Saving Product Using Blockchain for E-BMT Platform

SummaryThe block chain is the emerging domain that offers the features like shared, immutable, and decentralized dataset that saves the asset's history. Security and storage are the most challenging aspect. The classical techniques' issues and challenges are an encouragement for developing a fresh block chain‐assisted IPFS model with access control policies. Hence, this research paper introduces an effective access control and authentication based on an interplanetary file system (IPFS)‐based block chain and access control system for attaining secured transactions. The developed method comprises five entities, that is smart contract, data owner, data requester, block chain and IPFS along with eight phases, to be exact setup, user registration, initialization, storage and data encryption, authentication, testing, access control, and decryption phase, to provide better access control and storage capacity. The proposed IPFS‐based block chain and access control system offered effective storage and secure transactions in the block chain network. The highest detection rate (0.870), lowest communication overhead (0.766 MB), and highest privacy rate (0.719) are all achieved by the proposed IPFS‐based block chain and access control system.

Purpose. To substantiate conceptual approaches to integrating blockchain technologies into risk management systems of investment activities of financial institutions through systematization of architectural solutions, development of efficiency evaluation criteria, and typology of implementation strategies, taking into account the specifics of different categories of investment risks and regulatory environment. Methodology. An interdisciplinary approach was used, combining institutional analysis of financial systems, comparative analysis of traditional centralized and decentralized risk management models, and systematization of empirical data on blockchain implementation in the global financial sector. Methods of structural-functional analysis were applied to study blockchain systems architecture and their impact on various categories of investment risks. Critical analysis of scientific literature on decentralized finance, asset tokenization, and smart contracts was conducted. Findings. The dual nature of blockchain technologies has been revealed as both a tool for minimizing traditional risks (market, credit, operational, liquidity, regulatory) and a source of new technological challenges. Four integration models have been systematized: asset tokenization for enhancing liquidity, DeFi instruments for decentralized lending and exchange, hybrid portfolios for diversification, and smart contracts for risk management automation. An evaluation matrix for blockchain solutions effectiveness has been developed based on seven criteria (transparency, settlement speed, operational costs, accessibility, reliability, regulatory certainty, scalability) compared to traditional systems. A typology of implementation strategies for commercial banks, investment funds, and insurance companies has been proposed. Originality. For the first time, a comprehensive analysis of the transformation of investment activity risk management architecture through the lens of blockchain technology integration has been conducted, simultaneously considering institutional, technological, and regulatory aspects. A conceptual model of an integrated blockchain system for managing investment risks has been developed with identification of interaction levels and feedback loops. Practical value. Research results form a methodological foundation for financial institutions regarding the selection of optimal blockchain technology implementation strategies, provide tools for evaluating the effectiveness of various integration models, and contribute to the formation of regulatory policy in the field of digital transformation of the financial sector.

Voting has become one of the methods used by humans to determine decisions in a matter. As technology has developed, conventional Voting has also followed the transformation in the adaptation of today's digital age. There is an electronic version of this Voting, often referred to as e-voting (electronic Voting). Of course, the application of technology in Voting will lead to public opinion about concerns about maintaining network privacy and security in e-voting. Security problems can be overcome with technology that is currently being maximally utilized in various fields of life, namely blockchain technology. In improving the security of e-voting, Blockchain is used in P2P networks. Implementing the blockchain system in e-voting will result in a secure e-voting system to reduce the percentage of vote forgery in the e-voting system. Implementing a blockchain-based e-voting system will involve cryptography, software engineering theory, and voting theory. In realizing blockchain-based e-voting, several stages are required. (1) Counterfeit votes avoid adjusting the voting record model based on ledger technology, (2) in terms of authentication. The technology complemented by designing a user model based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), (3) providing a model designed for voters to change their votes before the time limit specified. The implementation of Blockchain in this e-voting system is transparent with the existence of a blockchain system that provides notifications to all nodes to approve an incoming vote data. With this transparency, it can reduce fraud and the election of leaders according to people's choices.

