Schur rings over infinite dihedral group

We recall that the two-sided crossed product of finite cyclic groups is actually a generalization of the crossed product construction of the same type of groups (cf. [10]). In this paper, by considering the crossed and two-sided crossed products obtained from both finite and infinite cyclic groups, we first present the complete rewriting systems and normal forms of elements over crossed products. (We should note that the complete rewriting systems and normal forms of elements over two-sided crossed products have been recently defined in [10]). In the crossed product case, we will consider their presentations that were given in [2]. As a next step, by using the normal forms of elements of these two products, we calculate the growth series of the crossed product of different combinations of finite and infinite cyclic groups as well as the growth series of two-sided crossed product of finite cyclic groups.

Ribbonness of a stable-ribbon surface-link, I. A stably trivial surface-link

Let W be a Coxeter group acting as a matrix group by way of the dual of the geometric representation. Let L be the lattice of intersections of all reflecting hyperplanes associated with the reflections in this representation. We show that L is isomorphic to the lattice consisting of all parabolic subgroups of W. We use this correspondence to find all W for which L is supersolvable. In particular, we show that the only infinite Coxeter group for which L is supersolvable is the infinite dihedral group. Also, we show how this isomorphism gives an embedding of L into the partition lattice whenever W is of type An, Bn or Dn. In addition, we give several results concerning non-broken circuit bases (NBC bases) when W is finite. We show that L is supersolvable if and only if all NBC bases are obtainable by a certain specific combinatorial procedure, and we use the lattice of parabolic subgroups to identify a natural subcollection of the collection of all NBC bases.

Infinite cyclic groups created by various objects belong to the class to the class basic algebraic structures. In this paper, we construct the infinite cyclic group of differential neurons which are modifications of artificial neurons in analogy to linear ordinary differential operators of the n-th order. We also describe some of their basic properties.

The study of homology groups ${\mathfrak {B}_n}(\Pi ,A),\mathfrak {B}$ a variety, $\Pi$ a group in $\mathfrak {B}$, and $A$ a suitable $\Pi$-module, is continued. A ’Tor’ is constructed which gives a better (but imperfect) approximation to these groups than a Tor previously considered. ${\mathfrak {B}_2}(\Pi ,Z)$ is calculated for various varieties $\mathfrak {B}$ and groups $\Pi$.

A group G is S-universal if every countable group can be embedded in a quotient of G.In this paper we give conditions under which HNN groups are S-universal.These are then applied to showing the S-universality of certain classes of Kleinian groups (discontinuous subgroups of PSL^C)).Finally some connections are mentioned between Sg-universality and the theory of ends.Introduction.A group G is So-universal if every countable group can be embedded in a quotient of G. Thus all nonabelian free groups are Suniversal [4], while it is known that all nontrivial free products except the infinite dihedral group [10], and large classes of amalgamated free products are also , [11].Sacerdote and Schupp have extended these to certain HNN and one-relator groups [9].In this paper we give a series of results which complement those of Sacerdote and Schupp but are somewhat less technical and more directly applicable to geometrically and arithmetically defined groups [2], [3].This will be applied in 3 to showing the S?-universality of a class of Kleinian groups.Finally we make some observations on the relationship between SG;-universality and the theory of ends.1. Recall that an HNN group is a group of the form G = </" ...,t",K; rel K, t^tr1 = <P,(A)>where {L,} are subgroups of K, and {<p,} are isomorphisms L, - <p,(jL,) < K. K is called the base, {L, <p(L)} associated subgroups and </" . .., i") the free part.Groups of this type were used by Higman, Neumann and Neumann to show the S-universality of free groups of rank 2 [4].The base K can be embedded isomorphically in G, and a subgroup structure theory for HNN groups, paralleling that for amalgamated free products, has been developedby Karrass and Solitar [5].Now G has a free quotient of rank n if the free part has rank n, and since clearly a group with an S-universal quotient is itself S-universal we getLemma.An HNN group with free part of rank > 1 is SQ-universal.

A group G is called a CSA-group if all its maximal Abelian subgroups are malnormal; that is, Mx ∩ M = 1 for every maximal Abelian subgroup M and x ∈ G − M. The class of CSA-groups contains all torsion-free hyperbolic groups and all groups freely acting on λ-trees. We describe conditions under which HNN-extensions and amalgamated products of CSA-groups are again CSA. One-relator CSA-groups are characterised as follows: a torsion-free one-relator group is CSA if and only if it does not contain F2 × Z or one of the nonabelian metabelian Baumslag-Solitar groups B1, n = 〈x, y | yxy−1 = xn〉, n ∈ Z ∂ {0, 1}; a one-relator group with torsion is CSA if and only if it does not contain the infinite dihedral group.

