School Age

The article emphasizes the importance of creating a favorable environment for all-round development of а personality of the young school-age in the context of reforming the education of Ukraine in accordance with the requirements of the New Ukrainian School. This environment is defined as the educational and developmental environment. The analysis of the researchers’ approaches to interpreting the concepts of “environment”, “educational environment”, “learning environment”, “developmental environment” makes it possible to determine the essence of the main key concept of research. Educational and developmental environment is defined as an integrated system of influences, conditions and facilities that ensure the successful adaptation of the child to the educational process of primary school, activate his/her educational and cognitive activity, promote the harmonious development and formation of his/her personality. In its structure we distinguish: the target, content-information, technological, psychological, sociocultural and object-spatial components. An experimental model of the educational and developmental environment is developed on the basis of using the modeling method as a condition for students' adaptation to the educational process of primary school. The components of the authors’ model are: the aim; methodological approaches to the organization of educational and developmental environment; principles of organizing the educational and developmental environment; functions of educational and developmental environment; components of educational and developmental environment; stages of adaptation of first-graders in educational and developmental environment; levels of adaptation of first-graders in educational and developmental environment; expected result. The results of diagnosing the level of adaptability of students in primary school educational and developmental environment are presented. Key words : adaptation, primary education institution, educational and developmental environment, model, environment, integrated system.

Development is an inherently dynamic process where cell fate specification occurs continuously and in a progressive manner. Thus, a major focus in developmental biology is solving the gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that underlie specification of cell fates. GRNs specify new spatial domains of cells by controlling the expression of their changing regulatory states throughout development. Regulatory states are composed of combinations of expressed regulatory genes which encode transcription factors that form regulatory circuits which function to carry out the specific developmental tasks involved in cell fate specification. To investigate the differences of GRNs operating in the embryo and their change over development, we sought to identify and characterize the regulatory states present in multiple developmental stages of sea urchin embryogenesis. We performed a genome-wide survey and embryo-wide annotation of regulatory gene expression by whole mount in situ hybridization at five consecutive developmental time-points in order to determine regulatory states and their developmental trajectory. We determined at least 74 distinct regulatory states expressed in discrete developmental domains which coincide with larval morphological structures and show that their progenitor domains foreshadow the ensuing larval morphology. Among these domains, we identified bilateral ciliary photoreceptors in the larva which express a distinct regulatory state that include factors known in ciliary photoreceptor specification. We show that this photoreceptor regulatory state does not express the genes of the retinal determination network that specify eyes in both flies and vertebrates. In addition, we show that though the sizes of regulatory states are comparable over developmental time, no two regulatory states are equal, even those expressed in a given domain at previous or subsequent developmental time-points. Lastly, we found that similarities among regulatory states reflect a common developmental function but not necessarily a common developmental history. The results suggest that the combinations of transcription factors defining regulatory states are both spatially and temporally dynamic in their progressive specification of cell fates during development and that regulatory state expression is tightly associated with the developing morphology of the larva.

The Pavlov’s session continues: the anniversary of seven decades for psychology in Ukraine