The financial world has been changed by blockchain technology, which improves security, openness, and speed. This research evaluates the block chain’s potential to change the Indian banking system, focusing on its ability to fix flaws, boost security, and help more people get access to money. Leading Indian banks like SBI, Punjab National Bank (PNB), ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank, Axis Bank, and foreign banks like HSBC and Citibank were looked at to see how they integrated blockchain technology., this research highlights real-world applications, operational benefits, and challenges faced in large-scale implementation. The study employs descriptive and exploratory research methodologies, utilizing primary and secondary data collection methods. Surveys, structured interviews, and case studies were conducted with banking professionals, fintech experts, and customers, while secondary data from regulatory reports, white papers, and blockchain implementations was analyzed. This study explores the impact, opportunities, and challenges of blockchain in banking, emphasizing its role in enhancing security and reliability. It highlights research gaps in blockchain adoption, regulatory implications, and financial reporting. Future research should focus on blockchain implementation in banking, regulatory frameworks, and its relevance in emerging economies.Key findings indicate that blockchain significantly enhances transaction security, fraud prevention, operational efficiency, and regulatory compliance in Indian banking. However, technological, regulatory, and infrastructural barriers remain critical challenges. The study emphasizes that in order to speed up adoption, scalable blockchain solutions, regulatory frameworks, and hybrid financial models are required. For blockchain technology to reach its full potential in banking, future studies should examine its scalability and interoperability.

The purpose of this paper is to present our proposal to use blockchain technology to create a secure, efficient, and smart voting system in the USA. The first section of this paper presents the current equipment and technology used in the current voting process in the USA. Next, an analysis of the technological challenges of our voting system is presented. Recommendations are proposed to remedy these challenges with the implementation of blockchain and biometric technologies. Next, the paper discusses the features, benefits, and uses of blockchain technology. Finally, arguments are presented both for and against the use of blockchain and biometric technologies for voting purposes.

Blockchain technologies have been developing very fast recently. Ethereum, as the second generation of blockchain, can support smart contracts with various functions. Blockchain, combined with IoT technologies like RFID, can bring more security into IoT systems. It has been noted that just storing hash values, addresses and transaction records cannot meet the needs of various blockchain applications. Thus, how to test capacity of reading/writing data for blockchain and further make comparisons with the traditional relational databases needs to be paid attention. Although there has been some research on testing and analyzing the performance of blockchains, few studies focus on analyzing blockchains and relational databases. This test was conducted to analyze the capacities of reading/writing data and processing/recording transactions of blockchains and relational databases. Ethereum and MySQL are chosen as the representatives of blockchain and relational databases. This test has three aims: (1) getting the detailed data of the blockchain’s capacity of processing transactions; (2) identifying the bottleneck or potential bottleneck in blockchain systems; (3) putting forward a testing method and testing indexes which are reasonable, practical and compatible with the current development situations of blockchain systems. With the results data, it was concluded that the maximum data volume in single transaction on blockchain network was about 1/10 of MySQL. As for the time spent in processing single transaction, the blockchain network was 80–2000 times as much as MySQL. Thus, it’s recommended to store little-size data into blockchain. For more detailed testing, these indexes and testing method can be referenced.

The blockchain technology is being deployed in many areas and the banking system is not an exception. It is a new technology and should be introduced in the modern banking system. The aim of this project is to give an overview of blockchain technology with its benefits and emphasizing on the application of this technology in the banking sector. We are going to generate our own cryptocurrency along with a banking system with number of nodes between which we can perform transactions using blockchain. And we are using Ethereum (Online Transaction Management System) for our ongoing project. Now, blockchain is better than the conventional banking systems as, combining shared databases and cryptography, blockchain technology allows multiple parties that may not know each other from different geographical locations to have simultaneous access to a constantly updated digital ledger that cannot be altered. So, we will generate our own virtual nodes (Users who want to transfer money) which will transfer our own cryptocurrency to each other. The blockchain is a ground-breaking innovation that empowers Bitcoin, Litecoin, Dogecoin, and other virtual monetary standards to be open, mysterious, and secure. The blockchain basically is a database about each Bitcoin exchange in detail. Typically known as an open record, the log contains metadata about when and how every exchange occurred. The record is freely available through APIs and deluge destinations. To forestall messing with current and furthermore past exchanges, the database is cryptographically made sure about. Because of Cryptography can edit only the parts of the blockchain that they “own” - by possessing the private keys required to write to the file. It also keeps everyone’s copy of the distributed blockchain is kept in sync. Using blockchain rather than conventional banking system would help in fraud reduction and that too by quiet a lot of margin. Financial institutions spend millions of money per year to keep up with Know your Customer (KYC) and customer due diligence regulations according to a Thomson Reuters Survey. These regulations are meant to help reduce money laundering and terrorism activities by having requirements for businesses to verify and identify their clients. Blockchain would allow an organization to access the verification details of a client by another organization, thus avoiding repetition of the KYC process. Blockchain disruption could be highly transformative in the payments process. It would allow banks higher security with minimal lower costs to process payment between organizations and their clients and even between banks themselves. Blockchain would get rid of all the intermediaries in the payment processing system. Keywords: Blockchain, current transaction system, KYC, online transaction management system, processing system Cite this Article: Dhruv Rawat, Gaurav Rana, Jaskaran Singh Bindra, Amit Kumar. Implementation of blockchain in current transaction systems. International Journal of Data Structures. 2020; 6(1): 31–59p.

