Scalable and Adaptive Intrusion Detection in Cloud Environments Using Machine Learning with CIML-IDS

This paper proposes an adaptive on-line intrusion detection model based on incremental rule learning. This model can make self-learning over the ever-emerged new network behavior examples and dynamically modify behavior profile of the model, which overcomes the disadvantage that the traditional static detecting model must relearn over all the old and new examples, even can't relearn because of limited memory size. The experiment results validate the feasibility and effectivity of the presented adaptive intrusion detection model.

This paper proposes anatomy and main functionalities of a distributed framework for supporting adaptive ensemble-based intrusion detection. We start from open issues and limitations of actual state-of-the-art proposals, and we derive a suitable architecture that, based on actual, emerging research trends, finally defines an innovative ensemble-based network intrusion detection system that combines following requirements: distribution, cooperativeness, scalability, multi-scale network traffic analysis, feature selection and extraction. These requirements are recognized by our study as first-class research challenges for next-generation intrusion detection systems.

Aiming at the shortcomings of current intrusion detection, a SOM neural network method based on clustering and network level is proposed in this paper. Through the identification of easy-to-use network intrusion type, the network intrusion data is cleaned and analyzed in a targeted manner and the multi-layer adaptive network intrusion detection clustering model is established. Network intrusion detection clustering result based on this model is compared with result based on other methods. The results show that this model has higher accuracy and equilibrium and the validity and feasibility of the method is further verified.

Predominant network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) aim to identify malicious traffic patterns based on a handcrafted dataset of rules. Recently, the application of machine learning in NIDS helps alleviate the enormous effort of human observation. Federated learning (FL) is a collaborative learning scheme concerning distributed data. Instead of sharing raw data, it allows a participant to share only a trained local model. Despite the success of existing FL solutions, in NIDS, a network’s traffic data distribution does not always fit into the single global model of FL; some networks have similarities with each other but other networks do not. We propose Segmented-Federated Learning (Segmented-FL), where by employing periodic local model evaluation and network segmentation, we aim to bring similar network environments to the same group. A comparison between FL and our method was conducted against a range of metrics including the weighted precision, recall, and F1 score, using a collected dataset from 20 massively distributed networks within 60 days. By studying the optimized hyperparameters of Segmented-FL and employing three evaluation methods, it shows that Segmented-FL has better performance in all three types of intrusion detection tasks, achieving validation weighted F1 scores of 0.964, 0.803, and 0.912 with Method A, Method B, and Method C respectively. For each method, this scheme shows a gain of 0.1%, 4.0% and 1.1% in performance compared with FL.

The recent rise in both the frequency and sophistication of cyberattacks in particular, those directed towards distributed and resource constrained, cyber physical environments justifies the need for timely, effective, and adaptive intrusion detection in IoT networks, particularly for lightweight, efficient IoT edge implementations. The work presented in this paper addresses the design of a lightweight, feature efficient intrusion detection system using the XGBoost machine learning algorithm. A classification model was trained on both signal and statistical based subsets of features extracted from a dataset, where the model learned to classify the network traffic data as either benign or malicious. A key aspect of the comparison was to separate the performance of the XGBoost model from the performance of ConvNeXT, which seemed to use an image-based approach to represent the network traffic. Results show that the XGBoost model was both accurate and precise, with higher recall and classification accuracy with less misclassification and ConvNeXT showed poor performance for both classes with class imbalance and a higher false negative rate than XGBoost. Results of this study demonstrate that tabular learning methods such as XGBoost can be effective solutions for both static and realtime intrusion detection for IoT environments in an efficient, applicable manner, with the capacity to be feasibly and scalable as an edge deployment without an overly complex processes to go through to transformation a data model.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has become an integral part of everyday life, and plays a significant role in various sectors by enabling device-to-device communication without human intervention. However, the constant connectivity of these devices to the Internet exposes them to numerous cyberattacks, potentially leading to data breaches, device malfunctions, and unauthorized network access. The diverse range of threats targeting IoT systems highlights the need for robust security solutions, such as machine learning-based intrusion detection systems, which have attracted growing research interest. This study proposes a novel adaptive approach for intrusion detection in IoT environments by combining batch and incremental learning models. Our work overcomes the limitations of traditional machine learning-based intrusion detection methods, emphasizing the potential of incremental learning to develop more effective and resilient solutions. Unlike most existing approaches that rely solely on batch learning and lack adaptability to integrate new data for long-term security, our method offers a more flexible alternative. Specifically, we leverage the predictive power of LightGBM in batch mode to improve the performance of a Passive-Aggressive classifier as a meta-learner in incremental mode. This dual learning approach aims to enhance intrusion detection in two key ways: effectively capturing diverse attack patterns with batch learning and adapting to emerging attack patterns with incremental learning. Experiments conducted on the CICIoT2023 dataset demonstrate that the proposed approach successfully balances performance and adaptability. It maintains accurate detection capabilities across various classification tasks while remaining responsive to evolving attack patterns.

