Rubidium and Rubidium Compounds

Concerns, Experiences, Attitudes and Practices of Food Market Managers Regarding Sanitation and Safe Food Handling Procedures

Chemotherapy administration was once limited to inpatient oncology units. Over time, outpatient facilities, physicians' private offices, and patients' homes have become popular areas to administer chemotherapeutic agents. Chemotherapy has been successful in treating malignancies and recently has been proved to be effective in nononcology patients as well. The expanded use of these agents has created the need to amplify safe handling practices among health care providers. Evidence indicates that there is a heightened awareness of safe handling practices and the increased availability of the necessary tools. However, health care professionals resist protecting themselves. To avoid the potential risks associated with working with these agents, it is imperative to appreciate the dangers of these hazardous medications, to adhere to the safety mechanisms, and to use the available safety resources on a daily basis. Continuous education of health care providers is fundamental to ensuring safety and positive outcomes. Safe handling procedures can be implemented by adhering to the current standards and integrating them into policies and procedure manuals at practicing institutions.

Varying influences of motivation factors on employees' likelihood to perform safe food handling practices because of demographic differences.

The synthesis and catalytic activity of polymeric compounds containing alkali metals

This chapter covers the following topics: survey of the alkali metals, structure and bonding in inorganic alkali metal compounds, structure and bonding in organic alkali metal compounds, alkalides and electrides, survey of the alkaline-earth metals, structure of compounds of alkaline-earth metals, organometallic compounds of Group 2 elements, alkali and alkaline-earth metal complexes with inverse crown structures, as well as alkaline-earth metal hydrides.

Client Assessment and its Inextricable Link with Safe Manual Handling Procedures in the Aged Care Industry

Hazard analysis critical control point application to quantity cooking recipes: One experience in a cook/chill operation

Background and importanceThe occupational risk due to exposure to hazardous drugs (HDs) has been a mounting concern to healthcare professionals, including in nursing homes.Aim and objectivesTo study the impact of...

Approximately sixteen tons of mixed uranium and Zircaloy-2 (Zt-2) lathe turnings and abrasive saw fines are generated each year by the Douglas United Nuclear (DUN) fuels manufacturing process for fabricating coextruded Zircaloy-2 clad, metallic uranium fuel elements for N Reactor. Both uranium and Zr-2 fines are pyrophoric and require safe handling and storage procedures. Currently, the processing of enriched uranium requires configuration and mass limits for processing, storing, and shipping to prevent an accidental criticality. The uranium scrap generated at DUN is shipped to National Lead Company of Ohio (NLO) at Fernald, Ohio, for uranium recovery. Control of possible pyrophoricity requires that uranium and Zr-2 fines be stored under water to preclude contact with air, and for off-site shipment, be converted to a more stable form by burning to oxides.

Most laboratories have their own rules for the handling of such substances, but when in doubt operate under the most stringent conditions, e.g. wear disposable gloves and work in a fume cupboard. For further guidance reference can be made to, for example, the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) regulations in the UK and Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) in the USA.All biological samples should be considered as potentially infectious, especially those from primates and man. Fortunately the two species used for antibody raising, i.e. sheep and rabbits, pose minimum threat of serious infection to those developing and working with immunoassays.

Following an accident or derailment involving a freight train, emergency response, salvage, and repair personnel need to clear the right-of-way, repair the tracks, and remove the damaged rail cars. If the train contains pressure tank cars the potential hazard and safe handling procedures need to be determined prior to salvage and repair activities. The severity of the damage determines the appropriate course of action such as rerailing or unloading the damaged cars. The operations must avoid the risk to response personnel of a delayed rupture. A research program was performed to establish the validity of the existing industry guidelines for assessment of damaged pressure tank cars. The research program first focused on evaluating the technical foundation for the existing guidelines and the degree to which they have been validated. We then designed a program of experiments and analyses to validate the guidelines and estimate their margins of safety. The experimental effort used laboratory specimens to provide material property data as well as validation data for the analyses. The analyses used three different approaches: nonlinear elasto-plastic finite element simulations for modeling denting behavior, elasto-plastic fracture mechanics for analysis of cracks, and nonlinear finite element simulations combined with local fracture theories to quantify the severity of scores, gouges, and rail bums (longitudinal damage features caused by sliding a tank along a rail). This paper emphasizes the latter aspect of the work.

The impacts of hydrothermal and dilute acid pretreatments and alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEMs) on the thermal degradation of biomass were studied. Besides, the influence of these pretreatments on the biomass ash properties was investigated. The influence of pretreatments on the biomass thermal degradation was manifested in the removal of potassium out of the biomass. The presence of potassium in the biomass catalyzed cellulose thermal degradation and increased the char percentage at temperatures higher than 380 °C. Pretreatments were effective at removing the potassium from biomass and dramatically reduced the char percentage at temperatures higher than 380 °C. It was found that the best burning temperature for biomass ash production was 500 °C because at this temperature the thermal degradation of biomass was completed under pure combustion. It was shown that when burning biomass in oxygen-limited environments, removing AAEMs, particularly potassium, will improve the quality of ash as a potential candidate for supplementary cementitious materials for concrete application.