The object of this paper is blockchain technology in the tracking system of grain supply chains. The current study considers the task of determining the impact of blockchain technology introduction on the tracking system of grain supply chains. The key problems in the system of grain supply chains have been identified and the tasks to solve them have been proposed. The characteristics of key technologies in the implementation of blockchain in the system of grain supply chains have been defined, such as smart contracts, the Internet of Things (IoT), interplanetary file system (IPFS), contactless tags (RFID), Ethereum platform (identified as the best for supply chain tracking). The influence of factors on the introduction of blockchain technologies into the grain supply chain tracking system was determined using a SWOT analysis. Strengths include transparency, increased trust, automation of processes and protection against falsification. Weaknesses include high implementation costs, difficulty scaling, and the need for staff training. Opportunities that open up through the use of blockchain include attracting new partners, increasing competitiveness, and developing new markets. Threats include legal difficulties, technical failures, high energy costs, and resistance from market participants. An assessment of the investment attractiveness of introducing blockchain technology into the grain supply chain tracking system was carried out by calculating such indicators as economic effect; net present value (NPV) of implementing blockchain technologies; payback period of investments. According to the results of analysis, the following data were obtained: NPV (150439 a.u.)>0, the payback period of investments is 2.8 years, which is acceptable for large agricultural holdings. Prospects for development have been determined, in particular, the unification of agricultural holdings for the joint implementation of blockchain technologies in the tracking system of grain supply chains, which would be a strategically beneficial solution for all participants in the supply chain

A blockchain database containing files regarding transactions of cryptocurrency is sometime vulnerable to double spending attack. This type of attack pertains to a coin being spent more in more that one transaction in the network. This paper is motivated by a goal to create a blockchain that can withstand double spending attacks. This way, honest miners will be able to safely and securely exchange cryptocurrency. There currently lack valuable prevention methods in the network therefore we designed a novel countermeasure to combat double spending attacks on the blockchain system. We proposed the MSP (Multistage Secure Pool) framework in order to address the vulnerabilities on the blockchain. This was designed to handle both discrete and general issues that affect the overall security of the blockchain. Our evaluation using this application shows that there was a decrease in the amount of attacks propagating through the system based on our system's robustness and capabilities. We also present machine learning capabilities of the system in our study in order to enable a progressive aspect to the design. Providing our application with the ability to analyze data in order to recognize and classify distinct actions will enable for greater comprehension. An application that learns, updates and configures to meet specified defensive standards present key design features which enables for greater understanding and future analysis of the overall blockchain network.

The issue of admissibility of evidence in modern legal doctrine is difficult to overestimate, because it is this category of criminal proceedings that is one of the guarantees of its legality. At the same time, each of the possible types of evidence in criminal proceedings contains a system of its own characteristics and features that are related to its admissibility. This also applies to blockchain systems. It is worth noting that as of today, when martial law is in effect in Ukraine, the situation with the proper conduct of criminal proceedings has become somewhat more complicated. Within the framework of this work, the issue of understanding blockchain systems, their advantages and disadvantages was highlighted. According to the author’s algorithm, a study was conducted and the belonging of blockchain systems to electronic evidence was argued. This algorithm included the isolation of the characteristics of electronic evidence mentioned in the scientific literature and their comparison with the characteristics of blockchain systems. As a result, it was stated that blockchain systems belong to electronic evidence. The following should also be distinguished. In cases where blockchain is involved, the blockchain itself is a source of evidence, and cryptocurrency is actually evidence, because cryptocurrency is a digital asset, exists thanks to blockchain technology, is recorded in the form of transactions in the blockchain, and does not exist outside the corresponding blockchain network. The publication also prepared an overview and a substantive description of the most common investigative actions, as a result of which it is possible to obtain a blockchain system as a source of evidence: inspection (Article 237 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine), temporary access to things and documents (Articles 159-166 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine), search (Article 234 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine), interrogation (Article 224 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine), conducting an examination (Article 242 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine), removal of information from electronic information systems (Article 263 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine), control over the commission of a crime (Article 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine), audio and video surveillance of a person (Article 260 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine). In general, the peculiarity of the admissibility of blockchain systems as a source of evidence during martial law is associated with such objective circumstances as military operations that cause disruptions in the operation of electronic networks, the lack of stable access to the Internet, and the limited ability to attract specialists and experts in the field of digital technologies. This, in turn, complicates the proper recording of blockchain data, verification of their authenticity, and documentation of the evidence collection process. Further scientific research is required on the role and significance of blockchain systems as evidence, as well as the issues of their admissibility in civil, administrative, and commercial proceedings.

