Savage Sand and Surf

The article shows the nature of conflicts between social groups in society according to the position of Reinhold Niebuhr’s Christian realism. The nature of conflicts between religious groups, ethnic groups and economic classes is described. Religious-authoritarian, religious-tolerant and secular approaches to religious conflicts are considered.

In this article it is discussed some relevant issues in regard to inequalities in the consumption of health care services and the construction of more equitable health care system in Brazil. The concept of inequalities in health is distinguished from the concept of inequalities in the consumption of health care services. It is argued that the geographical dimension of health care service consumption differs from the social dimension. This implies that a better distribution of financial resources between geographical regions acts at the level of regional inequalities but might not have a positive impact on existing social inequalities. A more equitable system depends on a greater participation on the financing of the system of the richer people. It depends on the solidarity of the different social groups in society. The present situation of great scarcity of financial resources calls for a definition of priorities. Nonetheless, it is argued that the establishment of priorities in the availability of health care services is an ethical approach only if it is assumed to be a transient strategy directed to the construction of a system based in universal access for all those in need.

School webinars are used to raise student awareness of a topic or issue. The provided relevant information is transmitted via the Zoom Cloud Meeting Application. It is significant to turn everyone’s attention to the current situation of academic learning institutions to broaden the horizons of perspectives among students, teachers, the Department of Education (DepEd), and other social groups in society regarding the role and utility of Zoom as a commonly used platform for school webinars. Despite the escalating number of studies on the Zoom Meeting Application, there are limited studies on the pros and cons of using Zoom for school webinars and the academic-related struggles and benefits brought by this videoconferencing tool. Hence, this study ascertained the opportunities and challenges of using Zoom in webinar-based education. A systematic literature review (SLR) and meta-analysis were employed in the process of collecting relevant and up-to-date research papers and journals on the research topic. Based on the eligibility criteria, 27 studies were included in the evaluation of the retrieved data through content and thematic analyses. During the systematic literature review, (5) five distinct themes were formulated. The opportunities and challenges of using the Zoom Meeting Application in the academe include: (1) Resource Center of Academic Learning; (2) Driver of Human Communication; (3) Indicator of Motivation and Well-being; (4) Stimulator of Psychological Breakdown; and (5) Mastermind of Diminishing Virtual Participation. As a result, the Zoom Meeting Platform is a technology tool for education that provides both benefits and gaps for teachers and students in academic learning institutions. It shows the two-sided influence of Zoom on the teaching and learning process through conducting school-based webinars. Indeed, this study suggested further empowering teachers in promoting student-centered instructional approaches and transforming students into vehicles of learning and agents of change.

Research of neuroticism nowadays increasingly touches upon the social aspect of psychological sciences. The level of expression of neuroticism affects not only a person’s well-being but also has a certain influence on an individual's self-esteem, ability to freely communicate, and self-realization in society. In this article the problem of neuroticism is considered from the social-psychological point of view, special attention is paid to the manifestation of social neuroticism among immigrants, with special importance on research on social neuroticism in conditions of change of social environment and adaptation to new social conditions is emphasized. It was found that among immigrants, the level of neuroticism correlates with the level of satisfaction with the profession and has certain gender differences in the intensity of correlations. Negative correlations were found between the degree of professional satisfaction and low self-esteem in the group of men (-799**), depression in the groups of men (-869**) and women (-797***). The practical significance of the work also lies in the social significance of the study, the results of which can be supplemented by studies on the characteristics and manifestation of social neuroticism among various age groups of immigrants and other social groups in society.

This paper aims to minimize damage and protect people through efficient response in the event of a disaster in urban areas, focusing on civil defense training facilities with an urban disaster prevention function and on vulnerable social groups, who can suffer more damage in the event of disaster. The influential factors in the relationship between civil defense training facilities and the vulnerable social group were verified by multiple regression. As a result, a significant influence relationship was found targeting the group with physically vulnerable characteristics such as the elderly, disabled, and children. Therefore, it is necessary to expand defense training facilities by region, giving priority to the physically vulnerable group in order to minimize disaster damage and facilitate appropriate crisis management.

