Rural Entrepreneurship: A Rural Value Approach

Rural entrepreneurship development is one of the strategies for encouraging the acceleration of rural development by focusing on the exploration of local resources. The role of rural entrepreneurship is crucial in creating new economic activities that can help to reduce unemployment and poverty, especially in rural areas. One of the Indonesian government's programs for encouraging rural entrepreneurship is establishing BUMDes - a village-owned enterprise. This study aims to propose a participatory rural development model to optimize stakeholder collaboration in promoting local economic growth in rural areas. This study uses a qualitative method with a multi-case study approach. There are three BUMDes from three regencies in West Java, Indonesia participated in this research. Triangulation used to check the validity of the data by comparing the results of interviews, FGD's, observations and secondary data. The results of the study found three sustainability dimensions to measure the success of BUMDes performance such as economic sustainability, social sustainability and market sustainability. The results suggest a collaborative model to optimizing BUMDes performance. The new model illustrates the collaboration between stakeholders to pursue rural entrepreneurship sustainability.

Recent research has suggested that consumers collectively co-create value through consumption practices. This paper provides additional insights into value creation by demonstrating how individual consumers play distinct roles in the value creation process. By focusing on microdimensions of co-consuming groups, we show how individual consumers engage in value creation processes in the context of brand culture. We bring together concepts of value creation, working consumers, and double exploitation to demonstrate the roles played by consumers and communities in value co-creation. We focus on value creation in a particular type of co-consuming group: an online football fan community. Results show that co-consuming groups are platforms for value creation. We argue that double exploitation is not necessarily a threat to consumers because it may instead enable them to play active roles in value co-creation and gain power against brand owners. This paper contributes to the existing literature on brand community and the value co-creation paradigm by: (1) demonstrating the dynamic roles played by consumers in the value co-creation; (2) revealing new forms of consumer organization; and (3) illustrating how working consumers work among themselves in managing brand communities.

Economic growth and development cannot be achieved without putting in place well-focused programmes to reduce poverty through empowering the rural entrepreneurs with credit. In noting this, government has initiated many programmes to enhance adequate loan to rural entrepreneurs. However, these programmes have achieved mixed successes. This paper therefore examines the determinants of loan acquisition to rural enterprise and recommends best practices. The study noted that channel of loan delivery to rural entrepreneurs is politicized with huge bureaucratic network, which makes the loan almost inaccessible to rural entrepreneurs. In addition, the study noted that the major factors that determine loan acquisition by rural entrepreneurs are type of enterprise, gender of operator, experience of the operator as well as past loan history. The study therefore recommended a financial institution, which will not only be a joint venture of government, non-governmental organizations, rural entrepreneurs and rural communities but also less bureaucratic and requires asset-less collateral. The author trusts that such recommendations will enhance rural entrepreneur’s capacity to fight poverty Key words: Rural enterprise, financial institutions, poverty, loan, Nigeria.

Urban and rural areas differ in economic, social and environmental terms. Due to the diverging dynamics in urban and rural areas, the social and economic distance between them might increase in the future even more. Rural entrepreneurs with linkages to urban areas are able to bridge the rural–urban divide by accessing some of the urban features, such as knowledge and markets, while at the same time profiting from the advantages of their peripheral location. This paper highlights exploratory results from qualitative interviews with rural entrepreneurs, and we illustrate entrepreneurial linkages to urban centers. The interview data show that rural entrepreneurs with rural–urban linkages develop sensibility for core market demands and trends, they valuate rural assets, and they combine rural and urban sources of knowledge for innovation. Through their entrepreneurial activity, rural entrepreneurs with linkages to urban areas might constitute an opposite force to polarizing concentration of economic activities in cities. Hence, rural entrepreneurs with urban linkages might contribute to sustainable economic relationships between urban and rural areas.