Chapter 16 - Exploring cyber attacks in blockchain technology enabled green smart city

Блокчейн у системі охорони здоров’я: проблеми правового забезпечення

The healthcare system of today is considered complex and expensive. This burden of complexity can be minimized by improving healthcare record management, utilizing insurance agencies, and leveraging blockchain technologies. Initially, blockchain implementations were developed to eliminate the dependency on centralized companies and or financial institutions for account-related money exchanges. Healthcare records, insurance billing, and smart contracts could be enhanced by using blockchain technology, which enables stable access, security of data, and the centralization of transactional information. Blockchain technology is most attractive due to its features of immutability, privacy, transparency, decentralization, and distribute ledger. The main concern is that healthcare records containing confidential patient information are very complicated because they pose a privacy risk. The medical system would be better prepared to deal with public health threats if it had direct access to patient data during deadly disease outbreaks. A concise study is provided in this paper on blockchain technology in healthcare. The paper deeply works on the security and traceability issues in healthcare and pharmaceutical industries. This paper also presents blockchain as one of the complete solutions for security and traceability in healthcare and pharmaceutical industries.

Blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative tool for enhancing transparency and accountability in waste management systems, contributing significantly to sustainability goals. This paper explores how blockchain can revolutionize waste disposal practices by providing an immutable, decentralized ledger that tracks waste from generation to disposal. The use of blockchain ensures that all transactions and movements of waste materials are recorded in a transparent and tamper-proof manner, addressing challenges related to data integrity and fraud in waste management. Blockchain technology facilitates real-time monitoring and verification of waste disposal processes. Each stage of the waste management chain, from collection and transportation to processing and final disposal, is documented on a distributed ledger accessible to all stakeholders. This transparency not only reduces the risk of illegal dumping and misreporting but also enables more effective regulatory compliance. Stakeholders, including waste management authorities, businesses, and the public, can access reliable data on waste management practices, fostering greater accountability. Moreover, blockchain supports the implementation of circular economy principles by tracking the lifecycle of recyclable materials. It enables efficient sorting and recycling by providing detailed records of material types and quantities, thereby improving recycling rates and reducing landfill dependency. Smart contracts on blockchain platforms can automate transactions and enforce compliance with waste management policies, further enhancing operational efficiency and reducing administrative burdens. The adoption of blockchain in waste management also promotes stakeholder engagement and trust. Public access to real-time data and historical records empowers communities to participate in and monitor local waste management efforts, leading to increased public awareness and responsibility. Despite its potential, the implementation of blockchain in waste management faces challenges such as integration with existing systems, scalability, and data privacy concerns. Addressing these challenges requires collaboration between technology developers, waste management professionals, and policymakers. In conclusion, blockchain technology offers significant benefits for sustainable waste management by improving transparency, accountability, and efficiency. Its potential to transform waste disposal practices highlights the need for continued exploration and development in this field.

Millions of women face exclusion from banking services which acts as a fundamental obstacle to their economic development because of institutional barriers. Blockchain technology represents an efficient approach to providing secure decentralized financial solutions that increase access to financial services. The analysis will explore blockchain capabilities to expand financial access for women while promoting economic opportunity as per SDG 5 (Gender Equality). Traditional banking creates barriers for women in financial services because they lack money funds and poor credit recording along with restricted bank access. This paper examines how blockchain resolves such problems by implementing decentralized finance (DeFi), smart contracts blockchain-based microfinance, and digital identity verification. Using blockchain technology leads to safe financial payments while eliminating middle agents and creating open transaction documentation which gives users better economic management abilities. The application of blockchain technologies in real-world situations generates positive effects on female entrepreneurship and the business performance of small business owners and workers within the informal economy. The widespread implementation of blockchain faces barriers because of regulatory restrictions and technological limitations together with digital skill level disparities. This research adopts strategic guidelines and policy recommendations that enhance blockchain advantages for female financial empowerment. The implementation of blockchain technology delivers financial independence worldwide market entry and sustainable economic stability to women. The achievement of SDG 5 depends on stakeholders who join forces to build financial structures that support gender equality.