Scheduling Drip Irrigation for Agricultural Crops using Intelligent Irrigation System

Introduction:: The most crucial ingredient in agriculture is water. The amount of water that plants require must be provided to them. However, growers alternate between giving their plants more water than they truly need and giving them less and partly because they become overwatered due to meteorological circumstances like unexpected rainfall. Methods:: We employ an IoT-based intelligent irrigation system to get around this problem. It includes a centrifugal pump, a motor driver board, and a soil moisture sensor with YL69 probes. When the soil moisture level drops, the pump automatically delivers water to the plants with minimal human involvement. The electrical conductivity theory is how the sensor for soil moisture functions. A DHT11 sensor and a barometer, which provide information on the local temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure, are both parts of the weather monitoring system with the help of this, farmers can forecast the local weather and plan their irrigation accordingly. Results:: In this patent study, the thing speak API enables us to continually monitor information from a computer or mobile device, and the ESP8266 module links the complete system to the internet. Through this approach, water waste is reduced, and irrigation efficiency is increased while crop health and quality are preserved. Conclusion:: Overall, this research demonstrated how the Internet of Things-based intelligent irrigation systems may enhance agricultural water management. By combining soil moisture monitoring, weather monitoring, and autonomous management, we may develop irrigation techniques that are more precise, effective and patent leading to higher crop yields and sustainable agricultural practices.

With the gradual maturity of the Internet of Things technology, production intelligence and information has become more common. The level of automation in irrigation systems represents a major factor in the efficiency of agricultural development. This article has studied the intelligent automatic irrigation system of balcony flowers based on Internet of Things. MSP430F5438A single-chip microcomputer is used as the core microcontroller to collect soil moisture information through soil moisture sensors. The humidity information is uploaded to the server by the wireless communication module. The server responds to the client’s instructions and the real-time soil temperature and humidity to water the balcony flowers. The GPRS module sends the control command to the lower position machine, and the microcontroller transfers the instructions through the wireless transmission module. And to control the operation of the switch of solenoid valve. The entire irrigation system is based on the MSP430 single-chip microcomputer and has good features such as low power consumption and high stability.

Accurate site selection of different irrigation systems can lead to higher water productivity. The present study evaluates the suitable regions of Izeh Plain (Iran) for different irrigation systems by using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) based on geographic information system (GIS). A variety of parameters such as climate, topography, labor skills and system costs, etc., are identified and grouped into two main criteria, namely socioeconomic criterion, and physical criterion. A matrix of the pairwise comparison is used to compare these criteria and subcriteria, and to evaluate them according to their relative importance for region susceptibility. Geographical layers are obtained for each subcriterion by using GIS to select the most suitable sites for different irrigation systems. Wheel move irrigation system, drip irrigation system, surface irrigation system, low-pressure irrigation system, and solid-set sprinkler irrigation system were considered as alternatives for site selection in this study. The result map of site selection showed that surface irrigation, drip irrigation, and low-pressure systems were found to be the best irrigation system alternatives for this region with 49%, 36%, and 22% of site suitability, respectively.

In this paper, the intelligent irrigation system is designed, which sets the STC89C51RC single-chip microcomputer as the core controller, and the peripheral devices such as light intensity sensors, temperature and humidity sensors, LCD display screens, Bluetooth, touch sensitive capacitive buttons, relays, and water pumps are composed as the complete intelligent irrigation system. This system can display the temperature, humidity and light intensity of the environment in real time, and can conduct real-time monitoring based the preset thresholds. If the monitoring parameters are lower than the set thresholds, the system will turn on the water pump for automatic irrigating. In addition, users can learn about the real-time situation of environmental monitoring or adjust the threshold through their mobile phones. Experimental results have shown that the system has complete functions, high monitoring accuracy, and stable operation. Therefore, it has a wide application market.

Productivity and profitability of modern irrigation methods through the application of on-farm drip irrigation on some crops in the Northern Nile Delta of Egypt

Rapid population growth and climate change-induced water scarcity are challenging food security. Therefore, growing more food with less water and energy is urgently needed. The innovative responsive drip irrigation (RDI) system recently introduced in Pakistan responds to plant demand for water and nutrients and may be helpful in achieving this goal. Therefore, the yield, irrigation input and water productivity of garlic (Allium sativum L.) were evaluated under the RDI in comparison with the drip irrigation (DI) and furrow irrigation (FI) system (control) under silty loam soil at Islamabad, Pakistan. The treatments were three times replicated in a randomized block design. The average results show a significant (94%, 48%) water saving for the RDI and DI respectively than the FI (443 mm). The average dry garlic yield was also higher (3%, 11%) for the RDI and DI treatments respectively than the FI (13.491 tons/ha). Consequently, reducing irrigation water input and increasing crop yield resulted in a significant (94%, 46%) increase in the water productivity of garlic for the RDI and DI systems respectively than the FI (1.536 kg/m3). Thus, the newly introduced RDI system in Pakistan has indicated the prospects of increasing the yield and water productivity of garlic at the household level. Hence, promoting the concept and principles of the RDI system may be helpful in enhancing climate change resilience in water-scarce areas and vegetable production at household levels in urban areas, which may enhance local food and nutrition security in the country.