Background An extensive study investigated the risk factors for low well-being in post-retirement. Most previous studies have taken a unidimensional perspective, focusing on single factors such as financial status, physical health, and mental health. Objective Drawing on the vulnerability framework, we first identify and describe the empirical subgroups of vulnerability among retirees in the United States across four major domains of later life: material, physical, social, and mental vulnerability. Then, we investigate the association between vulnerability profiles and well-being. Method The sample included 3,158 retirees aged 65+ who participated in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Latent class analysis was utilized to identify the heterogeneous subgroups of vulnerability, and then a series of OLS regression analyses was conducted to examine the relationship between patterns of vulnerability and well-being. Results Five vulnerability patterns were identified: material vulnerable (12%), health & social vulnerable (14%), material, health & social vulnerable (6%), least vulnerable (34%), and social vulnerable (35%). The health & social vulnerable group had the strongest negative influence on well-being among all subgroups. As the largest subgroup, the social vulnerable group’s negative influence on well-being stood out, with a stronger effect than that of material privation experienced by those in the material vulnerable group. Conclusion By empirically identifying subgroups of differential vulnerability patterns among retirees, this study showed that post-retirement vulnerability reflects complex interactions among multiple disadvantages. Findings of this study enhance understanding of the disparities in well-being within the retired population, pointing to the possibility of targeted policy and program development.

The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant impact on the economy and health, especially for the most vulnerable social groups. The social determinants of health are one of the most relevant risks for becoming infected with COVID-19, due to the health consequences for those who are exposed to it. The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of social determinants in health on COVID-19 infection in vulnerable social groups. A transversal epidemiological study was carried out on 746 individuals in vulnerable situations living in conditions of extreme poverty in disadvantaged areas in the province of Almeria (southeast of Spain). Social determinants of health such access to drinking water (p < 0.001) and economic income (p = 0.04) influenced the infection of COVID-19. A binary logistic regression model showed that the significant predictors of COVID-19 infection were the lack of economic income and inaccessible drinking water. The government and social health services must be aware of this problem in order to play an active role in searching for solutions and implementing public health prevention measures to eliminate social inequalities in health.

Vulnerable social groups can be recognized in everyday life, and local legal regulations identify them as well. Strategies and laws clearly identify the increased needs of vulnerable groups. Local legislation, for example, observes comparative law trends and attempts to prevent discrimination of persons with disabilities, emphasizes their human rights and creates the legal framework for taking these persons out of the institutional form of protection and including them into the community. In Serbia however, strategies and laws, as well as by-laws, are written in sectors, and not in cross-sectors manner. Proper caring for persons with disabilities, including persons with mental disabilities, requires an integral approach, namely a mutual approach of the social, health, educational and other sectors. True enough, local regulations stress the need for an intersectional approach, but such an approach is scantily applied in practice, so the comprehensive care that would satisfy the multiple needs of persons with mental disabilities often turns out to be less than expected in the community. Pursuant to national laws and basic ethic principals, all citizens of the Republic of Serbia have the right to health protection without discrimination. Therefore, methods for using health protection, easier than the existing ones, should be found for certain vulnerable groups, depending on their characteristics, and so for the Roma as well, and bearing in mind that systemic health regulations in Serbia open the door to special treatment of these groups. The inaccessible approach to health care of the Roma population persists primarily due to insufficient basic health documentation and basic personal documentation. Personal documents are linked with the registered place of residence, which the Roma, largely do not have. The problem is thus on a wider scale and is not only focused on the health sector. As such, it requires a wider, intersectional approach and a coordinated solution to the problem. In the field of palliative care of terminally ill persons, a solution is on the way to be reached through the Strategy for Palliative Care, by reorganizing the health system. The health system as it is cannot fulfill the needs of persons requiring palliative care. Coextensive systems enable establishing hospices as charity organizations in the non-governmental sector, mainly financed from donations. They represent a support to the health system in taking care of terminally ill patients. For now, our legal system does now allow non-governmental organizations to engage in health activities, although there were initiatives in that direction. To some extent, national regulations offer a basis for treatment of patients with rare illnesses, but without specifying their rights to a diagnosis or treatment and without more detailed regulations on the allocation of funds directed towards diagnosing rare illnesses and treatment of the ill. A lack of legal and financial prerequisites makes them subject to discrimination. The very fact that a large number of these patients are children makes them twice as endangered category of population. The legal system has recently started dealing with a regulation that would support persons suffering from rare illnesses, but the implementation of these provisions has still not completely become a reality. The Law on Health Care and Insurance defines children and women in their reproductive period as an especially vulnerable group. The Law on Rights to Healthcare for Children, Pregnant Women and Women on Maternity Leave, has recently been brought. The Law has been brought with an aim of ensuring rights to health care and transportation costs benefits for children, pregnant women and mothers during maternity leave, regardless of the basis on which they have health insurance. The reason for bringing such a law is noble, but the form of the legal act, which was supposed to realize the set goal, was overemphasized and contributed to the already existing over-norming of Serbian legislature. The legal basis for regulating this issue already existed in the umbrella health laws and should have been realized through by-law regulations.