BackgroundIn well-child care it is difficult to determine whether preschool children with asthma symptoms actually have or will develop asthma at school age. The PIAMA (Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy) Risk Score has been proposed as an instrument that predicts asthma at school age, using eight easy obtainable parameters, assessed at the time of first asthma symptoms at preschool age. The aim of this study is to present the rationale and design of a study 1) to externally validate and update the PIAMA Risk Score, 2) to develop an Asthma Risk Appraisal Tool to predict asthma at school age in (specific subgroups of) preschool children with asthma symptoms and 3) to test implementation of the Asthma Risk Appraisal Tool in well-child care.Methods and designThe study will be performed within the framework of Generation R, a prospective multi-ethnic cohort study. In total, consent for postnatal follow-up was obtained from 7893 children, born between 2002 and 2006. At preschool age the PIAMA Risk Score will be assessed and used to predict asthma at school age. Discrimination (C-index) and calibration will be assessed for the external validation. We will study whether the predictive ability of the PIAMA Risk Score can be improved by removing or adding predictors (e.g. preterm birth). The (updated) PIAMA Risk Score will be converted to the Asthma Risk Appraisal Tool- to predict asthma at school age in preschool children with asthma symptoms. Additionally, we will conduct a pilot study to test implementation of the Asthma Risk Appraisal Tool in well-child care.DiscussionApplication of the Asthma Risk Appraisal Tool in well-child care will help to distinguish preschool children at high- and low-risk of developing asthma at school age when asthma symptoms appear.This study will increase knowledge about the validity of the PIAMA risk score and might improve risk assessment of developing asthma at school age in (specific subgroups of) preschool children, who present with asthma symptoms at well-child care.

Alterations in the connective tissue of the hip joint capsule and ligaments might account for the increased laxity seen in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip. The tensile features of the connective tissue depend on collagen. A number of prior studies have noted the association between the trace elements and collagen biosynthesis. The aim of this research is to determine whether there exists an association between the trace elements and developmental dysplasia of the hip. This investigation included 27 patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (18 females and nine males; mean age 24.3 ± 6.3 months, range 18–36 months) and 26 healthy controls (15 females and 11 males; mean age 23.8 ± 5.4 months, range 18-36 months). The levels of the serum trace elements in the groups were statistically compared. The Cu levels of the patients with developmental dysplasia of hip were statistically higher than those of the control group (p<0.05). The Zn, Fe, Mg, and Mn levels of the patients with developmental dysplasia of hip were statistically lower than those of the control group (p<0.05). We found an association between developmental dysplasia of the hip and the serum trace element levels. We, therefore, believe that the trace element levels may shed light on the etiopathogenesis of developmental dysplasia of the hip. This work should be supported by future studies concerning the causes of the alterations in the serum trace element levels seen in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip.

Oral and dental health maintenance behavior should be carried out from an early age, the most appropriate time to instill values to form positive behavior is school age. Elementary school age is the ideal time to train a child's motor skills, including brushing teeth. In addition, school age has shown sensitivity to learning according to the child's curiosity. The purpose of the study was to determine the level of knowledge of Oral and Dental Health Maintenance of grade II (two) Elementary School children in Bantaeng Regency, South Sulawesi, to prevent dental and oral diseases, increase endurance, and improve oral function to increase appetite. Maintaining dental and oral hygiene at school age is one way to improve health at an early age. This research method is descriptive by providing a description of knowledge about dental health maintenance actions. The results of the study showed that students with a level of knowledge showed that almost all students in grade II (two) of Elementary Schools in Bantaeng Regency, South Sulawesi had good knowledge (92%). The conclusion obtained shows that there is a significant relationship between maternal knowledge and the provision of exclusive breastfeeding in the working area of ​​the Takalar Regency Health Center.Oral and dental health maintenance behavior should be carried out from an early age, the most appropriate time to instill values to form positive behavior is school age. Elementary school age is the ideal time to train a child's motor skills, including brushing teeth. In addition, school age has shown sensitivity to learning according to the child's curiosity. The purpose of the study was to determine the level of knowledge of Oral and Dental Health Maintenance of grade II (two) Elementary School children in Bantaeng Regency, South Sulawesi, to prevent dental and oral diseases, increase endurance, and improve oral function to increase appetite. Maintaining dental and oral hygiene at school age is one way to improve health at an early age. This research method is descriptive by providing a description of knowledge about dental health maintenance actions. The results of the study showed that students with a level of knowledge showed that almost all students in grade II (two) of Elementary Schools in Bantaeng Regency, South Sulawesi had good knowledge (92%). The conclusion obtained shows that there is a significant relationship between maternal knowledge and the provision of exclusive breastfeeding in the working area of ​​the Takalar Regency Health Center.

Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and ReviewsVolume 19, Issue 5 p. 187-199 Article Human adaptation to the control of fire Richard Wrangham, Richard Wrangham wrangham@fas.harvard.edu Department of Human Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University Richard Wrangham is a professor in the Department of Human Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University. Since 1987 he has directed a study of chimpanzee behavioral ecology in Kibale National Park, Uganda (current co-director, Martin Muller). He is the author of Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human (2009, Basic Books).Search for more papers by this authorRachel Carmody, Rachel Carmody carmody@fas.harvard.edu Human Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University Rachel Carmody is a Ph.D. candidate in Human Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University. Her dissertation focuses on the energetic significance of cooking and nonthermal food processing in human evolution and related consequences for modern human nutrition.Search for more papers by this author Richard Wrangham, Richard Wrangham wrangham@fas.harvard.edu Department of Human Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University Richard Wrangham is a professor in the Department of Human Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University. Since 1987 he has directed a study of chimpanzee behavioral ecology in Kibale National Park, Uganda (current co-director, Martin Muller). He is the author of Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human (2009, Basic Books).Search for more papers by this authorRachel Carmody, Rachel Carmody carmody@fas.harvard.edu Human Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University Rachel Carmody is a Ph.D. candidate in Human Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University. Her dissertation focuses on the energetic significance of cooking and nonthermal food processing in human evolution and related consequences for modern human nutrition.Search for more papers by this author First published: 27 October 2010 https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.20275Citations: 164 Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume19, Issue5September/October 2010Pages 187-199 RelatedInformation

The aim of this semilongitudinal study was to investigate the development of central visual pathways in children born preterm but without major neurologic impairments and to establish their cognitive and behavioral profile at school age. Ten children born preterm were assessed at 6 months and at school age, using visual evoked potentials at both time points and cognitive and behavioral tests at school age. We also tested 10 age-matched children born full-term. At 6 months' corrected age, we found no significant differences between preterm and full-term groups for either amplitude or latency of N1 and P1 components. At school age, the preterm group manifested significantly higher N1 amplitudes and tended to show higher P1 amplitudes than the full-term group. We found no significant differences in cognitive and behavioral measures at school age. These results suggest that preterm birth affects visual pathways development, yet the children born preterm did not manifest cognitive problems.

let-7 is a highly conserved microRNA(miRNA) with important functions in a wide variety of biological processes. In the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) let-7 plays a crucial role in developmental timing, regulating temporal cell fates in the stem cell-like seam cell compartment. Study of let-7 in this context served as a useful model system for both elucidation of general principles of miRNA function and definition of universal concepts regarding developmental time and stem-cell biology. In my thesis work, I was interested in the study of molecular aspects of let-7-mediated target regulation and its developmental functions. I examined these aspects in three separate, but complementary projects. First, by performing a genome-wide RNAi screen for suppressors of let-7 lethality, I identified about 200 novel let-7 genetic interaction partners. Characterization of these genes revealed a tight connection between let-7 activity and the cell-cycle. Unfortunately, the screed did not yield any obvious and promising candidate let-7 target or upstream regulator for further study. My second project consisted of establishing a novel, quantitative in vivo miRNA target reporter system and study of let-7-mediated target regulation in different tissues of the worm. This new technique allowed the direct and quantitative visualization of miRNA activity on different targets over time, in various tissues, at a quantitative level. The main finding in these experiments was the demonstration of target specificity among different members of the let-7 family. Even in the same cell and at the same time, individual targets were differentially affected by the loss of a specific family member, showing that they have intrinsically different target specificity. I examined the sequence requirements of let-7 specificity towards lin-41 at the target site level and found that base-pairing at the 3’end of the miRNA contributes to effective and specific repression. However this is probably not sufficient, as I could not transform lin-41 repression completely to be dependent on another let-7 family member by mutating the target site. These findings have clearly further implications for our general understanding of miRNA specificity. Finally, I characterized developmental defects underlying the lethal vulva bursting phenotype of let-7 mutant worms. I showed that let-7 expression in the vulva is required for bursting suppression. Contrary to previous assumptions, let-7 is not involved in the specification of vulva precursor cells at the L3 stage, but probably has a role in later stages of vulva morphogenesis. In this context, let-60, the worm Ras homologue, is not targeted by let-7 and loss of the let-60 3’UTR and thus miRNA regulation has no functional consequences. By contrast, my experiments show robust regulation of lin-41 in all vulva cells and suggest that lin-41 is the key let-7 target in the vulva. Surprisingly, the let-7/lin-41 pathway does not influence lin-29 expression and lin-29 is, unlike in the hypodermis, not an effector of let-7/lin-41. I discovered and characterized a novel function for the heterochronic genes let-7 and lin-41 in the vulva and showed that the effectors of the heterochronic pathway can be rewired in different tissues. In sum, I used different approaches to expand our understanding of the molecular and developmental functions of the let-7 miRNA in C. elegans and my results might have further implications for the target specificity of miRNAs.