The integration of machine learning (ML) models with cloud computing has transformed the landscape of predictive analytics, offering scalable, efficient, and flexible solutions for organizations. Cloud platforms such as AWS, Google Cloud, and Microsoft Azure enable businesses to deploy and manage complex ML models without the need for extensive on-premise infrastructure. However, optimizing these ML models for performance and cost-efficiency in cloud environments presents unique challenges, including resource management, latency, scalability, and data security. This paper focuses on strategies to optimize machine learning models specifically for predictive analytics in cloud environments. It explores key techniques such as auto-scaling, model compression, and hyperparameter tuning, which are critical for improving the accuracy and speed of predictions while minimizing computational costs. The research also examines advanced tools such as containerization, serverless computing, and cloud-native services that further streamline the deployment and management of ML models. In the Indian context, where cloud adoption is growing rapidly, optimizing ML models is crucial for businesses across various sectors, including finance, healthcare, and e-commerce. By leveraging cloud-based ML solutions, Indian companies can enhance their predictive analytics capabilities, driving smarter decision-making and operational efficiency. This abstract presents an overview of how optimized machine learning models can unlock the full potential of predictive analytics in cloud environments, leading to better business outcomes. Through case studies and practical applications, this paper provides actionable insights into the best practices for optimizing ML models in a cloud-based setting.

The rapid growth of cloud computing has led to an increased demand for security mechanisms to safeguard sensitive data and resources from cyber threats. Intrusion detection systems (IDS) play a crucial role in identifying unauthorized access or malicious activities within cloud environments. This paper presents a comparative study of machine learning (ML) techniques used in intrusion detection for cloud computing platforms. Various ML algorithms, including decision trees, support vector machines, k-nearest neighbors, and neural networks, are evaluated based on their performance in detecting different types of attacks. The study assesses the accuracy, efficiency, and scalability of these techniques in cloud environments, highlighting their strengths and limitations. The findings provide valuable insights into the selection of appropriate machine learning models for effective intrusion detection in dynamic and scalable cloud systems.

Critical infrastructure protection and national security are enhanced by the security and reliability of networks. Various types of information circulate on these networks, ranging in classification from open to closed. The consequences of cyberattacks on these networks can be severe, including reputational damage, financial loss, operational disruption and data leakage. Traditional security methods, such as firewalls and anti-virus software, are becoming less effective against modern and ever-changing cyber threats. As a result, powerful network intrusion detection systems (IDS) have become indispensable for proactive detection and mitigation of cyber attacks. Machine learning has become a viable method for creating adaptive intrusion detection tools that can detect new and complex attack patterns. By learning from huge labelled network traffic datasets, ML models can understand the subtle patterns and differentiating features of normal and abnormal or malicious traffic flows. This allows them to detect possible cyber threats and intrusions that traditional signature-based IDSs cannot detect. Extracting discriminative features and training appropriate classification models from such data is a challenging task. In the presented study, we analyse the effectiveness of ML algorithms for detecting cyberattacks, in particular distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, in network traffic data. In the presented study, a network attack detection system is developed using ML and deep learning (DL) models and experimented on the CICIDS2017 dataset. The main objectives of the study are to develop a strategy for extracting valuable information from raw network streams; to study the impact of data preparation on the false positive rate; and to conduct a comparative analysis of ML models for cyberattack detection. The main goal of the study is to provide an understanding of the development of a reliable adaptive network intrusion detection system using ML approaches that increase cybersecurity capabilities and protect against future cyberattacks.

There are considerable hurdles that must be overcome in order to maintain adequate security against cyber-attacks in cloud settings because of their dynamic and dispersed nature. A proactive method to identifying and mitigating new threats in real time is provided by adaptive intrusion detection systems (IDS) that make use of machine learning (ML). The design and operation of adaptive intrusion detection systems (IDS) that are adapted for cloud platforms are investigated in this study. Particular attention is paid to the utilisation of supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning methods. It investigates the benefits of adaptive intrusion detection systems (IDS) in terms of identifying abnormal behaviours, minimising the number of false positives, and adapting to shifting threat environments. Several important factors, including the selection of features, the quality of the dataset, and the optimisation of the algorithm, are covered. In addition to this, we investigate the possibility of integrating adaptive intrusion detection systems with cloud-native technologies such as serverless computing and containers. Performance measurements and comparative evaluations demonstrate that machine learning-based intrusion detection systems are more effective than older techniques. Additionally, the study addresses issues such as scalability, data privacy, and adversarial assaults, and it proposes viable methods to improve dependability. The adaptive intrusion detection system (IDS) is an essential component of cloud security methods since it enables continuous monitoring and reaction to complex kinds of attacks.