Purpose: This study attempted to estimate the need for home visiting nurse at public health centers. Methods: A model was generated to estimate a communitys home visiting health service needs in 16 regions and a workload analysis was adopted to estimate the number of required Nurses. Data were collected from 16 public health centers using the South Korean governments open-information systems. Subjects were divided into three groups: vulnerable social group, bottom 10% income group, and bottom 20% income group. Results: The analysis revealed that 2,158 and 6,667 nurses were needed to provide home visiting health service for the bottom 10% and 20% income groups, respectively. It was estimated that for the vulnerable social group, 10,336 nurses were needed to provide home visiting health service, implying that the need-based demand for nurses is well over 5 times the number currently employed. Conclusion: The results indicate that the number of currently employed nurses is insufficient for the health management of vulnerable social groups. The government should consider active employment policies to encourage nurses to apply for home visiting health service.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine relations between police and vulnerable social groups in Serbia as a post‐conflict society in transition.Design/methodology/approachThe research is based on a qualitative methodology that generated data from 13 round tables and focus groups.FindingsAlthough the attitude of the police is gradually changing, representatives of minority groups perceive that the police still hold preconceived stereotypes regarding some societal groups. In order for the police to gain the confidence of these minority groups, they must proactively seek to engage these groups more meaningfully. Institutions in Serbia have still not developed an appropriate strategy for dealing with minority group victims of violence. In addition to legal problems, there are those issues that are embedded within wider cultural stereotypes. Excessive centralization and the hierarchical structure of the police have tended to exacerbate relations between the police and minority communities. Members of these ethnic minorities therefore tend to view the perceived inappropriateness of responses to inter‐ethnic incidents as being due to a number of causes.Research limitations/implicationsOwing to the qualitative approach, the results are not easily generalizable, but they indicate the most important problems of Serbian policing regarding marginal social groups.Practical implicationsThis research may be a useful source of information for the Ministry of Interior in attempts to improve relations with minority groups.Originality/valueThis paper reveals problems in relations between the police and vulnerable social groups and draws on the views of both minorities and the police. In Serbia, there is no similar research into this issue.

Social Entrepreneurship is an organized activity aimed at seizing the various opportunities, forms, enterprises and measures in order to create sustainable social values and benefits and employment of persons belonging to marginalized groups of persons, whereby profit is primarily used for employment of socially excluded or vulnerable social groups, as well as to create solutions for the needs and problems in the social community. Modern working conditions force companies to adopt innovative approaches to work in order to make the best use of opportunities. In today's working conditions, and enterprises that perform a certain type of social activity, they face the challenge of continuous monitoring of changes in the operations and successful application of innovations as a prerequisite for growth and development.For the development of social enterprises and social entrepreneurship it is necessary to use the opportunities in the environment and to change certain segments in the organizational systems, to introduce and apply new approaches to sustainable solutions that create a higher social value. The social and professional integration of marginalized workers and other vulnerable groups is one of the possible ways to create a higher social value. The social enterprise, as a legal entity that acts in a particular social economy, is usually not oriented only towards the creation of profits, but it is oriented towards the creation of a social impact by implementing innovative methods for providing goods and services on the market. Differences in the direction of social enterprises and other business enterprises cause differences in the application of innovative management.The aim of this paper is to understand the significance and impact of modern-innovative management for the development of social entrepreneurship and social enterprises in the Republic of Macedonia, as well as emphasizing the need for applying an appropriate methodological approach in creating the necessary management decisions. The subject of research in this paper is focused on perceiving the different business models of social enterprises and the impact of innovative management approach in the development of social enterprises in the Republic of Macedonia.