The purpose of this paper is to present the main theoretical and empirical foundations for the promotion of psychological development with older people. The orientation of developmental psychology to older people has arisen because of interest among psychologists in using developmental approaches of human behavior and development for understanding the plasticity of the aging mind and development, and the importance of relations between individuals and ecological se_ ings as a framework to understand diversity in the course of human development in the second half of life. A developmental psychology perspective applied to older people development has arisen as well through the implementation of interventions designed and delivered both in individualized and community-based ways. The most important conceptual foundations and empirical work being done to defi ne bases and features of developmental psychology applied to older people will be discussed as well as the implications of it for applications of developmental science aimed at improving human development of older people through the provision of programs and policies predicated on the use of a developmental psychology perspective for understanding and enhancing the lives of older people. Key words: development, aging, intervention.

Objective To summarize the clinical features of presacral developmental cysts and investigate the therapeutic effect of transsacrococcygeal approach. Methods Clinical data of 43 patients with presacral developmental cysts underwent transsacrococcygeal approach from August 2007 to August 2016 was retrospectively analyzed. Results In this group, four male and 39 female patients were included. The clinical presentations were nonspecific and sixteen patients were misdiagnosed before the correct diagnosis was made. All patients were treated with tanssacrococcygeal approach. The operative duration was (125±43) min and the blood loss of each operative approach was (157±56) ml. Coccygectomy was performed in 32 patients and partial sacral resection was performed in four patients. The surgical incision infection occurred in two patients (4.6%). Postoperative pathological findings: fifteen patients had tailgut cysts, nine patients had epidermoid cysts, fourteen patients had teratomas, four patients had dermoid cysts and one patient had malignant teratocarcinoma. The patients were followed up for 6~74 months (mean, 45 months) and the tumor relapsed in one patient (2.3%). Conclusions The clinical presentations were nonspecific and patients with presacral developmental cysts were easily misdiagnosed at first visit. Transsacrococcygeal approach can be used to manage majority of presacral developmental cysts with less blood loss and lower complication rate. Key words: Presacral developmental cysts; Misdiagnosis; Transsacrococcygeal approach