We prove that the Waldhausen nilpotent class group of an injective index 2\namalgamated free product is isomorphic to the Farrell-Bass nilpotent class\ngroup of a twisted polynomial extension. As an application, we show that the\nFarrell-Jones Conjecture in algebraic K-theory can be sharpened from the family\nof virtually cyclic subgroups to the family of finite-by-cyclic subgroups.\n

The purpose of this paper is to establish some basic properties of the Wielandt subgroup of a polycyclic group. The Wielandt subgroup of a group G is defined to be the intersection of the normalisers of all the subnormal subgroups of G and is denoted by ω(G). In 1958 Wielandt [9] showed that any minimal normal subgroup with the minimum condition on subnormal subgroups is contained in the Wielandt subgroup: it follows that the Wielandt subgroup of an artinian group is nontrivial. In contrast, the Wielandt subgroup of a polycyclic group can be trivial; an easy example is given by the infinite dihedral group. We will show that the Wielandt subgroup of a polycyclic group is close to being central.

On the computational complexity of the theory of Abelian groups

In his fundamental investigations on the resolution of singularities of algebraic surfaces2 0. Zariski discusses the various types of valuations on algebraic function fields of two variables. Of particular interest are branches of algebraic surfaces which can be described by zero-dimensional valuations of rank one. An interesting preliminary to the uniformization of these branches is the enumeration of the possible value groups which may occur for the corresponding valuations. We here provide a survey of all possible value groups for such valuations on n-dimensional algebraic varieties. From the viewpoint of geometry it is not surprising that our results indicate that the branches can be essentially more complicated for n dimensions than they are for 2-dimensional varieties. In the latter case Zariski showed that the value group r of a branch is either a subgroup of the additive group of all rational numbers or can be represented as the direct sum of two infinite cyclic groups. In any event this value group must be completely reducible, in the sense that it can be represented as the sum of groups of (rational) rank' 1. For varieties of dimension 3 or more, we find possible value groups which are not completely reducible in this sense.

A group is said to be locally indicable if each of its non-trivial finitely generated subgroups has the infinite cyclic group as a homomorphic image. Such groups were studied by Higman [-9] in connection with the zero-divisor and unit problems for group rings. More recently, they have arisen I-2, 12] in the study of equations over groups. In [12], I proved a Freiheitsatz for locally indicable groups. This has been proved independently by Brodskii [2] and Short [22]. The present paper arises from an investigation of a question put to me by S.J. Pride whether torsionfree 1-relator groups are locally indicable. The question was raised originally by Baumslag (I-1], Problem 19) and an affirmative solution has recently been announced by Brodski~ [2]. As a consequence, the group algebra RG of a torsion-free 1-relator group G over an integral domain R has no non-trivial zero-divisors, and no non-trivial units (using Higman's results [9]). The first fact was also proved by Lewin and Lewin [16], by embedding RG in a division ring. The second appears to be new, as was pointed out to me by K.A. Brown. A second consequence is that no 1-relator group has a non-trivial finitely generated perfect subgroup, which answers [1], Problem 7 and [10], Question 1. In fact, using the Freiheitsatz, and the tower method described in [12], it is possible to prove the following general version of Brodskii's theorem.

Troels Jorgensen conjectured that the algebraic and geometric limits of an algebraically convergent sequence of isomorphic Kleinian groups agree if there are no new parabolics in the algebraic limit. We prove that this conjecture holds in ‘most’ cases. In particular, we show that it holds when the domain of discontinuity of the algebraic limit of such a sequence is non-empty (see Theorem 3.1). We further show, with the same assumptions, that the limit sets of the groups in the sequence converge to the limit set of the algebraic limit. As a corollary, we verify the conjecture for finitely generated Kleinian groups which are not (non-trivial) free products of surface groups and infinite cyclic groups (see Corollary 3.3). These results are extensions of similar results for purely loxodromic groups which can be found in [4]. Thurston [32] previously established these results in the case when the Kleinian groups are freely indecomposable (see also Ohshika [24, 25, 27]). Using different techniques from ours, Ohshika [26] has proven versions of these results for purely loxodromic function groups.

I show that a group of order-automorphisms of a linearly ordered set can be expressed as an unrestricted direct product in which each factor is either the infinite cyclic group or else a group of order-automorphisms of a densely ordered set. From this a couple of simple group embedding theorems can be derived. The technique used to obtain the main result of this paper was motivated by the Erdös-Hajnal inductive classification of scattered sets.

Braid groups were introduced by Artin [1]. These groups have been studied extensively—see [2], [9] and the references cited there. Recently work has been done on “circular” braid groups and other “braid-like” groups [7], [10]. In this paper we formulate the concept of a generalized braid group, and we begin a study of the structure of such groups. In particular for such a group G1, there is a homomorphism from G onto the infinite cyclic group, the kernel of which is the derived group G1 of G. We study G1. Our results generalize results of Gorin and Lin [5], who considered the case when G is a classical braid group B(n ≥ 3). They showed that is free abelian of rank 2 if n = 3, 4 and is trivial if n ≥ 5. They also showed that is finitely presented.