Evidence regarding the association between temperature and children's nutritional status is scarce. We aimed to estimate the relationship between ambient temperature and the weight and height of Brazilian children aged 12-59 months. This large longitudinal cohort study from all 5570 Brazilian municipalities used data from the 100 Million Brazilians Cohort linked with data from the Information System on Live Births (SINASC), Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN), and temperature data from the Brazilian Daily Weather Gridded Data (BR-DWGD). The study included children aged between 12-59 months with nutritional monitoring recorded by SISVAN between Jan 1, 2008 and Dec 31, 2017. We applied distributed lag non-linear models to investigate the cumulative influence of temperature over the year preceding each child's measurement on weight and height (ie, lag: 0-51 weeks). Subgroup analyses were conducted to identify population groups facing greater risk of worse nutritional outcomes. 6 498 546 children aged between 12-59 months were included in the study. 3 226 520 (49·65%) participants were male, 3 272 026 (50·35%) were female, and 4 194 195 (64·54%) were Parda or Brown ethnicity. For each 1°C increase in ambient temperature above the median (26°C), the cumulative odds over the weekly lags 0-51 increased by 10·0% (odds ratio [OR] 1·10 [95% CI 1·099-1·103]) for underweight (low weight-for-age), 8·0% (OR 1·08 [1·078-1·081]) for wasting (low weight-for-height), and 8·0% (OR 1·08 [95% CI 1·078-1·080]) for stunting (low height-for-age) in Brazil. In stratified analyses, the odds of malnutrition associated with a 1°C increase in ambient temperature were highest in the North (followed by the Northeast, the two poorest regions of Brazil), in municipalities with higher deprivation index, in rural areas, and among children of Indigenous mothers. Children experiencing high temperatures in Brazil are more likely to suffer from malnutrition, with worse outcomes observed among more vulnerable social groups. Our results highlight the deep environmental injustice in Brazilian society, with the influence of temperatures interacting with existing social and economic inequalities and exacerbating nutritional outcomes in the most vulnerable groups. Further studies are needed to investigate causal pathways and identify strategies capable of mitigating the effects of climate change on child nutrition. National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); the Department of Science and Technology of the Secretariat of Science, Technology, Innovation and Strategic Health Inputs of the Brazilian Ministry of Health; the Wellcome Trust.

This paper investigates the degree of effectiveness of the rule of law in Brazil by analyzing how some vulnerable social groups, such as women and black people, deals with the compliance with law and with some authorities’ orders in Brazil. We created the Bra- zilian Confidence in Justice Index (BCJI) as a validate argument for our confidence measure and the Brazil Perception of Compliance with Law Index” (BPCLI) that measure perceptions, attitudes and habits of Brazilians concerning compliance to law. We identi- fied some reasons that could explain the perceptions of these specific social groups. We found that there is a positive and significant relationship between the Brazilian Confidence in Justice Index (BCJI) and Per- ception of Compliance with Law Index (BPCLI). This paper innovates when it shows some patterns regard- ing two vulnerable groups analyzed here: women and blacks believe that there are few reasons for a person like them obey the laws. In addition, we concluded that women have a higher level of BPCLI than men, which means, women comply with the law more than men; and blacks have a worst perception of the com- pliance with law comparing with whites, since they understand that Brazilian society seldomly comply with law. We also found a positive relationship of BP- CLI with variable age and income.