The effects of the 1938 fascist anti-Semitic laws on the development of physiology in Italy are discussed, focusing on the replacement of five full professors of human physiology expelled from the Universities of Bologna, Milan, Turin, Genoa, and Palermo. The academic community immediately took action to fill the vacant positions, in the spirit of "business as usual." Replacements were made via either transfer of tenured professors or appointment of chair competition winners as tenure-track professors. The previous universities of the substitutes (Pavia, Siena, Messina, Parma) were also indirectly involved. Replacement proposals formulated by each university were approved by Giuseppe Bottai, minister of National Education. Overall, about half of the 17 physiology chairs present in Italy were involved with a significant and sudden generational change. Based upon biographical and scientific profiles of the expelled professors and their replacements, analysis is carried out on the ensuing qualitative effects on research activity. For the Italian physiology community, the impact was positive, or at least not negative in some cases, with the formation of important schools of research. In any case, the moral evaluation can only be negative on the tacit acceptance of expulsions for racial reasons, considered as ordinary administration or even as an opportunity for a more rapid career. Seen from this perspective, those distant events offer an occasion for reflection and a lesson still valid for all of us today.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The effects of the 1938 fascist anti-Semitic laws on the development of physiology in Italy are discussed, focusing on the replacement of five full professors of human physiology expelled from the Universities of Bologna, Milan, Turin, Genoa, and Palermo. The changes in research topics and the formation of important schools stemming from the application of the anti-Semitic laws have been long-lasting and are still present.

Functional outcome at school age of neonatal post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation

Body mass index (BMI), defined as weight in kilograms divided by height in meter square, is a reliable indicator of body fat and is sex and age dependent in children. It is a measure of nutritional assessment, useful in the demonstration of the pattern of nutritional transition being experienced around the world today. Under-nutrition (underweight/stunting) and over-nutrition (overweight/obesity) are now seen to be co-existing in developing parts of the world despite the prevailing poor socioeconomic situations.BMI growth chart percentiles categorize underweight as BMI less than the 5th percentile, healthy weight as BMI between 5th and 84th percentile, overweight as BMI of 85th percentile to < 95th percentile and obesity as BMI of ≥ 95th percentile.This was aimed at determining the Body Mass Index of school – aged children in Ilorin.Cross sectional descriptive study of school – aged children in Ilorin Kwara State using a multi – staged sampling techniques was conducted. Sixteen primary schools, eight public and eight private school pupils were recruited. The anthropometric measurements were taken to determine the anthropometric indices using the World Health Organization reference 2007.A total number of 480 primary school pupils from Ilorin were recruited. Males were 221 (46.0%) with a M:F of 1:1.2 and a mean age of 9.2 ± 1.8 years. The mean BMI of the study population was 15.7 ± 2.4 kg/m². The prevalence of underweight and stunting was 15.4% and 11.5%, while the prevalence of overweight and obesity were 7.3% and 3.1% respectively.The study affirms the existent of double burden of malnutrition among school children in Ilorin. Routine nutritional assessment of primary school children and the implementation of school meal program is advocated.Key Words: Under-Nutrition, Over-Nutrition, School Age, Body Mass Index, Malnutrition

AimInterleukin (IL) 1 receptor‐like 1, encoded by the IL1RL1 gene, is a receptor for IL‐33. In European birth cohorts, IL1RL1 rs102082293, rs10204137 (rs4988955), rs13424006 and rs13431828 (rs13048661) variations were associated with asthma at school age. In a Dutch multi‐centre study, IL1RL1 rs1921622 variation was associated with severe bronchiolitis. We evaluated the associations of these five IL1RL1 variations with asthma and lung function at school age after hospitalisation for bronchiolitis in infancy.MethodsFollow‐up data, including impulse oscillometry at age 5–7 and flow‐volume spirometry at age 11–13 years, and the IL1RL1 genotype data were available for 141 children followed until 5–7 and for 125 children followed until 11–13 age years after bronchiolitis in infancy. The IL1RL1 rs10204137 and rs4988955, and the IL1RL1 rs13048661 and rs13431828, are 100% co‐segregating in the Finnish population.ResultsThe variant IL1RL1 rs13048661/13431828 genotype was constantly associated with increased asthma risk by various definitions at 5–7 and 11–13 years of ages. The result was confirmed with analyses adjusted for current confounders and early‐life environment‐related factors. Statistical significances were lost, when maternal asthma and atopic dermatitis in infancy were included in the model.Conclusion IL1RL1 rs13048661/13431828 variation was associated with post‐bronchiolitis asthma outcomes at school age.