The published data on the solubilities of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium carbonates; sodium bicarbonate; sodium sulphide; potassium and sodium cyanides; orthophosphates, hydro- and dihydroorthophosphates of potassium and sodium, as well as sodium pyrophosphate in methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, benzyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, methyl cellosolve and glycerol have been considered and collected. A little bit information for salts has been taken from the most common solubility handbooks, but most of data was selected from scientific articles. There is an acid-base equilibrium with the formation of the corresponding alcoholates in the systems "potassium or sodium carbonate/methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether", "sodium sulphide/methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, 2-methyl-1-pro-panol, benzyl alcohol", "potassium cyanide/methanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol", "potassium or sodium orthophosphate/ethylene glycol", and "sodium pyrophosphate/ethylene glycol". The mechanism of the reaction of alcoholysis and the formation of alcoholates from the alkali metal salts and alcohols is based on the distribution of the components in phases. Analysis of all phases in the alcohol solutions of alkali metal salts proved the presence of an alcoholysis reaction in some salt/alcohol systems. The concentrations of dissolved salts in alcoholate-generating systems are significantly lower than those determined by the gravimetric method without taking into account the alcoholysis reaction and are considered in the common handbooks "solubilities of the corresponding salts in alcohols". A classification of inorganic alkali metal salts reacting with alcohols in the alcoholysis reaction has been proposed. The analysis of literature data showed that along hydroxides and alkali metal salts, the hydrides, organometallic compounds, acetylenides, nitrides, amides (including alkyl amides) as well as azides can react with alcohols to form alkoxides by alcoholysis reaction. Alcoholysis of salts can be considered as a promising method for the production of alkali metal alkoxides in which the salt is used instead of metal or hydroxide.

The appeal of mineral carbonation (MC) as a process technology for scalable and long-term CO2 reduction, is that it is a solution that has the sequestration capacity to match the amount of CO2 emitted from energy generation and industrial activities [1, 2, 3]. Many inorganic materials such as minerals [4, 5], incineration ash [6, 7], concrete [8, 9] and industrial residues [10, 11] are potentially huge sinks for anthropogenic CO2 emissions. These materials are typically abundant sources of alkaline and alkaline-earth metal oxides, which can react naturally with CO2 to form inorganic carbonates and bicarbonates. In addition, their products are thermodynamically stable and relatively inert at ambient conditions. On paper, MC should be able to fully sequester all anthropogenic CO2 emissions, since the abundance of magnesium and calcium atoms on Earth far exceeds the total amount of carbon atoms [12, 13]. However, despite the apparently favorable pre-conditions, we still observe a net accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere because the rates of reaction to form (bi)carbonates in nature are too slow compared to the current rate at which CO2 is being emitted [14, 15]. If left to their own devices, thousands of years are needed to achieve any substantial sequestration of CO2 [16]. This is clearly not rapid enough to solve the pressing problem of climate change that is already affecting us now. Therefore there is a need to employ mineral carbonation as an artificial method to accelerate the rates of CO2 sequestration. In this chapter, we will take a look into the chemistry and thermodynamics of mineral carbonation and discuss some of the main obstacles to large scale MC implementation. Additionally, we highlight the types of starting materials from which basic alkaline-earth metal oxides can be obtained and discuss how their abundance and properties affect MC performance. We will also give a short review of current research in the area to develop MC into viable and economic processes, with some focus on the main categories of process designs and their working principles. We will then look at MC from a techno-economic standpoint and assess the opportunities to integrate MC into the existing industrial and environmental landscape. Lastly, we conclude the chapter with a hypothetical scenario of MC deployment in Singapore, an economically developed but land-scarce country under threat by rising sea levels.

We report five new discrete molecular arsenic-based chalcophosphates, K(7)As(3)(P(2)Se(6))(4) (1), K(6)As(2)(P(2)Se(6))(3) (2), Cs(6)As(2)(P(2)Se(6))(3) (3), and Cs(5)As(P(2)Q(6))(2) [Q = Se (4a) and S (4b)]. Each of the compounds contains unique complex anions comprised of common building blocks that have condensed to produce these anions. Phosphorus forms well-known [P(2)Q(6)](4-) moieties in all of the compounds that are bridged by arsenic trigonal pyramids in 1 and 2 and distorted octahedra in 3, 4a, and 4b. Although 2 and 3 have the same molecular formula, the structural difference between the two salts is attributed to the size of the alkali metal. The influence of flux basicity also seems to play a role in the formation of the molecular anion in 4a and 4b, which has been observed with other trivalent main-group elements at the octahedral position but only with the highly basic cesium alkali metal as the counterion. All structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and are discussed along with phase-purity powder X-ray diffraction, thermal analyses, electronic absorption, and Raman spectroscopy.