Purpose In much of the literature written in Sustainability and Environmental Justice, the focus is on the effects of government mismanagement or corporate social irresponsibility, or CSR ignored for the goal of greater profits. Certainly we have seen natural resources ripped from communities and nations for the benefit of corporate profits (Sarkar, 2013). The idea that a participatory government will lead to greater efforts for sustainability must be viewed in the light of its times and economy (Gonzalez-Perez, 2013). What happens when the man-made disaster precedes or clashes with natural disaster? The Great Recession of 2008 was stunning in the rapidity with which it spread around the globe. The recession illustrated a global acceptance of financial wisdom that had been presented as fact and yet could easily be undermined by people who understood the barriers, boundaries, and restrictions in place as well as where the financial assumptions could be deceived by introduction of new terms and definitions as in the case of credit default swaps. In this chapter, we focus on the influence of the recession on one of the most powerful financial capitals of the world, New York City. We discuss the general effect of the recession on New York City as a whole and then take a narrower look at each of the five boroughs, Manhattan, Queens, Staten Island, Brooklyn, and the Bronx. We examine the disparate economic states of each borough and how the recession has impacted each of them. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of the general perception of Manhattan’s resilience to the recession and how is has impacted the other boroughs, such as the housing crisis in Staten Island and Queens following Hurricane Sandy, unemployment rates in the Bronx, and the rebuilding of a sustainable job market in Brooklyn. Findings We reviewed relevant literature, including academic research, reports issued by the State of New York, census data, articles printed in popular press outlets, and business resources to provide a thorough look at the influence of the Great Recession on New York City and each of its five boroughs. We found extensive support for the disparity amongst the five boroughs, despite the perception that New York City is thriving in the wake of the Great Recession and Hurricane Sandy. We detail the unique economic and environmental factors of each borough and explain how it influenced the impact of the Great Recession and subsequent natural disaster. Manhattan was well insulated from the initial impact of the Great Recession, with tourism in the city remaining high through 2008 and financial firms on Wall Street experiencing record high profits well into 2009. Despite the downfall of Lehmann Brothers and Merrill Lynch, the financial bailouts and Federal Reserve credit available to Wall Street firms prevented Manhattan’s financial sector from experiencing the dramatic unemployment rates that the rest of New York and the United States were facing (DeFreitas, 2009). The Great Recession hit disadvantaged areas, like the Bronx, harder than other areas of New York, while Hurricane Sandy halted the economic recovery in areas like Queens and Staten Island. While unemployment remains low in New York City as a whole, the recovery from the Great Recession has been uneven, further widening the gap between New York City’s boroughs, with the lower income areas at a greater disadvantage and the higher income areas souring. While Manhattan has recovered significantly, with Wall Street profits reaching record levels in 2009, other boroughs haven’t experienced the same economic upturn and are still facing significant challenges (Parrott, 2010). While the city has gained nearly 375,000 jobs, nearly twice the number of jobs that were lost during the Great Recession (Crain’s New York Business, 2013), the significant variance in wages and high costs of living has not greatly reduced the number of working poor across New York City and has not resulted in an evenly spread boost in wealth. Practical implications At the end of our chapter, we discuss “lessons learned” and, in particular, the importance of preparation for both fiscal and natural disasters. Local policy makers must ensure that the needs of its constituents are being met and will be met in the future if such hardship were to strike. Government leaders need to have a forward-looking plan, rather than simply handling immediate needs. Originality/value The originality of our content stems from a deeper look into the nuances of the economy of New York City. Statistics paint a picture of a thriving City, despite the Great Recession. However, understanding the distinct differences amongst the five boroughs illustrates that these citywide averages do not paint an accurate picture of life for New Yorkers off of Wall Street. The extent to which the high-income areas in Manhattan have recovered suggests that the economy of New York City as a whole is thriving, whereas the reality is that the middle-class has not recovered and the previously disadvantaged are now even more so. It is important to look at each of the five boroughs of New York City individually when creating policy to both recover from and prevent events such as the Great Recession and the destruction of Hurricane Sandy. Our chapter illustrates stark differences within New York City in the face of both financial and natural crises.

Social change is any change in social institutions in a society, which affects its social system, including values, attitudes, and behavioral patterns among groups in society. Social changes have a huge influence on Islamic education in various aspects. This has particular implications that Islamic education as a social institution must be dynamic and open to various changes according to differences in socio-cultural loci and developments over time. Therefore, although historically Islamic education has shown its dynamism in responding to social change, many stereotypes are still attached to typical Islamic education institutions to this day, such as the narrowness of the curriculum, lack of professionalism of teaching staff, and scientific dichotomy.