Wortman (1989) defines the rural entrepreneurship as the creation of a new organization that introduces a new product, serves or creates a new market, or utilizes a new technology in a rural environment. In other saying, rural entrepreneurship is a value creating activity for both entrepreneur and rural area. Rural entrepreneur is defined as someone who lives in rural and carries out entrepreneurial activities in there. Purpose of this study is to investigate rural entrepreneurship in rural development context. Accordingly, a field research was done in order to reveal rural entrepreneurship findings in Yatagan where Turkish swords and knives produce and market. After examination of documents including historical development and present situation of Yatagan's production and entrepreneurship tradition, interviews were conducted with related individuals who attempted on aforementioned area. According to the findings obtained from field research, the business which was founded by the local community failed to ensure its continuity. It means production and marketing activities turned back to the family business level. The production of Yatagan is effectuated in small workshops at the present day. Sales are performed personally or customers directly come to manufacturers and place an order by using the internet or by wholesalers. As a result of the field study, some suggestions have been presented to convert rural entrepreneurship to rural development.

Rural entrepreneurship is one of the foundations of rural economic development. However, rural entrepreneurship has only recently been defined and few major research studies have been attempted. This article analyzes current research on rural entrepreneurship, examines current strategies and programs in the area, proposes a unified public-private approach to rural entrepreneurship, and suggests an integrated program to support rural entrepreneurship in the United States. Such a program would strengthen the competitive opportunities for rural areas in the United States.

Digital technology could boost a company's ability to compete by enhancing the flexibility of its goods and services. However, a big number of these research studies have been done in urban areas, with limited studies focusing on rural entrepreneurs in Malaysia. A comprehensive literature review was pushed forward to examine the rural market sector, intention to adopt digital technology, and factors that can influence the adoption of digital technology, which eventually could lead to gaining profitable business. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine the factors that can influence rural entrepreneurs’ digital adoption in Malaysia. Two objectives will be achieved: (1) to identify the relationship between perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use towards the intention to adopt digital technology (2) to propose a new framework that integrates the models of TAM and EST in the investigation. A systematic literature review was adopted to classify and evaluate articles using Google Scholar, Social Science Citation Index, and Science Direct. In this literature review, 95 documents were reviewed. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, which reduced the list to 50 articles. The findings of this paper provide a literal idea suggesting that the decision-makers involved in digital adoption must focus on the specific digital technology demands of rural entrepreneurs and the best solution for the business. This paper may only provide an applicable guideline from a theoretical perspective. Future studies suggest using an empirical approach to validate the proposed framework.

Aim: A theoretical understanding of the process, causal linkages, and dynamics of creating shared value (CSV) is largely missing in the field of shared value creation and sustainable development. Hence, this research is explorative by nature and aims to contribute to theory building in this field. First, we collect empirical data and analyze it, to better understand how the shared value creation process in energy cooperatives works. Second, we present a first causal model of the dynamics and relationships between values, actors and cooperation, which needs to be further tested and refined.
 Design: First, we collect empirical data and analyze it, to better understand how the shared value creation process in energy cooperatives works. Second, we present a first causal model of the dynamics and relationships between values, actors and cooperation, which needs to be further tested and refined. This research was executed by conducting eight case studies in Belgium and Dutch energy cooperatives. Stemming from different countries, they are all moving towards new business models and provide insights about different institutional contexts.
 Findings: The findings show how a variety of values, more actors, and increased cooperation lead to (more) shared value creation. However, these relations are moderated by members’ differing needs, the involvement of the members, and characteristics of the organizational context. Additionally, new influential variables are discovered: professionalization and institutional context.
 Limitations: More (experimental) research is needed to exclude alternative causal explanations, as well as and to test and refine the model.
 Implications: This study provides a direction for testing the causal linkages found with other research designs and methods or in other organizational contexts. Additionally, the causal model could give practitioners and researchers insights into which variables to manipulate to get more or less shared value.
 Contributions: This study uniquely contributes to the knowledge of the concept of shared value creation to ultimately reach sustainable development by combining detailed insights into the value creation process with a comprehensive ready-to-test causal model.
 JEL: B55, L10, M21