The main objective of this study was to compare different irrigation systems based on a parametric evaluation system in an area of 3070 ha on the Dasht Bozorg Plain, Khuzestan Province, southwestern Iran. Soil properties in the study area such as texture, depth, electrical conductivity, drainage, calcium carbonate content and slope were derived from a semi-detailed soil study carried out on the Dasht Bozorg Plain on a scale of 1:20 000. Once the soil properties were analysed and evaluated, suitability maps were generated for surface, sprinkle and drip irrigation systems using remote sensing (RS) techniques and GIS (Geographic Information System). The results showed that for 1567.6 ha (51.1%) in the study area sprinkle irrigation was highly recommended, whereas for 1876.6 ha (61.3%) in the study area drip irrigation would be extremely efficient and suitable. However, there were no highly suitable lands for surface irrigation, but for all irrigation systems no unsuitable land exists in the study area. The results showed that by applying sprinkle irrigation instead of drip and surface irrigation, the arability of 1611.6 ha (52.5%) on the Dasht Bozorg Plain will improve. In addition, by applying drip irrigation instead of sprinkle or surface irrigation, the land suitability of 802.4 ha (26.2%) on this plain will improve. A comparison of the different types of irrigation systems revealed that sprinkle and drip irrigation were more effective and efficient than surface irrigation for improving land productivity. It is noteworthy, however, that the main limiting factor in using sprinkle and/or drip irrigation in this area is the soil calcium carbonate content and the main limiting factors in using surface irrigation are soil calcium carbonate content together with drainage.

Groundwater & Surface water resources are decreasing all over the world including Bangladesh. Water resource management can be done in various ways. Traditionally, water management can be done by operators. However, sometimes it could result over-irrigation, increased electricity bills, water waste, and the crop can be damaged. In this paper, we have developed an intelligent irrigation system that will control the water dispensing to the crop smartly without any operator. There is a moisture sensor that will detect the soil moisture, and a rain sensor will detect rainfall to limit water use. The system can be used to manage groundwater as well as surface water without changing any existing traditional irrigation pumping equipment. This paper attempts low-cost Arduino-based irrigation devices, sensors, especially modern techniques implemented in irrigation systems and agriculture, such as intelligent irrigation systems.

The synergy between water conservation and economic profitability of adopting alternative irrigation systems for cotton production in the Texas High Plains

Micro-Irrigation Systems (MIS) apply water through small devices which deliver it onto the soil surface very near to the plant, which means in this context the use of bubbler, mini–sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems. From 2003 to 2006, 13 feddans of field research were established in sandy soil at Wadi EL Natrown On-Farm Irrigation Department Research Station operated by the Water Management and Irrigation System Research Institute, to evaluate the effect of MIS on olive trees. The experimental site was arranged in a split plots design. On 08-02-2003 olive trees (Olea europaea L, Calamata cv.) were planted in the center of an irrigated round base of 1 m diameter. The distance between the tree rows and the trees within the same row are 5ms. Each plot was divided into six replicates giving 18 experimental plots. All the micro irrigation systems were designed with the same control head components which consists of non- return valve, flow meter, venturi, air valve, pressure relief valve and 3 pressure gauges. Regarding the distributor units technical specifications and their placement: 1) For the trickle treatment 4 emitters (12 l/h) per each tree placed on one lateral line PE 16 mm diameter passing through the center of the tree round base; where each emitter is 30 cm distant from the next one; 2) For the bubbler treatment one bubbler per each tree (100 l/h) placed in the tree round base , 25 cm distance from the tree stem moving monthly in 180° clockwise to maintain good water distribution; 3) For the mini- sprinkler treatment one mini-sprinkler (70 l/h) per each tree with the same procedure as the bubbler. A comparison was made between the different systems taking into account the following points: olive trees morphology (plant height, stem diameter, shoots number/tree, leaves number/tree, shadow area and root distribution), number of fruits/tree, fruit weight, yield/tree, total yield per feddan, yield efficiency and both soil moisture content and soil salt distribution. Hydraulics characteristics for each type of MIS were also monitored. The results obtained show the usefulness of trickle irrigation system in olive trees growing where the trees height increased (cm) by 10 and 9.2%, stem diameter (mm) increased by 6 and 14%, shoots number per tree increased by 8 and 14%, leaves number per tree increased by 13 and 17%, shadow area (cm2) increased by 6 and 13% compared with bubbler and micro irrigation system respectively. Trickle irrigation systems demonstrate the highest values of sand soil moisture content which is about (18.19, 16.66 and 10.45% by weight) in the soil layers (00–30), (30-60) and (60-90) cm, respectively, whereas the bubbler irrigation systems were (16.66, 14.46 and 9.01% by weight) in the previous soil layers respectively, followed by mini-sprinkler irrigation systems treatment which were about (10.45, 9.01 and 6.58% by weight) in the same soil layers respectively. The olive trees root distribution under trickle irrigation showed more regularity than other types due to root distribution relative to the placement and the number of irrigation distributors. The net effect of trickle-irrigation was to increase water saving for producing one kilogram of olive fruits with 18 and 35 % less than with bubbler and mini-sprinkler respectively. The number of fruits increased under trickle irrigation by 16 to 24% while the olive tree yield (kg/tree) increased by 18 to 32% compared with bubbler and mini sprinkler irrigation system respectively. Trickle-irrigation can be recommended as an efficient irrigation system for olive trees in the irrigation areas of Wadi El Natrown in the west of the delta region.

