were welded in as part of the existing final superheaters in actual plants and exposure has been conducted over a ten year period (1994–2005). Compared to the older steel types, T92 and HCM12 utilise tungsten to improve their creep strength. From Avedøre I testing, T91 and T92 can be compared for exposure times up to ∼48 000 h exposure. From Amager 3 testing, X20, HCM12 and T92 were tested; T92 has been exposed for up to 31 000 h and X20 and HCM12 have had 84 500 h exposure. Tube sections were removed for various exposure durations such that steamside oxidation and fireside corrosion could be investigated with respect to exposure time. The fireside corrosion rate was assessed by oxide thickness and in some cases residual metal thickness. The growth of steamside oxide was assessed by inner oxide thickness. The microstructure and chromium content of the corroded layers has been investigated using light optical and scanning electron microscopy. The fireside corrosion rate for the T92 and HCM12 steels are comparable to those of T91, however X20CrMoV121 has a higher fireside corrosion rate after the longest exposure time. For steamside oxidation, it was HCM12 that revealed high oxidation rates after the longest exposure time.

This paper aims at simplified high dynamic range (HDR) image generation with non-modified, conventional camera sensors. One typical HDR approach is exposure bracketing, e.g. with varying shutter speeds. It requires to capture the same scene multiple times at different exposure times. These pictures are then merged into a single HDR picture which typically is converted back to an 8-bit image by using tone-mapping. Existing works on HDR imaging focus on image merging and tone mapping whereas we aim at simplified image acquisition. The proposed algorithm can be used in consumer-level cameras without hardware modifications at sensor level. Based on intermediate samplings of each sensor element during the total (pre-defined) exposure time, we extrapolate the luminance of sensor elements which are saturated after the total exposure time. Compared to existing HDR approaches which typically require three different images with carefully determined exposure times, we only take one image at the longest exposure time. The shortened total time between start and end of image acquisition can reduce ghosting artifacts. The experimental evaluation demonstrates the effectiveness of the algorithm.

Aluminum at environmental concentrations affects the sperm quality of the freshwater teleost Astyanax altiparanae: An in vitro study

Time and concentration dependency of the toxicity of excitatory amino acids on cerebral neurones in primary culture

A methodology is developed to perform laser hazard analyses to support field tests of high-energy lasers. This methodology considers realistic worst-case event analyses of specular reflections from planar and cylindrical targets. Our approach uses three models of event data for hazard estimation: Beam propagation to determine the size of the laser beam on the target;Reflected irradiance, which depends on the target shape and bi-directional reflectance distribution function;Exposure time, which is used to calculate the maximum permissible exposure and depends on the locations and velocities of the laser, target, and observer. For HEL field testing, the reflected laser hazard analysis was performed using the Specular Methodology; atmospheric attenuation is not included in the analysis since the resulting hazard distances are not sufficiently long for emissions from these tests. This methodology considers only specular reflections to derive analytical expressions for the irradiance and exposure time at observer locations. The hazard or injury distance is derived from these values. Specular reflections have the longest hazard distances, and this methodology determines more realistic and thus less restrictive exposure times compared to assuming the events and risks at longest exposure time. While the Specular Methodology is an approximation of reflected laser light compared to high-fidelity simulations, it performs calculations much more rapidly and can allow real-time assessment and attenuation of laser during use. Reflected Nominal Ocular Hazard Distances (R-NOHD) were calculated and presented for several targets for the HEL.

Objective: To analyse selected malocclusion risk factors, their exposure time and overall malocclusion risk scores. Material and Methods: The self-prepared questionnaires were collected at dental practitioners’ waiting rooms from 6/2014 to 12/2015. The study group consisted of patients treated by dental braces (n=82; 15.5±4.4 years) and the control group consisted of other patients not treated by dental braces (n=45; 17.6±4.7 years). Data were processed by the statistical program SPSS using descriptive statistics. To verify the hypothesis wad used two sample t-test to compare the average exposure scores and the exposure time between the two groups. To determine associations between categorical variables was used Chi-square test. Statistical significance was set at p-value <0.05. Results: Our results confirmed longer exposure times in all studied malocclusion risk factors, in the case of pacifier sucking the difference was significant (p=0.001). The longest exposure time was found in mouth breathing in the study group (12.2±6.5 years). The lip sucking/chewing cannot be confirmed as a malocclusion risk factor. The study group had higher level of an overall mean risk score (19.8±11.5) compared the control group (16.1±12.1), although not significant. It can be concluded that non-nutritive sucking habits and/or mouth breathing could have damaging effect to normal teeth development. Conclusion: Malocclusions could be preventable, thus we recommend setting up educational programs for dentists and paediatricians as well as for parents focusing on the improvement of oral health knowledge.