In rural areas, entrepreneurship helps lift households out of poverty by alleviating unemployment and increasing income, and financial literacy plays an important role in promoting entrepreneurship. Social capital is a resource embedded in social relationships, the boundaries of which have been expanded by the development of information communications technologies (ICTs). This article aims to link social capital, financial literacy, and rural entrepreneurship through a partial mediating effect analysis. Using data from the 2015 China Household Finance Survey (CHFS), we analyze how social capital affects rural entrepreneurship and the role of local ICTs development in this effect while also accounting for reverse causality. We construct a social capital indicator, mainly referring to bridging social capital, and two financial literacy indicators to make the conclusions robust. The empirical results show that social capital promotes rural entrepreneurship by sharing financial literacy. Furthermore, the spread of ICTs enhances this mediating effect. Our study provides empirical evidence for encouraging entrepreneurship and promoting knowledge sharing and implies the importance of ICTs in promoting entrepreneurship in rural areas.

Employment is an important public issue related to national economy and people’s livelihood. In 2022, the global youth unemployment rate will reach 14.9%, affecting a total of 73 million people. In order to deal with the social risks brought about by large scale youth unemployment, countries around the world are taking measures to solve the employment problem of college students, the main youth employment group. In the 14th Five-Year Plan, China proposes to promote the modernization and development of agriculture and rural areas by supporting university graduates and scientific and technical personnel to enter the rural economy and start their own businesses; moreover, China also aims to achieve economic recovery in the post epidemic era through mutual promotion between the entrepreneurial choices of college students and the direction of national economic development. Through qualitative comparative analysis of 131 Chinese college students, it is found that none of the antecedents meets the requirements of sufficient and necessary conditions for consistency greater than or equal to 0.8 and coverage greater than or equal to 0.9. Further analysis shows that there are three paths for college students’ rural entrepreneurship: “resource-based, with policy guarantee and villager participation”, “policy support, villager participation” and “villagers actively participate”. The government, enterprises, villages and college students should invest more in improving policy support, building infrastructure, diversifying industrial structure, clarifying strategic positioning of villages and innovating entrepreneurial models, so as to promote the modernization of China’s agriculture and rural development and the realization of the goal of rural revitalization while solving the employment difficulties of college students.

Coopetition and value creation and appropriation: The role of interdependencies, tensions and harmony

The impact of rural entrepreneurship and agribusiness development on the livelihoods of small farmers is a topic of significant interest. Understanding the current trends and patterns of these sectors is crucial for designing effective policies and strategies aimed at improving the livelihoods of small scale farmers. Agriculture is the backbone of Zanzibar's rural economy, with a focus on crops such as cloves, seaweed, cinnamon, nutmeg, and black pepper. Rural entrepreneurs can innovate this sector by adding value through processing, packaging, and marketing. Currently, there are some challenges that small scale farmers in Zanzibar face. The challenges lies in the inadequate development of rural entrepreneurship in agribusiness, which limits its potential to serve as an effective strategy. This study seeks to investigate the synergy between rural entrepreneurship and agribusiness as a pathway of improving livelihoods for small farmers in Zanzibar. The study was conducted in different rural areas of Zanzibar where agribusiness activities that adopting rural entrepreneurship have been established. This study employed a deductive approach research design that involves hypothesis testing. Multiple regression analysis was carried out to examine the direct and indirect relationships between outcome variable with observed variables. The results showed the positive and significant relationship between access to finance, access to social capital and access to modern technology with livelihood prosperity. Either, the results suggested that access to finance, access to social capital and access to modern technology were partial mediated with government support initiatives. The study concluded that access to finance, social capital and modern technology significantly influence livelihood prosperity, while government support strategies act as a crucial pillar in optimizing these prosperities.