Fruit yield and water use efficiency of eggplant (Solanum melongema L.) as influenced by different quantities of nitrogen and water applied through drip and furrow irrigation

In view of our country of precision fertilization device mainly depend on import, automatic fertilizing device and the actual market needs a serious gap between the status quo, this paper combines the PAC technology, proposed the classic model of agricultural water and fertilizer management, controlled by the central, lower computer, actuator, sensor is composed of four parts, the classic model makes full use of the advantages of PAC technology, such as the identification of general-purpose programming language, PC machine hardware and software resources are rich, flexible communication mode, can use the rich information resources management. In this paper, by using this model, the design and implementation of three systems, one is the automatic control system of deep liquid cultivation, two is the small size intelligent drip irrigation system, three is a multi-threaded irrigation thought realizes the construction of agricultural information Park medium scale, through continuous improvement and perfection, successfully extended to a PC corresponding to a plurality of slave machine, formed from the structure. Through the test of practice, the system of flexible assembly, strong expansibility, low cost, easy popularization, out of a road of independent innovation, has made an attempt and efforts for national agricultural informatization.

The Intelligent Irrigation System (IIS) is an innovative agricultural technology. This involves the integration of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Fuzzy Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control. This helps in the optimization of water management in precision farming practices. These advanced techniques help in adopting effective water resource management with sustainable farming systems. The WSN component involves a network of wireless sensors across the agricultural field to monitor and gather the real-time data. The collected data are transmitted to a central control unit through a wireless medium. The application of Fuzzy PID control forms an important part of the intelligent irrigation system. This helps to obtain intelligent decisions based upon the sensor data. The demonstration of uncertainty is achieved using fuzzy logic systems. They help in handling the complex and diverse nature of agricultural atmospheres. The irrigation parameters are adjusted using the PID controller. This helps in the identification of crops which receive the optimal amount of water within the stipulated time. The integration of wireless communication and fuzzy PID control provides various advantages such as remote monitoring and control, intelligent decision-making and reduced environmental impact. Thus the developed system is designed in a way to meet the varying environmental conditions.

Food security is highly reliant on agricultural activity to drive the world economy. However, this activity is in great danger due to climatic changes and improper use of irrigation techniques. Consequently, the lives of numerous individuals worldwide are in jeopardy. In light, this paper investigates the promise of smart irrigation systems based on new technology. To meet the growing demand for water in agriculture, this study presents an intelligent irrigation system that uses cutting-edge technologies of (1) cloud computing, (2) embedded systems, and (3) Internet-of- Things (IoT). The main objective is to demonstrate how this innovative strategy can effectively manage water resources, supporting food security through cutting-edge agricultural technology. This paper proposes a smart irrigation system based on cutting-edge technologies like the embedded system, Internet of Things (IoT), and cloud computing as a groundbreaking strategy to improve food security through the implementation of advanced agricultural technology. This system supervises real-time monitoring of crucial environmental factors such as (1) moisture, (2) humidity, (3) temperature, and (4) water levels, in smart agriculture practices. In addition, this system employs the latest sensors, including the module (DHT22), water level sensor, and moisture sensors, which are connected to the widely used embedded system (ESP32). The system uses the ThingSpeak cloud and ThingView app to enable wireless communication between the device and the farm owner, enhancing their interaction. The automated control of the two water pumps is based on the readings of various environmental factors. Moreover, this will also present a mathematical-driven function known as linear interpolation to calibrate the water level sensor in percentage. This system was created using the V-model software development approach. and conclusion. Farmers can access comprehensive farm data from anywhere in the world as the sensor data is transmitted in real-time to both the ThingSpeak cloud and the ThingView. This capability allows for more precise crop irrigation and increased production. The study’s findings demonstrate a striking 70% reduction in water consumption for soil irrigation when utilizing the proposed smart irrigation system. This paper underscores the significant promise of smart irrigation systems, driven by IoT, embedded systems, and cloud computing, to conserve water resources and advance food security. This article proposes an innovative solution that reduces soil irrigation water consumption by 70% compared to traditional methods. It explores how smart irrigation can improve the sustainability of agriculture and positively influence food security.

Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of sweet lime under drip irrigation