Purpose. To investigate the role of indocyanine green (ICG) dye as a causative material of toxic anterior segment syndrome (TASS) in an experimental rabbit model. Method. Eight eyes of four rabbits were allocated to this study. Capsular staining was performed using ICG dye, after which the anterior chamber was irrigated with a balanced salt solution. The effects of different concentrations (control, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0%), exposure times (10 and 60 seconds), and the degree of dissolution (differently vortexed) were investigated. The analysis involved anterior segment photography, ultrasound pachymetry, prostaglandin assay (PGE2 Parameter Assay, R&D systems, Inc.), and scanning electron microscopy of each iris. Result. There was no reaction in the control eye. A higher aqueous level of PGE2 and more severe inflammatory reaction were observed in cases of eyes with higher concentration, longer exposure time, and poorly dissolved dye. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy revealed larger and coarser ICG particles. Conclusion. TASS occurrence may be associated with the concentration, exposure time, and degree of dissolution of ICG dye during cataract surgery.

Effect of povidone–iodine concentration and exposure time on bacteria isolated from endophthalmitis cases

Modal-independent Pattern Recognition Deficit in Developmental Dyscalculia Adults: Evidence from Tactile and Visual Enumeration

Effects of prolonged exposure to cisplatin on cytotoxicity and intracellular drug concentration

MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 220:119-130 (2001) - doi:10.3354/meps220119 Photosynthetic response of Amphibolis antarctica and Posidonia australis to temperature and desiccation using chlorophyll fluorescence S. Seddon1,2,*, A. C. Cheshire2 1Department of Environmental Biology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 5005 2South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI) (Aquatic Sciences), PO Box 120, Henley Beach, Adelaide, Australia 5022 *E-mail: seddon.stephanie@saugov.sa.gov.au Present address: SARDI ABSTRACT: Exposure to desiccation during heat wave conditions (≥35°C) is considered the most likely cause of a sudden dieback of 12700 ha of intertidal and shallow subtidal seagrasses along 95 km of coast in Spencer Gulf, South Australia. To investigat this hypothesis experiments in a constant environment (CE) room were designed to test the tolerances of 2 shallow subtidal species, Amphibolis antarctica and Posidonia australis, to desiccation for a range of temperatures and exposure times. The first experiment compared the effects of increasing exposure time (15, 30, 45, 60, 80 and 100 min) on photosynthetic efficiency at a relatively mild summer temperature (CE room set to 24°C). The second experiment compared the effects of increasing temperature (CE room temperature set to 18, 24, 28 or 32°C) and exposure time (0, 20 and 60 min). Photosynthetic efficiency, damage and extent of recovery were determined by chlorophyll fluorescence measured using a pulse amplitude modulated fluorometer. The ability of both species to recover from desiccation decreased at higher temperatures and longer exposure time, with P. australis more susceptible to desiccation than A. antarctica. The results indicate that higher temperatures alone did not significantly affect photosynthetic efficiency for either species. Four main responses for maximal quantum yield over a time series were apparent: (1) no difference from controls, (2) a significant degree of photosystem II inhibition followed by complete or (3) partial recovery, and (4) complete inhibition of photosystem II with no recovery. Short exposures to desiccation at lower temperatures generally resulted in moderate stress followed by complete recovery, while at higher temperatures there was only partial recovery, particularly for P. australis. However, both species exposed for 1 h at the highest temperature showed no signs of photosynthetic recovery up to18 h after re-immersion, suggesting that significant seagrass dieback is plausible under these conditions in situ, particularly if the seagrasses were exposed to repeated desiccation on consecutive days. KEY WORDS: Seagrass dieback · Pulse amplitude modulated fluorometer · Chlorophyll fluorescence · Inhibition · Recovery Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 220. Online publication date: September 27, 2001 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2001 Inter-Research.

Laboratory X-ray microscopy for high-resolution imaging of environmental colloid structure