Entrepreneurship in Nigeria has long been practiced as small businesses in subsistence mode due to the lack of adequate essential factors of production required for its practice compared to counterparts in developed countries. Lack of access to conventional financial institutions and services has also slowed the growth of entrepreneurship in the country. This study reviewed the Central Bank of Nigeria’s (CBN’s) programmes to increase the financial inclusion of rural business dwellers who are yet to be properly banked. The research used a qualitative methodology to explain CBN programmes aimed at improving entrepreneurs’ financial inclusion and identified opportunities and challenges. The study concludes that rural entrepreneurs lack access to financial literacy and banking services because banks prefer urban locations for patronage, security, and high stakeholder returns. As a result, rural entrepreneurs are saving profits in their homes or farms, increasing the unbanked and underbanked population. The study recommends rural residents be educated on financial literacy, banking, and cashless transactions to help the CBN’s financial inclusion policy succeed. Due to the harsh terrain of rural regions, the Nigerian government must urgently improve infrastructure (markets, roads, internet access, electricity, etc.) in rural areas. Keywords: Financial access, Financial exclusion, Poverty, Rural entrepreneurship, Strategy and Sustainability

PurposeNew small businesses are the cornerstone of many small rural communities. They provide needed products and services, new opportunities for employment, and general vitality. The economic impact these businesses have on their town and county are important indicators of an area’s success. The purpose of this paper is to examine newly started small businesses that are within three or four years of age or less, and examine factors that may have led to their success or failure. Here, sources of advice, means of financial support, and background experience of the firm’s founder have been found to be correlated with the business success.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis using Probit regression yielded four models wherein female owners, family help with a business and Hispanic ownership had significant models predicting performance all of these were negative relationships. The factors correlated with business success as proposed are presented. Of course correlation does not imply causation, which means that the authors cannot be sure that a factor that is associated with business success will lead to business success. But, this is an important first step in determining whether there are significant differences between successful and unsuccessful businesses.FindingsThe findings showed that experience with previous business ownership had a distinct impact and the marketing efforts were also important for profitability. The other factors were not significant. A second phase to the analysis using Probit regression yielded four models wherein female owners, family help with a business and Hispanic ownership had significant models predicting performance all of these were negative relationships. This represents the difficulties that are encountered with these groups in garnering the support and financial means they need to succeed. It was also interesting that the use of a business plan did not help the businesses succeed.Research limitations/implicationsUsing a Probit Regression and χ2 analysis of the data is the most appropriate and accurate analysis for a date set of this type. There is much more to be accomplished with rural entrepreneurship and the use of these techniques would be appropriate for this type of data.Practical implicationsBusiness plans are important for the business founder to predict potential costs and profits. In this study however, the authors did not find that having a business plan differentiated business’s performance. If it can be replicated, it will be important to find out what is unique about rural areas that lead to this finding. If business plans do not help, then what type of preplanning will help? If this finding is correct, business development agencies may wish to cut back resources devoted to writing a business plan, and devote them to other areas. Being a member of business network group also is not associated with business success.Social implicationsThe growth of rural entrepreneurial businesses is well documented. These businesses provide many social impacts to the local community not only by providing products or services need but also by providing employment. This research is imperative to providing the best success plan for these businesses as the proliferate.Originality/valueThere has been very little research on rural entrepreneurship. This study takes a unique look at a rural community and the success or failure of their businesses over a one-year period when most small businesses succeed or fail. There is much more to be done on examining the tools they need to be successful.

Over 70 per cent of India’s population lives in villages and depends on agriculture for livelihood. Failure of agriculture sector to provide employment opportunities to increasing rural population, has led to large rural out-migration to cities, which, in turn, has created various social and economic problems in urban centres. Rural out-migration can be effectively controlled by generating meaningful employment opportunities in rural areas through encouraging entrepreneurial activities. For promoting rural entrepreneurship, it is essential to understand the issues and challenges confronting the people living in villages. This study attempts to understand various issues concerned with development of entrepreneurial activities in rural areas of Delhi. Primary data of the study, collected from eight villages in North- West district of Delhi, has been analysed and presented in this paper along with suggestions and policy recommendations for promotion of rural entrepreneurship.