Resource allocation in the cloud environment for 5G applications can be explained by referring to the strategic distribution and necessary assignment of computing resources such as virtual machines, storage, and network bandwidth that meet the dynamic demands of applications and services. The framework proposed is on resource allocation in the cloud environment by BRoML for 5G applications. In the proposed BRoML model, the Backtracking Regularized model is incorporated for the effective calculation of the resources in the cloud environment. The optimization is performed for the effective computation of resources in the cloud environment through the computed resources. Using the estimated optimized values, a machine learning model can be trained and tested to classify resource allocation. In this regard, the simulation analysis is compared to BRoML with traditional schemes like SVM and RF. The result shows that BRoML has a higher resource utilization while exhibiting lower latency, higher increased throughput, and a better efficiency score overall. Machine learning techniques and optimization mechanisms give flexibility and intelligence to BRoMl in solving resource allocation issues within cloud computing. These results reinforce the view that BRoML can create a strong impact on the development process of cloud computing with its dynamic, intelligent solution in resource allocation optimization under various scenarios.

Nowadays, more and more devices are connected to the Internet, with enormous information transmitted on it. Malware spread through a local area network (LAN) can infect lots of internal users. A network intrusion detection system aims to safeguard a network from these malicious attacks. We proposed an efficient and adaptive intrusion measurement and detection approach based on protocol-wise associative memory of Hopfield networks, where the network traffic features related to several protocols including ARP, TCP, and UDP were stored. By evolving the neural network's energy state, we reconstructed a stored feature pattern from the input of novel network traffic. We evaluated the scheme using the recall and the divergence rate. At last, we achieved an average validation recall score of 0.9591 for detecting various malicious network events.

Component reuse has become a trend in software engineering. However, third-party components have the potential to introduce vulnerabilities into software applications and become the weakest link in the security chain. In this paper, we discuss the limitations of traditional security practices and controls against vulnerable components. As a solution, we present a software design and development approach, combined with a collaborative, cloud-based vulnerability and threat management system. This combination aims at enabling applications to gain “artificial immunity” to third-party components by dynamically identifying and controlling related security risks. It also strives to promote the automatic discovery of, and near real-time information dissemination about emerging threats and zero-day vulnerabilities. At the heart of our solution, we use application-level API sandboxing, as well as adaptive signature-based and anomaly-based API intrusion detection and prevention. The need-to-know, cost-effectiveness, and user acceptance through separation of concerns have been our guiding security engineering principles.

In the world of connected everything, network attacks and cyber-security breaches may cause huge monetary damages and even endanger lives; hence, full sanitization of the Internet traffic is a real necessity. In this paper we will apply a dynamic statistical analysis to separate latency sensitive traffic from the latency insensitive one at the source. Then, we will calculate the energy savings that can be achieved by identifying and dropping all the unwanted portion of the latency insensitive traffic directly at the source. This value represents an upper-bound to the actual amount of energy that can be saved by applying our adaptive aggressive intrusion detection technique to latency insensitive traffic, in fact the actual value depends on the actual load of the network and its capability to spread the hunt for malicious packet among all the network nodes. The main contribution of this paper is to show that energy savings through aggressive intrusion detection may be achieved without burdening latency sensitive traffic with delays that may render it unusable, nonetheless, as a side effect of early removal of unwanted traffic from the network flows is to reduce the network load, the traffic reduction so obtained allows sanitizing even the latency sensitive traffic with a reduced risk of excessive delays due to resources allocation and traffic forecasting errors.

In the rapidly evolving landscape of digital services, cloud computing has become a cornerstone for data storage, processing, and transfer, significantly amplifying security challenges. This environment faces numerous threats and security issues, including cyberattacks, data breaches, and malware, in addition to challenges related to ensuring confidentiality, integrity, and availability. This study aims to highlight the effective role of machine learning techniques in enhancing cloud security by detecting cyber threats, protecting data privacy, and preventing attacks. It underscores the pressing need to adopt intelligent solutions, given the limitations of traditional systems in addressing the complex and evolving threats within cloud environments. Through a critical review of recent research on this topic, the study examines various machine learning methods proven effective in tackling key cloud security issues, such as network intrusion detection, financial fraud detection, and malware identification. The findings confirm that machine learning techniques significantly improve the efficiency of security systems. However, challenges remain, including adapting to continuously evolving threats, ensuring the quality of available training data, and addressing the high computational costs of real-time model operation. The study recommends further research to enhance cloud security, improve adaptability to emerging threats, and establish a theoretical foundation to guide future efforts toward strengthening security in cloud environments.